M S Baxter
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1069761 |
|---|---|
| NOME | M S Baxter |
| PRENOMES | M S |
| SOBRENOME | Baxter |
| ASSINATURA | BAXTER M S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Glasgow |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 22 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 134 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 22 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1969 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1992 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Further Analysis of the International Intercomparison Study (ICS)
The major findings of the Intercomparison Study (ICS) have already been published (Scott, Long & Kra 1990), but a number of questions remain unresolved. We address here some issues of user and technical relevance, which include: 1) further investigation of the quoted errors and their relation to the perceived precision and accuracy, which is of interest to users of 14 C dates; 2) the analysis of the known-age wood samples provided in Stages 2 and…
Anthropogenic Radiocarbon in the Eastern Irish Sea and Scottish Coastal Waters
14 C is produced as an activation product in nuclear reactors, and may be discharged to both the atmosphere and the marine environment during nuclear fuel reprocessing. In the UK, 14 C is discharged, under license, into the Eastern Irish Sea by the British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, northwest England, and is then transported into Scottish coastal waters. We analyzed intertidal biota samples to determine th…
International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
On behalf of the organising committee, it is a great pleasure to welcome you all to this 14 C workshop and indeed to Scotland. The organising committee has already indicated its ability by arranging sunshine for a place and time in which horizontal rain is more common. We plan to build on this initial success by having an outstanding week of good science and pleasant social activity. Scientifically, we have the opportunity firstly to look back an…
An Overview of Some Interlaboratory Studies
Many interlaboratory studies have been made in the 14 C community at irregular intervals over the past ten years. At times, the results from these studies have been contentious, mostly because of the lack of consistency in their findings. The importance of regular exercises has become particularly acute due to the large number of operating laboratories and the diversity of their methodologies. Hence, we briefly review the studies that have been m…
Report on Stage 3 of the International Collaborative Program
This report on the third and final stage of the International Collaborative Program concentrates on the analysis of internal and external variability of 14 C dates obtained from samples involved in the full 14 C dating process. Thirty-eight laboratories took part in this stage with most producing 8 14 C dates from 3 sets of duplicate material (eg, wood, shell and peat) and 2 single samples of wood of known ages 190 yr BP apart. From the 3 sets of…
International Collaborative Study
The success of any intercomparison exercise depends largely on participation and cooperation of a sufficient number of laboratories and the selection of a suitable suite of samples. Unless the latter is satisfactorily devised, the former cannot be guaranteed. The hierarchical nature of this study has necessarily resulted in a far more comprehensive set of sample types than has previously been employed. The exercise was structured to satisfy the f…
An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison
The International Collaborative Study involved a wide range of sample materials and ages and, on completion, assessed each stage independently (Scott et al 1989; Aitchison et al 1990). We combine here the three stages of the study and provide an overview of the uncertainties in the dating procedure as a whole and in its component processes. Three key optimal performance indices, related to internal and external precision and to bias, have been de…
Report of the International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
In closing this workshop, I must thank all of the delegates for making this meeting so very enjoyable for ourselves, the organisers. So much so that we will give serious thought to inviting you back to Scotland very soon. The meeting has, in our view, been eminently successful in the scientific sense. I believe that we have made uniquely important and fundamental observations and plans for the future of 14 C dating. I would like to summarise quic…
Radiocarbon
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Design and Preparation of Samples for the International Collaborative Study
Sample materials issued to participants in the interlaboratory calibration exercise are defined and in context of their intended interpretational significance. Preparation of the benzene and calcium carbonate standards as issued for stage 1 is described in detail; likewise, the source and pretreatment/extraction of the environmental samples dispatched for stages 2 and 3
An Interim Progress Report on Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative Program
We report in this paper on a preliminary analysis of Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative program. We have chosen to concentrate on the internal and external consistencies of the participating laboratories. The two stages so far completed have dealt only with the processes of sample synthesis and counting, and results indicate that the major component of variability lies in the counting process. Outlying laboratories are observed at …
Global and Local Effects of 14 C Discharges from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
The radiologic impact of 14 C produced by the nuclear fuel cycle is assessed at both global and local levels. In the former context, it is predicted here that the specific activity of atmospheric CO 2 in the year 2050 will be ca 7.6 pCig -1 C. Although this is similar to the present level, the subsequent collective dose commitment could be highly significant. The enhancement of 14 C concentrations around the nuclear fuel-reprocessing plant at Sel…
A comparison of the treatment of errors in radiocarbon dating calibration methods
The Uptake of Bomb 14 C in Humans
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements IX
The following date list presents results obtained during 1975-1977. The facilities at Glasgow have been further developed and include a gas counting system utilizing CO 2 as counting material and two liquid scintillation counting laboratories based on synthesis of benzene. The results presented here were obtained using the liquid scintillation system only. Sample pretreatment varied according to individual sample type, whether wood or charcoal. T…
Radiocarbon dates for the Cadbury massacre
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Radiocarbon Measurements on a Floating Tree‐ring Chronology From North‐east Scotland
Radiocarbon measurements have been performed on a 250 year ‘floating’ tree‐ring section recovered from an archaeological site in north‐east Scotland. Short term fluctuations in atmospheric concentration appear to be superimposed on a general trend of decreasing ambient 14 Cparallel with tree growth. The most significant finding is the range of dates obtained from the sequence, namely 400 years, since it implies that the error on a single radiocar…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VIII
The analytical facilities at Glasgow have been extended to include gas proportional (CO 2 and CH 4 ) and liquid scintillation (C 6 H 6 ) counting laboratories. The results presented here were obtained during 1972-1974 using the CO 2 gas counting system only. In brief, organic samples, after pretreatment as described in the text, are burned in a tube combustion unit and the evolved CO 2 absorbed in KOH solution. BaCO 3 is precipitated and acid-hyd…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VII
This list presents results obtained during 1971-1972 and is a continuation of research evaluating natural C 14 levels for which data have been published previously (Baxter et al. , 1969; Baxter and Walton, 1970; Farmer et al. , 1972). The results of these studies are presented as δC 14 and Δ values based on age-corrected activities, although this correction is very small. Errors quoted are l σ counting uncertainties only. Pretreatment procedures …
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VI
The following list presents results obtained during 1970-1971 and is a continuation of research of which data have been pub. previously (Baxter et al. , 1969; Ergin et al. , 1970; Baxter and Walton, 1970; Harkness and Walton, 1972; Ergin et al. , 1972). The major research efforts at Glasgow are aimed at evaluation of (a) natural annual C 14 levels and (b) burdens and residence times of artificial C 14 in the environment and human tissues. The res…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements III
The following list presents results obtained during 1968-69 on a series of samples chosen to investigate temporal variations of C 14 concentrations in the atmosphere during the past century. Together with data presented previously (Radiocarbon, 1969, v. 11, p. 45-52) they constitute a study of annual variations of C 14 activities at N temperate latitudes
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements I
Two radiocarbon counting systems have been established in the Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, since late 1967. The counting gas is methane, at pressures up to 10 atm, and 2 alternative procedures are followed for methane production, (a) high pressure synthesis in a stainless steel 4.5 1 reactor and (b) low pressure synthesis in an all glass flow-reactor. Both systems employ 0.5% ruthenium on alumina pellets as catalyst (Engelhard Ind…
An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison
The International Collaborative Study involved a wide range of sample materials and ages and, on completion, assessed each stage independently (Scott et al 1989; Aitchison et al 1990). We combine here the three stages of the study and provide an overview of the uncertainties in the dating procedure as a whole and in its component processes. Three key optimal performance indices, related to internal and external precision and to bias, have been de…
An Interim Progress Report on Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative Program
We report in this paper on a preliminary analysis of Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative program. We have chosen to concentrate on the internal and external consistencies of the participating laboratories. The two stages so far completed have dealt only with the processes of sample synthesis and counting, and results indicate that the major component of variability lies in the counting process. Outlying laboratories are observed at …
International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
On behalf of the organising committee, it is a great pleasure to welcome you all to this 14 C workshop and indeed to Scotland. The organising committee has already indicated its ability by arranging sunshine for a place and time in which horizontal rain is more common. We plan to build on this initial success by having an outstanding week of good science and pleasant social activity. Scientifically, we have the opportunity firstly to look back an…
Report on Stage 3 of the International Collaborative Program
This report on the third and final stage of the International Collaborative Program concentrates on the analysis of internal and external variability of 14 C dates obtained from samples involved in the full 14 C dating process. Thirty-eight laboratories took part in this stage with most producing 8 14 C dates from 3 sets of duplicate material (eg, wood, shell and peat) and 2 single samples of wood of known ages 190 yr BP apart. From the 3 sets of…
Anthropogenic Radiocarbon in the Eastern Irish Sea and Scottish Coastal Waters
14 C is produced as an activation product in nuclear reactors, and may be discharged to both the atmosphere and the marine environment during nuclear fuel reprocessing. In the UK, 14 C is discharged, under license, into the Eastern Irish Sea by the British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, northwest England, and is then transported into Scottish coastal waters. We analyzed intertidal biota samples to determine th…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements I
Two radiocarbon counting systems have been established in the Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, since late 1967. The counting gas is methane, at pressures up to 10 atm, and 2 alternative procedures are followed for methane production, (a) high pressure synthesis in a stainless steel 4.5 1 reactor and (b) low pressure synthesis in an all glass flow-reactor. Both systems employ 0.5% ruthenium on alumina pellets as catalyst (Engelhard Ind…
International Collaborative Study
The success of any intercomparison exercise depends largely on participation and cooperation of a sufficient number of laboratories and the selection of a suitable suite of samples. Unless the latter is satisfactorily devised, the former cannot be guaranteed. The hierarchical nature of this study has necessarily resulted in a far more comprehensive set of sample types than has previously been employed. The exercise was structured to satisfy the f…
Design and Preparation of Samples for the International Collaborative Study
Sample materials issued to participants in the interlaboratory calibration exercise are defined and in context of their intended interpretational significance. Preparation of the benzene and calcium carbonate standards as issued for stage 1 is described in detail; likewise, the source and pretreatment/extraction of the environmental samples dispatched for stages 2 and 3
Global and Local Effects of 14 C Discharges from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
The radiologic impact of 14 C produced by the nuclear fuel cycle is assessed at both global and local levels. In the former context, it is predicted here that the specific activity of atmospheric CO 2 in the year 2050 will be ca 7.6 pCig -1 C. Although this is similar to the present level, the subsequent collective dose commitment could be highly significant. The enhancement of 14 C concentrations around the nuclear fuel-reprocessing plant at Sel…
Radiocarbon
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VIII
The analytical facilities at Glasgow have been extended to include gas proportional (CO 2 and CH 4 ) and liquid scintillation (C 6 H 6 ) counting laboratories. The results presented here were obtained during 1972-1974 using the CO 2 gas counting system only. In brief, organic samples, after pretreatment as described in the text, are burned in a tube combustion unit and the evolved CO 2 absorbed in KOH solution. BaCO 3 is precipitated and acid-hyd…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements III
The following list presents results obtained during 1968-69 on a series of samples chosen to investigate temporal variations of C 14 concentrations in the atmosphere during the past century. Together with data presented previously (Radiocarbon, 1969, v. 11, p. 45-52) they constitute a study of annual variations of C 14 activities at N temperate latitudes
An Overview of Some Interlaboratory Studies
Many interlaboratory studies have been made in the 14 C community at irregular intervals over the past ten years. At times, the results from these studies have been contentious, mostly because of the lack of consistency in their findings. The importance of regular exercises has become particularly acute due to the large number of operating laboratories and the diversity of their methodologies. Hence, we briefly review the studies that have been m…
Report of the International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
In closing this workshop, I must thank all of the delegates for making this meeting so very enjoyable for ourselves, the organisers. So much so that we will give serious thought to inviting you back to Scotland very soon. The meeting has, in our view, been eminently successful in the scientific sense. I believe that we have made uniquely important and fundamental observations and plans for the future of 14 C dating. I would like to summarise quic…
A comparison of the treatment of errors in radiocarbon dating calibration methods
Radiocarbon dates for the Cadbury massacre
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VI
The following list presents results obtained during 1970-1971 and is a continuation of research of which data have been pub. previously (Baxter et al. , 1969; Ergin et al. , 1970; Baxter and Walton, 1970; Harkness and Walton, 1972; Ergin et al. , 1972). The major research efforts at Glasgow are aimed at evaluation of (a) natural annual C 14 levels and (b) burdens and residence times of artificial C 14 in the environment and human tissues. The res…
Further Analysis of the International Intercomparison Study (ICS)
The major findings of the Intercomparison Study (ICS) have already been published (Scott, Long & Kra 1990), but a number of questions remain unresolved. We address here some issues of user and technical relevance, which include: 1) further investigation of the quoted errors and their relation to the perceived precision and accuracy, which is of interest to users of 14 C dates; 2) the analysis of the known-age wood samples provided in Stages 2 and…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements IX
The following date list presents results obtained during 1975-1977. The facilities at Glasgow have been further developed and include a gas counting system utilizing CO 2 as counting material and two liquid scintillation counting laboratories based on synthesis of benzene. The results presented here were obtained using the liquid scintillation system only. Sample pretreatment varied according to individual sample type, whether wood or charcoal. T…
Radiocarbon Measurements on a Floating Tree‐ring Chronology From North‐east Scotland
Radiocarbon measurements have been performed on a 250 year ‘floating’ tree‐ring section recovered from an archaeological site in north‐east Scotland. Short term fluctuations in atmospheric concentration appear to be superimposed on a general trend of decreasing ambient 14 Cparallel with tree growth. The most significant finding is the range of dates obtained from the sequence, namely 400 years, since it implies that the error on a single radiocar…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements I
Two radiocarbon counting systems have been established in the Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, since late 1967. The counting gas is methane, at pressures up to 10 atm, and 2 alternative procedures are followed for methane production, (a) high pressure synthesis in a stainless steel 4.5 1 reactor and (b) low pressure synthesis in an all glass flow-reactor. Both systems employ 0.5% ruthenium on alumina pellets as catalyst (Engelhard Ind…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements III
The following list presents results obtained during 1968-69 on a series of samples chosen to investigate temporal variations of C 14 concentrations in the atmosphere during the past century. Together with data presented previously (Radiocarbon, 1969, v. 11, p. 45-52) they constitute a study of annual variations of C 14 activities at N temperate latitudes
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VI
The following list presents results obtained during 1970-1971 and is a continuation of research of which data have been pub. previously (Baxter et al. , 1969; Ergin et al. , 1970; Baxter and Walton, 1970; Harkness and Walton, 1972; Ergin et al. , 1972). The major research efforts at Glasgow are aimed at evaluation of (a) natural annual C 14 levels and (b) burdens and residence times of artificial C 14 in the environment and human tissues. The res…
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VII
This list presents results obtained during 1971-1972 and is a continuation of research evaluating natural C 14 levels for which data have been published previously (Baxter et al. , 1969; Baxter and Walton, 1970; Farmer et al. , 1972). The results of these studies are presented as δC 14 and Δ values based on age-corrected activities, although this correction is very small. Errors quoted are l σ counting uncertainties only. Pretreatment procedures …
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements VIII
The analytical facilities at Glasgow have been extended to include gas proportional (CO 2 and CH 4 ) and liquid scintillation (C 6 H 6 ) counting laboratories. The results presented here were obtained during 1972-1974 using the CO 2 gas counting system only. In brief, organic samples, after pretreatment as described in the text, are burned in a tube combustion unit and the evolved CO 2 absorbed in KOH solution. BaCO 3 is precipitated and acid-hyd…
Radiocarbon Measurements on a Floating Tree‐ring Chronology From North‐east Scotland
Radiocarbon measurements have been performed on a 250 year ‘floating’ tree‐ring section recovered from an archaeological site in north‐east Scotland. Short term fluctuations in atmospheric concentration appear to be superimposed on a general trend of decreasing ambient 14 Cparallel with tree growth. The most significant finding is the range of dates obtained from the sequence, namely 400 years, since it implies that the error on a single radiocar…
The Uptake of Bomb 14 C in Humans
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements IX
The following date list presents results obtained during 1975-1977. The facilities at Glasgow have been further developed and include a gas counting system utilizing CO 2 as counting material and two liquid scintillation counting laboratories based on synthesis of benzene. The results presented here were obtained using the liquid scintillation system only. Sample pretreatment varied according to individual sample type, whether wood or charcoal. T…
Radiocarbon dates for the Cadbury massacre
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
A comparison of the treatment of errors in radiocarbon dating calibration methods
Global and Local Effects of 14 C Discharges from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
The radiologic impact of 14 C produced by the nuclear fuel cycle is assessed at both global and local levels. In the former context, it is predicted here that the specific activity of atmospheric CO 2 in the year 2050 will be ca 7.6 pCig -1 C. Although this is similar to the present level, the subsequent collective dose commitment could be highly significant. The enhancement of 14 C concentrations around the nuclear fuel-reprocessing plant at Sel…
Design and Preparation of Samples for the International Collaborative Study
Sample materials issued to participants in the interlaboratory calibration exercise are defined and in context of their intended interpretational significance. Preparation of the benzene and calcium carbonate standards as issued for stage 1 is described in detail; likewise, the source and pretreatment/extraction of the environmental samples dispatched for stages 2 and 3
An Interim Progress Report on Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative Program
We report in this paper on a preliminary analysis of Stages 1 and 2 of the International Collaborative program. We have chosen to concentrate on the internal and external consistencies of the participating laboratories. The two stages so far completed have dealt only with the processes of sample synthesis and counting, and results indicate that the major component of variability lies in the counting process. Outlying laboratories are observed at …
International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
On behalf of the organising committee, it is a great pleasure to welcome you all to this 14 C workshop and indeed to Scotland. The organising committee has already indicated its ability by arranging sunshine for a place and time in which horizontal rain is more common. We plan to build on this initial success by having an outstanding week of good science and pleasant social activity. Scientifically, we have the opportunity firstly to look back an…
An Overview of Some Interlaboratory Studies
Many interlaboratory studies have been made in the 14 C community at irregular intervals over the past ten years. At times, the results from these studies have been contentious, mostly because of the lack of consistency in their findings. The importance of regular exercises has become particularly acute due to the large number of operating laboratories and the diversity of their methodologies. Hence, we briefly review the studies that have been m…
Report on Stage 3 of the International Collaborative Program
This report on the third and final stage of the International Collaborative Program concentrates on the analysis of internal and external variability of 14 C dates obtained from samples involved in the full 14 C dating process. Thirty-eight laboratories took part in this stage with most producing 8 14 C dates from 3 sets of duplicate material (eg, wood, shell and peat) and 2 single samples of wood of known ages 190 yr BP apart. From the 3 sets of…
International Collaborative Study
The success of any intercomparison exercise depends largely on participation and cooperation of a sufficient number of laboratories and the selection of a suitable suite of samples. Unless the latter is satisfactorily devised, the former cannot be guaranteed. The hierarchical nature of this study has necessarily resulted in a far more comprehensive set of sample types than has previously been employed. The exercise was structured to satisfy the f…
An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison
The International Collaborative Study involved a wide range of sample materials and ages and, on completion, assessed each stage independently (Scott et al 1989; Aitchison et al 1990). We combine here the three stages of the study and provide an overview of the uncertainties in the dating procedure as a whole and in its component processes. Three key optimal performance indices, related to internal and external precision and to bias, have been de…
Report of the International Workshop of Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories
In closing this workshop, I must thank all of the delegates for making this meeting so very enjoyable for ourselves, the organisers. So much so that we will give serious thought to inviting you back to Scotland very soon. The meeting has, in our view, been eminently successful in the scientific sense. I believe that we have made uniquely important and fundamental observations and plans for the future of 14 C dating. I would like to summarise quic…
Radiocarbon
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Further Analysis of the International Intercomparison Study (ICS)
The major findings of the Intercomparison Study (ICS) have already been published (Scott, Long & Kra 1990), but a number of questions remain unresolved. We address here some issues of user and technical relevance, which include: 1) further investigation of the quoted errors and their relation to the perceived precision and accuracy, which is of interest to users of 14 C dates; 2) the analysis of the known-age wood samples provided in Stages 2 and…
Anthropogenic Radiocarbon in the Eastern Irish Sea and Scottish Coastal Waters
14 C is produced as an activation product in nuclear reactors, and may be discharged to both the atmosphere and the marine environment during nuclear fuel reprocessing. In the UK, 14 C is discharged, under license, into the Eastern Irish Sea by the British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, northwest England, and is then transported into Scottish coastal waters. We analyzed intertidal biota samples to determine th…
Radiocarbon dating (16 obras) · Archaeology (15 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (14 obras) · Chemistry (13 obras) · Environmental Science (10 obras) · Geography (8 obras) · Mathematics (8 obras) · Chromatography (7 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Geology (7 obras)