Arleen Leibowitz
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 108916 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Arleen Leibowitz |
| PRENOMES | Arleen |
| SOBRENOME | Leibowitz |
| ASSINATURA | LEIBOWITZ A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6970-0564 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 315 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1974 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Substance use and mental health factors associated with self-reported higher risk cannabis use among people with HIV screened in primary care
Black race, anxiety and tobacco use were associated with higher risk for CUD among PWH in a multivariable model. Clinical efforts to screen and provide interventions for preventing CUD alongside anxiety and tobacco use among PWH should be evaluated
Long-Acting Injectable Therapy for People with HIV
Long-acting injectable antiretroviral medications are new to HIV treatment. People with HIV may benefit from a treatment option that better aligns with their preferences, but could also face new challenges and barriers. Authors from the fields of HIV, substance use treatment, and mental health collaborated on this commentary on the issues surrounding equitable implementation and uptake of LAI ART by drawing lessons from all three fields. We emplo…
A Tale of Two Cities
The Effect of Hospice on End-of-Life Costs for Terminal Medicare Patients With HIV
One-quarter of annual Medicare expenses in the traditional program (non-Medicare Advantage) are expended for 5% of Medicare enrollees, with much of this expenditure occurring in the last year of life. Hospice use may reduce end-of-life costs. However, evidence has been inconclusive due to sample selection and differences in insurance coverage for hospice. Claims data for HIV-positive Californians enrolled in Medicare who died in the period 2008 t…
Association between Federally Qualified Health Center usage and emergency department utilization among California’s HIV-infected Medicaid beneficiaries, 2009
Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) have long been important sources of care for publicly insured people living with HIV. FQHC users have historically used emergency departments (EDs) at a higher-than-average rate. This paper examines whether this greater use relates to access difficulties in FQHCs or to characteristics of FQHC users. Zero-inflated Poisson models were used to estimate how FQHC use related to the odds of being an ED user an…
The Impact of Mental Health Conditions on Public Insurance Costs of Treating HIV/Aids
Medicare and Medicaid insurance claims data for Californians living with HIV are analyzed in order to determine: (1)The prevalence of treatment for particular mental health diagnoses among people living with HIV (PLWH) with Medicare or Medicaid insurance in 2010; (2)The relationship between individual mental health conditions and total medical care expenditures; (3)The impact of individual mental health diagnoses on the cost of treating non-menta…
Brief Report
We investigated pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, adherence, and discontinuation among young app-using men who have sex with men in California (N = 761). Approximately, 9.7% of participants had ever used PrEP; 87% of those deemed good candidates for screening (indicated by a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention risk index score ≥10) were not current or past users. PrEP use was associated with higher income [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): …
Do Medicare Beneficiaries Living With HIV/Aids Choose Prescription Drug Plans That Minimize Their Total Spending
This article examines whether California Medicare beneficiaries with HIV/AIDS choose Part D prescription drug plans that minimize their expenses. Among beneficiaries without low-income supplementation, we estimate the excess cost, and the insurance policy and beneficiary characteristics responsible, when the lowest cost plan is not chosen. We use a cost calculator developed for this study, and 2010 drug use data on 1453 California Medicare benefi…
Identifying a Sample of HIV-Positive Beneficiaries From Medicaid Claims Data and Estimating Their Treatment Costs
Objectives. We sought to identify people living with HIV/AIDS from Medicare and Medicaid claims data to estimate Medicaid costs for treating HIV/AIDS in California. We also examined how alternate methods of identifying the relevant sample affect estimates of per capita costs. Methods. We analyzed data on Californians enrolled in Medicaid with an HIV/AIDS diagnosis reported in 2007 Medicare or Medicaid claims data. We compared alternative selectio…
Condom Distribution in Jail to Prevent HIV Infection
To determine if a structural intervention of providing one condom a week to inmates in the Los Angeles County Men's Central Jail MSM unit reduces HIV transmissions and net social cost, we estimated numbers of new HIV infections (1) when condoms are available; and (2) when they are not. Input data came from a 2007 survey of inmates, the literature and intervention program records. Base case estimates showed that condom distribution averted 1/4 of …
Motivators, concerns, and barriers to adoption of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men in HIV-serodiscordant male relationships
The purpose of this study was to identify factors that may facilitate or impede future adoption of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men in HIV-serodiscordant relationships. This qualitative study utilized semistructured interviews conducted with a multiracial/-ethnic sample of 25 gay and bisexual HIV-serodiscordant male couples (n=50 individuals) recruited from community settings in Los Angeles, CA. A modif…
A US Policy Perspective on Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV
Orally administered preexposure prophylaxis is an innovative and controversial HIV prevention strategy involving the regular use of antiretroviral medications by uninfected individuals. Antiretroviral medications protect against potential HIV infection by reducing susceptibility to the virus. Recent clinical trial results indicate that preexposure prophylaxis can be safe and efficacious for men who have sexual intercourse with men, yet there rema…
Framing Male Circumcision to Promote its Adoption in Different Settings
The effectiveness of male circumcision in preventing transmission of HIV from females to males has been established. Those who are now advocating its widespread use face many challenges in convincing policy-makers and the public of circumcision's value. We suggest that frames are a useful lens for communicating public health messages that may help promote adoption of circumcision. Frames relate to how individuals and societies perceive and unders…
Integrating Public Health and Personal Care in a Reformed US Health Care System
Compared with other developed countries, the United States has an inefficient and expensive health care system with poor outcomes and many citizens who are denied access. Inefficiency is increased by the lack of an integrated system that could promote an optimal mix of personal medical care and population health measures. We advocate a health trust system to provide core medical benefits to every American, while improving efficiency and reducing …
Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
Now that male circumcision has been shown to have a protective effect for men against HIV infection when engaging in vaginal intercourse with HIV-infected women, the research focus needs to shift towards the operational studies that can pave the way for effective implementation of circumcision programs. Behavioral research is needed to find out how people perceive the procedure and the barriers to and facilitators of uptake. It should also assess…
Leibowitz Et Al. Respond
In their comments regarding our article, Green et al. do not dispute our article's conclusion that a lack of Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision discourages the use of this procedure. However, they differ sharply with us in their interpretation of whether this lack of coverage potentially impairs the health of poor infants. In an editorial published earlier this year,1 the same 4 individuals argued that the circumcision of infant males…
Determinants and Policy Implications of Male Circumcision in the United States
Objective. We sought to determine whether lack of state Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision correlates with lower circumcision rates. Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on 417 282 male newborns to calculate hospital-level circumcision rates. We used weighted multiple regression to correlate hospital circumcision rates with hospital-level predictors and state Medicaid coverage of circumcision. Results. The mean n…
ZIP Code Correlates of HIV-Testing
Effects of Medicaid managed care policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system
Use of unpaid and paid home care services among people with HIV infection in the USA
This paper examines utilization of paid and unpaid home health care using data from a nationally representative sample of HIV-positive persons receiving medical care in early 1996 (N = 2,864). Overall, 21.0% used any home care, 12.2% used paid care and 13.6% used unpaid care. Most (70.0%) users of home care received care from only one type of provider. Substantially more hours of unpaid than paid care were used. We also found evidence of a strong…
Job continuity among new mothers
In the early 1990s, both state and federal governments enacted maternity-leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave of a limited duration, the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her preleave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we correlate work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy to estimate the prevalence,…
Variation in Inpatient Resource Use in the Treatment of HIV
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of insurance status on inpatient resource use after adjusting for health upon admission and site of care. DESIGN: Detailed patient information linked to billing records from the AIDS Cost and Service Utilization Survey (ACSUS), a longitudinal analysis of inpatient and outpatient care between March 1991 and August 1992. SETTING: Hospitalizations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients from 10 US cities with…
The Care of HIV-Infected Adults in the United States
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: In order to elucidate the medical care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States, we randomly sampled HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the contiguous United States at a facility other than military, prison, or emergency department facility during the first two months of 1996. We interviewed 76 percent of 4042 patients selected from among the patients receiving care from…
Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment among New Mothers
ARLEEN LEIBOWITZ University of California* JACOB ALEX KLERMAN RAND** This article investigates whether new mothers' chances of being employed appear to be influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using logit and ordinary least squares regression. The findings show that, as adolescents, new mothers with welfare backgrounds were more willing than others to use…
Comparison of Access and Costs of Medicaid Dental Services in a Hospital Clinic and Community Practices
To understand the mix of utilization rates, visits, and costs, one must take into account the way in which the HMO hospital plan is reimbursed, the way in which the dental department is reimbursed, and the way in which the dental provider is reimbursed
Home Investments in Children
By the time children enter first grade, significant differences in verbal and mathematical competence exist among them.'These differences reflect variations in (1) inherent ability, and (2) the amounts of human capital acquired before the children reach the age of six.2The stocks of acquired human capital reflect, in turn, varying inputs of time and other resources by parents, teachers, siblings, and the child.The process of acquiring preschool h…
Job continuity among new mothers
In the early 1990s, both state and federal governments enacted maternity-leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave of a limited duration, the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her preleave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we correlate work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy to estimate the prevalence,…
The demand for prescription drugs as a function of cost-sharing
Child care for preschoolers
Because of the high rates of employment of mothers, a large and increasing number of preschool children receive regular care from someone else. This article develops and tests hypotheses about the choice of child care arrangements for younger and older preschool children, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women. We argue that appropriate care depends on the age of the child. It includes care by the mother or a paid provide…
The Importance of Child-Care Characteristics to Choice of Care
This article examines the influence of importance ratings of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of child care on parents' choice of care, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey-72. We find that parents who value developmental characteristics of care chose center care and that parents for whom hours, location, and cost of care are important chose care at home. Choice of family day care increased if parents thought it was important t…
Explaining Changes in Married Mothers’ Employment over Time
Employment of married mothers with preschool children rose dramatically between 1971 and 1990. Using CPS data, we find that about one-fifth of the increase in labor supply can be attributed to changes in mothers’ demographic characteristics (age, education, and number of children). Changes in the earnings opportunities of new mothers and their husbands explain another one-fifth of the growth in employment. Over the two decades, infants up to thre…
An economic model of teenage pregnancy decision-making
In this paper, we model unmarried teenagers’ decisions about their pregnancy outcome by considering that the teenager contrasts her expected utility (1) as a married mother, (2) as an unmarried mother, or (3) after abortion. We use crosssectional data on 297 California teenagers aged 13-19 who were pregnant for the first time between 1972 and 1974. Both Anglo and Mexican-American girls are included. We find that pregnant girls who are eligible fo…
What Parents Pay For
Although most children whose mothers work receive some nonparental care, this “child care” varies tremendously in its characteristics, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the characteristics of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select “high‐quality” care for their children, or which arrangements most often have t…
Effects of Medicaid managed care policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system
Do women's breastfeeding experiences with their first-borns affect whether they breastfeed their subsequent children
Data on women with at least two children are used to examine how the breastfeeding experience with the first child affects whether subsequent children are breastfed. Our results indicate that women most often repeat with later children the feeding decision they made with their first child. That is, those who breastfed their first child are very likely to breastfeed a later child and those who did not breastfeed their firstborn are unlikely to bre…
Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment among New Mothers
ARLEEN LEIBOWITZ University of California* JACOB ALEX KLERMAN RAND** This article investigates whether new mothers' chances of being employed appear to be influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using logit and ordinary least squares regression. The findings show that, as adolescents, new mothers with welfare backgrounds were more willing than others to use…
Child care and children's illness
This paper uses nationally representative data from the Child Health Supplement of the 1981 National Health Interview Survey to test the hypothesis that the larger the groups in which children receive care, the more days per year they spend in bed due to illness. We estimate a model of annual bed days for children ages six months to two and one-half years old, and separately for children two and one-half to five years old. Our results show signif…
Integrating Public Health and Personal Care in a Reformed US Health Care System
Compared with other developed countries, the United States has an inefficient and expensive health care system with poor outcomes and many citizens who are denied access. Inefficiency is increased by the lack of an integrated system that could promote an optimal mix of personal medical care and population health measures. We advocate a health trust system to provide core medical benefits to every American, while improving efficiency and reducing …
Determinants and Policy Implications of Male Circumcision in the United States
Objective. We sought to determine whether lack of state Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision correlates with lower circumcision rates. Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on 417 282 male newborns to calculate hospital-level circumcision rates. We used weighted multiple regression to correlate hospital circumcision rates with hospital-level predictors and state Medicaid coverage of circumcision. Results. The mean n…
Rationing or rationalizing children's medical care
OBJECTIVES. This paper examines how medical care obtained by children enrolled in a Medicaid health maintenance organization (HMO) differs from that obtained by similar children who receive care from fee-for-service Medicaid providers. METHODS. In a randomized trial, some Medicaid households were assigned to remain in a traditional fee-for-service arrangement and others were randomly selected to join a Medicaid prepaid plan (an HMO). Participatin…
A US Policy Perspective on Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV
Orally administered preexposure prophylaxis is an innovative and controversial HIV prevention strategy involving the regular use of antiretroviral medications by uninfected individuals. Antiretroviral medications protect against potential HIV infection by reducing susceptibility to the virus. Recent clinical trial results indicate that preexposure prophylaxis can be safe and efficacious for men who have sexual intercourse with men, yet there rema…
Home Investments in Children
By the time children enter first grade, significant differences in verbal and mathematical competence exist among them.'These differences reflect variations in (1) inherent ability, and (2) the amounts of human capital acquired before the children reach the age of six.2The stocks of acquired human capital reflect, in turn, varying inputs of time and other resources by parents, teachers, siblings, and the child.The process of acquiring preschool h…
The demand for prescription drugs as a function of cost-sharing
An economic model of teenage pregnancy decision-making
In this paper, we model unmarried teenagers’ decisions about their pregnancy outcome by considering that the teenager contrasts her expected utility (1) as a married mother, (2) as an unmarried mother, or (3) after abortion. We use crosssectional data on 297 California teenagers aged 13-19 who were pregnant for the first time between 1972 and 1974. Both Anglo and Mexican-American girls are included. We find that pregnant girls who are eligible fo…
The Findings of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment??? A Response to Welch et al
Newhouse, Joseph P.; Manning, Willard G.; Duan, Naihua; Morris, Carl N.; Keeler, Emmett B.; Leibowitz, Arleen; Marquis, M Susan; Rogers, William H.; Davies, Allyson R.; Lohr, Kathleen N.; Ware, John E. Jr.; Brook, Robert H. Author Information
Child care and children's illness
This paper uses nationally representative data from the Child Health Supplement of the 1981 National Health Interview Survey to test the hypothesis that the larger the groups in which children receive care, the more days per year they spend in bed due to illness. We estimate a model of annual bed days for children ages six months to two and one-half years old, and separately for children two and one-half to five years old. Our results show signif…
Child care for preschoolers
Because of the high rates of employment of mothers, a large and increasing number of preschool children receive regular care from someone else. This article develops and tests hypotheses about the choice of child care arrangements for younger and older preschool children, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women. We argue that appropriate care depends on the age of the child. It includes care by the mother or a paid provide…
Substitution Between Prescribed and Over-the-Counter Medications
Using data from the Health Insurance Experiment (HIE), this article examines use of over-the-counter drugs (OTC) in a general, nonelderly population. Families from six areas of the country were assigned to health insurance plans that varied in the amount of medical care cost sharing. Thus, the out-of-pocket prices of OTC relative to prescription drugs were experimentally varied. The sites were chosen to represent markets with differing access to …
Do women's breastfeeding experiences with their first-borns affect whether they breastfeed their subsequent children
Data on women with at least two children are used to examine how the breastfeeding experience with the first child affects whether subsequent children are breastfed. Our results indicate that women most often repeat with later children the feeding decision they made with their first child. That is, those who breastfed their first child are very likely to breastfeed a later child and those who did not breastfeed their firstborn are unlikely to bre…
What Parents Pay For
Although most children whose mothers work receive some nonparental care, this “child care” varies tremendously in its characteristics, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the characteristics of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select “high‐quality” care for their children, or which arrangements most often have t…
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice
Arleen Leibowitz, Jacob Alex Klerman, Linda J. Waite, Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 27, No. 1, Special Issue on Child Care (Winter, 1992), pp. 112-133
Rationing or rationalizing children's medical care
OBJECTIVES. This paper examines how medical care obtained by children enrolled in a Medicaid health maintenance organization (HMO) differs from that obtained by similar children who receive care from fee-for-service Medicaid providers. METHODS. In a randomized trial, some Medicaid households were assigned to remain in a traditional fee-for-service arrangement and others were randomly selected to join a Medicaid prepaid plan (an HMO). Participatin…
Explaining Changes in Married Mothers’ Employment over Time
Employment of married mothers with preschool children rose dramatically between 1971 and 1990. Using CPS data, we find that about one-fifth of the increase in labor supply can be attributed to changes in mothers’ demographic characteristics (age, education, and number of children). Changes in the earnings opportunities of new mothers and their husbands explain another one-fifth of the growth in employment. Over the two decades, infants up to thre…
Comparison of Access and Costs of Medicaid Dental Services in a Hospital Clinic and Community Practices
To understand the mix of utilization rates, visits, and costs, one must take into account the way in which the HMO hospital plan is reimbursed, the way in which the dental department is reimbursed, and the way in which the dental provider is reimbursed
Medicaid Health Maintenance Organizations
A randomized trial to evaluate the Florida site of the Program for Prepaid Managed Care showed that the plan, a staff model health maintenance organization, was successful in attracting Medicaid enrollees. The evaluation established that the health maintenance organization was able to limit members' utilization. The savings were in the form of lower likelihood of using care. The amount of services received, once care was initiated, was the same i…
The Importance of Child-Care Characteristics to Choice of Care
This article examines the influence of importance ratings of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of child care on parents' choice of care, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey-72. We find that parents who value developmental characteristics of care chose center care and that parents for whom hours, location, and cost of care are important chose care at home. Choice of family day care increased if parents thought it was important t…
The Care of HIV-Infected Adults in the United States
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: In order to elucidate the medical care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States, we randomly sampled HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the contiguous United States at a facility other than military, prison, or emergency department facility during the first two months of 1996. We interviewed 76 percent of 4042 patients selected from among the patients receiving care from…
Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment among New Mothers
ARLEEN LEIBOWITZ University of California* JACOB ALEX KLERMAN RAND** This article investigates whether new mothers' chances of being employed appear to be influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using logit and ordinary least squares regression. The findings show that, as adolescents, new mothers with welfare backgrounds were more willing than others to use…
Job continuity among new mothers
In the early 1990s, both state and federal governments enacted maternity-leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave of a limited duration, the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her preleave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we correlate work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy to estimate the prevalence,…
Variation in Inpatient Resource Use in the Treatment of HIV
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of insurance status on inpatient resource use after adjusting for health upon admission and site of care. DESIGN: Detailed patient information linked to billing records from the AIDS Cost and Service Utilization Survey (ACSUS), a longitudinal analysis of inpatient and outpatient care between March 1991 and August 1992. SETTING: Hospitalizations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients from 10 US cities with…
Use of unpaid and paid home care services among people with HIV infection in the USA
This paper examines utilization of paid and unpaid home health care using data from a nationally representative sample of HIV-positive persons receiving medical care in early 1996 (N = 2,864). Overall, 21.0% used any home care, 12.2% used paid care and 13.6% used unpaid care. Most (70.0%) users of home care received care from only one type of provider. Substantially more hours of unpaid than paid care were used. We also found evidence of a strong…
ZIP Code Correlates of HIV-Testing
Effects of Medicaid managed care policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system
Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
Now that male circumcision has been shown to have a protective effect for men against HIV infection when engaging in vaginal intercourse with HIV-infected women, the research focus needs to shift towards the operational studies that can pave the way for effective implementation of circumcision programs. Behavioral research is needed to find out how people perceive the procedure and the barriers to and facilitators of uptake. It should also assess…
Leibowitz Et Al. Respond
In their comments regarding our article, Green et al. do not dispute our article's conclusion that a lack of Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision discourages the use of this procedure. However, they differ sharply with us in their interpretation of whether this lack of coverage potentially impairs the health of poor infants. In an editorial published earlier this year,1 the same 4 individuals argued that the circumcision of infant males…
Determinants and Policy Implications of Male Circumcision in the United States
Objective. We sought to determine whether lack of state Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision correlates with lower circumcision rates. Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on 417 282 male newborns to calculate hospital-level circumcision rates. We used weighted multiple regression to correlate hospital circumcision rates with hospital-level predictors and state Medicaid coverage of circumcision. Results. The mean n…
Medicine (36 obras) · Family medicine (20 obras) · Environmental health (19 obras) · Health care (17 obras) · Nursing (16 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (15 obras) · Psychology (15 obras) · Business (13 obras) · Demography (12 obras) · Population (12 obras)