Michael A Wallach
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1105771 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Michael A Wallach |
| PRENOMES | Michael A |
| SOBRENOME | Wallach |
| ASSINATURA | WALLACH M A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Duke University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 272 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1957 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2010 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Some Theories are Unfalsifiable
Trafimow (2009) claims that there are no unfalsifiable theories: To test any theory, one must make auxiliary assumptions, and with sufficient creativity about auxiliary assumptions one could always arrive at reasonably risky predictions. We argue that a prediction from a theory plus a given set of auxiliary assumptions will not be risky for the theory when the initial level of confidence in the theory is greater than the initial level of confiden…
Experiments in Social Psychology
Criticisms of the very idea of experimentation in social psychology are longstanding; a focal claim recently has been that social psychological hypotheses are non-empirical. We contest this claim, but argue that many experiments in social psychology are pointless nonetheless because they are fundamentally circular. Testing hypotheses requires operationalization; operationalization requires assumptions; and in social psychology, we argue, the nece…
A Response on Concepts, Laws and Measurement in Social Psychology
While appreciating Kimble's (2001) praise of our paper (Wallach & Wallach, 2001), we argue against his reduction of mental states to behavioral dispositions. Crandall and Schaller (2001) make five points in criticism of our argument that much research in social psychology is plagued by circularity. We show that their first point is based on a misunderstanding, that their third point is irrelevant, and that their last two points do not attempt to …
When Experiments Serve Little Purpose
This paper attempts further to explicate and justify the belief, held by a number of critics of mainstream psychology, that much customary empirical research tells one little that could not have been known without it. Apart from questions of tautology or indeterminate relations to observation, many hypotheses are derivable from propositions that are unfalsifiable because they cannot be tested without relying on conceptualizations which imply the …
Of Surrogacy, Circularity, Causality and Near-Tautologies
Gigerenzer (1998) agrees with our critique of mainstream work (Wallach & Wallach, 1994, 1998). However, while he views near-tautologies as an additional species of surrogates for theory, we believe near-tautologies are implied by entrenched and uncontested proto-theories that are not without function, but pointless to subject to empirical test. Schaller and Crandall (1998) seem to have backed down from Schaller, Crandall, Stangor and Neuberg's (1…
The course, treatment, and outcome of substance disorder in persons with severe mental illness
Individuals with co-occurring substance abuse and severe mental illness are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes. This paper reviews findings on the longitudinal course of dual disorders in traditional treatment systems, which provide separate mental health and substance-abuse programs; describes the movement toward programs that integrate both types of treatment at the clinical level; reviews evidence related to outcomes in integrated tr…
Gergen versus the mainstream
K. J. Gergen's (1982) argument that hypotheses in social psychology are not empirical propositions is critically examined and shown to be erroneous. Nevertheless, this article demonstrates that, without necessarily appearing obvious, some hypotheses can be derived from propositions that are like tautologies and that their confirmation as such is of little interest. An analysis of hypotheses in recent articles in the Journal of Experimental Social…
Mental patients' attraction to the hospital
Homelessness and dual diagnosis
Homeless people with co-occurring severe mental illnesses and alcoholuse disorder (AUD) represent a particularly vulnerable subgroup of the homeless with complex service needs (Drake et al. 1991). Although often referred to as dually diagnosed, these people typically are impaired by several additional problems, including abuse of drugs other than alcohol, general medical illnesses, and legal problems. This group also has histories of trauma and b…
Testing the hypothesis that a person will be consistent
Effects of social class on children's motoric expression
From a consideration of middle-class versus lower-class child-rearing practices, two contradictory types of predictions were formulated concerning possible effects of class on children's motoric constrictionexpansiveness. Middle-class permissiveness compared to lower-class restrictiveness regarding parental sanctions for child behavior implies the outcome of greater motoric expansiveness for middle-class than for lower-class children. On the othe…
Information versus conformity in the effects of group discussion on risk taking
Are risk takers more persuasive than conservatives in group discussion
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
New Directions in Psychology III
Is risk a value
Group risk taking as a function of members' anxiety and defensiveness levels1
Feedback from our readers
Creativity and intelligence in children’s thinking
Group Risk Taking and Field Dependence-Independence of Group Members
If groups of male adults are systematically composed in terms of the field dependence-independence of their members, they exhibit a number of differences in risk-taking phenomena. Although field-dependent and independent groups both shift on the average toward greater risk taking after discussion, longer discussion among field dependents enhances the risky shift, while longer discussion among field independents reducesor even reverses the risky s…
Effects of Physical Separation of Group Members upon Group Risk-taking
Risky-shift phenomenon in small decision-making groups
"Response to Dr. Shulman's Review of "Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Response to Dr. Shulman’s review of Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Group influence on individual risk taking
Does group interaction lead to greater conservatism or to greater risk taking in decisions than would obtain were the decisions arrived at individtrally--or is there an averaging effect?This question was investigated with a procedure in which the protagonist in each of 12 everyday life situations must choose between two courses o~action, one of which involves considerably more risk than the other but also is much more rewarding if successful.The …
The roles of information, discussion, and consensus in group risk taking
Homelessness and dual diagnosis
Homeless people with co-occurring severe mental illnesses and alcoholuse disorder (AUD) represent a particularly vulnerable subgroup of the homeless with complex service needs (Drake et al. 1991). Although often referred to as dually diagnosed, these people typically are impaired by several additional problems, including abuse of drugs other than alcohol, general medical illnesses, and legal problems. This group also has histories of trauma and b…
Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups
Risky-shift phenomenon in small decision-making groups
Group decision making under risk of aversive consequences
Hith the emphasis placed upon possible aversive consequences of risk taking (actua.lphysical pain coupled with monetary loss), group consensus achieved through discussion was displaced :Ln the r t sky direction relative to the average of the group members' prior individua.ldecisions.Subsequent private decisions also exhibited this shift t.ovard greater risk taking.'l'hese results were exp Lai.ned in terms of d process of responsibility diffusion.…
Is risk a value
Are risk takers more persuasive than conservatives in group discussion
Effects of Physical Separation of Group Members upon Group Risk-taking
Can group members recognize the effects of group discussion upon risk taking
Modification of a judgmental style through group interaction
Information versus conformity in the effects of group discussion on risk taking
Group Risk Taking and Field Dependence-Independence of Group Members
If groups of male adults are systematically composed in terms of the field dependence-independence of their members, they exhibit a number of differences in risk-taking phenomena. Although field-dependent and independent groups both shift on the average toward greater risk taking after discussion, longer discussion among field dependents enhances the risky shift, while longer discussion among field independents reducesor even reverses the risky s…
Gergen versus the mainstream
K. J. Gergen's (1982) argument that hypotheses in social psychology are not empirical propositions is critically examined and shown to be erroneous. Nevertheless, this article demonstrates that, without necessarily appearing obvious, some hypotheses can be derived from propositions that are like tautologies and that their confirmation as such is of little interest. An analysis of hypotheses in recent articles in the Journal of Experimental Social…
Mental patients' attraction to the hospital
Recall of interrupted tasks under stress
Personality determinants of repressive and obsessive reactions to failure-stress
Attribute criteriality and sex-linked conservatism as determinants of psychological similarity
Recall of interrupted tasks under stress
Sex differences and judgment processes1
Personality determinants of repressive and obsessive reactions to failure-stress
Attribute criteriality and sex-linked conservatism as determinants of psychological similarity
Personality functions of graphic constriction and expansiveness1
Certainty of Judgment and the Evaluation of Risk
Effects of Anxiety Level and Extra Version-Introversion on Probability Learning
Effects of Anxiety Level and Extraversion-Introversion on Probability Learning
Suppose an individual has to predict which of two events will occur on each of a series of tries, and one of these events is more likely than the other although boch in fact occur in a random sequence. How often will the rare event be predicted? Two factors might conceivably make for a high rate of predicting the rare event. It is the purpose of this study to separate them and examine their possible relationships to aspects of personality in an o…
Group influence on individual risk taking
Does group interaction lead to greater conservatism or to greater risk taking in decisions than would obtain were the decisions arrived at individtrally--or is there an averaging effect?This question was investigated with a procedure in which the protagonist in each of 12 everyday life situations must choose between two courses o~action, one of which involves considerably more risk than the other but also is much more rewarding if successful.The …
Graphic constriction and expansiveness as a function of induced social isolation and social interaction
Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups
A new look at the creativity‐intelligence distinction 1
The roles of information, discussion, and consensus in group risk taking
Can group members recognize the effects of group discussion upon risk taking
Group decision making under risk of aversive consequences
Hith the emphasis placed upon possible aversive consequences of risk taking (actua.lphysical pain coupled with monetary loss), group consensus achieved through discussion was displaced :Ln the r t sky direction relative to the average of the group members' prior individua.ldecisions.Subsequent private decisions also exhibited this shift t.ovard greater risk taking.'l'hese results were exp Lai.ned in terms of d process of responsibility diffusion.…
"Response to Dr. Shulman's Review of "Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Response to Dr. Shulman’s review of Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Modes of Thinking in Young Children
Modification of a judgmental style through group interaction
Group risk taking as a function of members' anxiety and defensiveness levels1
Feedback from our readers
Creativity and intelligence in children’s thinking
Group Risk Taking and Field Dependence-Independence of Group Members
If groups of male adults are systematically composed in terms of the field dependence-independence of their members, they exhibit a number of differences in risk-taking phenomena. Although field-dependent and independent groups both shift on the average toward greater risk taking after discussion, longer discussion among field dependents enhances the risky shift, while longer discussion among field independents reducesor even reverses the risky s…
Effects of Physical Separation of Group Members upon Group Risk-taking
Risky-shift phenomenon in small decision-making groups
Psychology (37 obras) · Social Psychology (24 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras) · Social Psychology (11 obras) · Developmental psychology (10 obras) · Epistemology (8 obras) · Clinical Psychology (7 obras) · Cognitive psychology (7 obras) · Sociology (7 obras) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (6 obras)