J E Arnold
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1189 |
|---|---|
| NOME | J E Arnold |
| PRENOMES | J E |
| SOBRENOME | Arnold |
| ASSINATURA | ARNOLD J E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7519-1305 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 128 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2000 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Two kinds of singular they
This squib proposes a theoretical account of singular they that focuses on its pragmatic conditions, and suggests that there are two broad and different classes of singular they: 1) Underspecified singular they and 2) Personal singular they. Although these forms are similar in their phonological form and their lack of a gender feature, they occur in different discourse contexts. Underspecified singular they (the older type) is typically used in c…
Hearing Pronouns Primes Speakers to Use Pronouns
Speaking requires frequent decisions about how to refer, for example whether to use a pronoun (she) or a name (Ana). It is well known that this choice is guided by the discourse context, but little is known about the representations that are activated. We use priming to test whether this choice can be facilitated through recent exposure, and if so, what representations are activated. In a storytelling task, participants take turns with experiment…
Scrutinizing reference adaptation
Why does recency guide pronoun comprehension? It’s not just topicality, attention, or predictability
Does referential expectation guide both linguistic and social constraints on pronoun comprehension
Learning the statistics of pronoun reference
Discourse‐level adaptation in pronoun comprehension
It is well established that people adapt to statistical regularities at phonological, lexical, and syntactic levels. Much less is known about adaptation to discourse‐level structures, such as adaptation to structures defined as the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent. To fill this gap, this paper reviews studies on the learning of referential patterns by asking (1) do people represent referential structures, (2) how long do discours…
The Effects of Semantic Role Predictability on the Production of Overt Pronouns in Spanish
My pronouns are they/them
Semantic predictability of implicit causality can affect referential form choice
The predictability of implicit causes
In discourses involving implicit causality, the implicit cause of the event is referentially predictable, that is, it is likely to be rementioned. However, it is unclear how referential predictability is calculated. We test two possible explanations: (1) The frequency account suggests that people learn that implicit causes are predictable through experience with the most frequent patterns of reference in natural language, and (2) the topicality a…
Print exposure explains individual differences in using syntactic but not semantic cues for pronoun comprehension
Reference and Informativeness
How do speakers get other people to understand what they are talking about? Language wouldn’t succeed unless we were able to refer to ideas and things in the world, and get other people to understand them. Yet this human ability is complex, not least because it requires speakers and addressees to pay attention to context. This chapter reviews research on reference and informativeness in communication. It outlines the problem of referential choice…
Print exposure predicts pronoun comprehension strategies in children
Language development requires children to learn how to understand ambiguous pronouns, as in Panda Bear is having lunch with Puppy. He wants a pepperoni slice. Adults tend to link he with Panda Bear, the prior grammatical subject, but young children either fail to exhibit this bias (Arnold, Brown-Schmidt & Trueswell, 2007) or do so more slowly than adults (Hartshorne et al. , 2015a; Song & Fisher, 2005). In the current study, we test whether langu…
Talking About Some and ALL
Reference production is often studied through single dimensions of contrast (e.g., " tall glass " when there are one or two glasses of varying height). Yet real-world communication is rarely so simple, raising questions about the factors guiding more complex referents. The current study examines decisions to mention set relations (e.g., using quantity-denoting expressions like " some of the houses " to refer to 2-out-of-5 houses) versus object ca…
Discourse attention during utterance planning affects referential form choice
An unstudied source of linguistic variation is the use of discourse-appropriate language. Sometimes individuals use linguistic devices (anaphors, connectors) to connect utterances to the discourse context, and sometimes not. We asked how this variation is related to utterance planning, using eyetracking with a narrative production task. Participants saw picture pairs depicting two events. They heard a description of the first event (Context pictu…
Women and Men Have Different Discourse Biases for Pronoun Interpretation
Two experiments examine how men and women interpret pronouns in discourse. Adults are known to show a strong "first-mention bias": When two characters are mentioned (Michael played with William...), comprehenders tend to interpret subsequent pronouns as coreferential with the first of the two characters and to find pronouns more natural than names for reference to the first character. However, this bias is not absolute. Experiment 1 demonstrates …
Inferring Difficulty
Upon hearing a disfluent referring expression, listeners expect the speaker to refer to an object that is previously unmentioned, an object that does not have a straightforward label, or an object that requires a longer description. Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments examined whether listeners directly associate disfluency with these properties of objects, or whether disfluency attribution is more flexible and involves situation-specific i…
What should a theory of pronoun interpretation look like? Commentary on Kehler & Rohde (2013)
Article What should a theory of pronoun interpretation look like? Commentary on Kehler & Rohde (2013): A probabilistic reconciliation of coherence-driven and centering-driven theories of pronoun interpretation was published on September 12, 2013 in the journal Theoretical Linguistics (volume 39, issue 1-2)
How Speakers Refer
One of the core components of language is referring, which requires the speaker to choose between expressions that are highly explicit (e.g., the UNC professor , or Peter ), and reduced lexical forms (e.g., he ) . This paper reviews claims that this process is largely driven by the accessibility or salience of the referent, and the psychological processes that underlie these effects. Two classes of constraint are examined: (1) Discourse status, w…
The effect of additional characters on choice of referring expression
Intuitions in linguistic argumentation
Disfluencies Signal Theee, Um, New Information
The Effect of Thematic Roles on Pronoun Use and Frequency of Reference Continuation
Goal and source thematic roles have been shown to influence pronoun resolution, an effect that has been linked to the reader’s tendency to focus on the consequences of the event (Stevenson, Crawley, & Kleinman, 1994). Using a story continuation ex-periment, I show that speakers also tend to use pronouns more often for goal entities than source entities. Furthermore, the experiment and a corpus analysis reveal that speakers tend to refer more freq…
Heaviness vs. newness
Variations in postverbal constituent ordering have been attributed to both grammatical complexity (heaviness) and discourse status (newness), although few studies compare the two factors explicitly. Through corpus analysis and experimentation, we demonstrate that both factors simultaneously and independently influence word order in two English constructions. While past investigations of these factors have focused on their effects in language comp…
How Speakers Refer
One of the core components of language is referring, which requires the speaker to choose between expressions that are highly explicit (e.g., the UNC professor , or Peter ), and reduced lexical forms (e.g., he ) . This paper reviews claims that this process is largely driven by the accessibility or salience of the referent, and the psychological processes that underlie these effects. Two classes of constraint are examined: (1) Discourse status, w…
Intuitions in linguistic argumentation
The Effect of Thematic Roles on Pronoun Use and Frequency of Reference Continuation
Goal and source thematic roles have been shown to influence pronoun resolution, an effect that has been linked to the reader’s tendency to focus on the consequences of the event (Stevenson, Crawley, & Kleinman, 1994). Using a story continuation ex-periment, I show that speakers also tend to use pronouns more often for goal entities than source entities. Furthermore, the experiment and a corpus analysis reveal that speakers tend to refer more freq…
Disfluencies Signal Theee, Um, New Information
Heaviness vs. newness
Variations in postverbal constituent ordering have been attributed to both grammatical complexity (heaviness) and discourse status (newness), although few studies compare the two factors explicitly. Through corpus analysis and experimentation, we demonstrate that both factors simultaneously and independently influence word order in two English constructions. While past investigations of these factors have focused on their effects in language comp…
The predictability of implicit causes
In discourses involving implicit causality, the implicit cause of the event is referentially predictable, that is, it is likely to be rementioned. However, it is unclear how referential predictability is calculated. We test two possible explanations: (1) The frequency account suggests that people learn that implicit causes are predictable through experience with the most frequent patterns of reference in natural language, and (2) the topicality a…
The Concomitant Effects of Phrase Length and Informational Content in Sentence Comprehension
Women and Men Have Different Discourse Biases for Pronoun Interpretation
Two experiments examine how men and women interpret pronouns in discourse. Adults are known to show a strong "first-mention bias": When two characters are mentioned (Michael played with William...), comprehenders tend to interpret subsequent pronouns as coreferential with the first of the two characters and to find pronouns more natural than names for reference to the first character. However, this bias is not absolute. Experiment 1 demonstrates …
The Effects of Semantic Role Predictability on the Production of Overt Pronouns in Spanish
Heaviness vs. newness
Variations in postverbal constituent ordering have been attributed to both grammatical complexity (heaviness) and discourse status (newness), although few studies compare the two factors explicitly. Through corpus analysis and experimentation, we demonstrate that both factors simultaneously and independently influence word order in two English constructions. While past investigations of these factors have focused on their effects in language comp…
The Concomitant Effects of Phrase Length and Informational Content in Sentence Comprehension
The Effect of Thematic Roles on Pronoun Use and Frequency of Reference Continuation
Goal and source thematic roles have been shown to influence pronoun resolution, an effect that has been linked to the reader’s tendency to focus on the consequences of the event (Stevenson, Crawley, & Kleinman, 1994). Using a story continuation ex-periment, I show that speakers also tend to use pronouns more often for goal entities than source entities. Furthermore, the experiment and a corpus analysis reveal that speakers tend to refer more freq…
Disfluencies Signal Theee, Um, New Information
Intuitions in linguistic argumentation
The effect of additional characters on choice of referring expression
How Speakers Refer
One of the core components of language is referring, which requires the speaker to choose between expressions that are highly explicit (e.g., the UNC professor , or Peter ), and reduced lexical forms (e.g., he ) . This paper reviews claims that this process is largely driven by the accessibility or salience of the referent, and the psychological processes that underlie these effects. Two classes of constraint are examined: (1) Discourse status, w…
What should a theory of pronoun interpretation look like? Commentary on Kehler & Rohde (2013)
Article What should a theory of pronoun interpretation look like? Commentary on Kehler & Rohde (2013): A probabilistic reconciliation of coherence-driven and centering-driven theories of pronoun interpretation was published on September 12, 2013 in the journal Theoretical Linguistics (volume 39, issue 1-2)
Women and Men Have Different Discourse Biases for Pronoun Interpretation
Two experiments examine how men and women interpret pronouns in discourse. Adults are known to show a strong "first-mention bias": When two characters are mentioned (Michael played with William...), comprehenders tend to interpret subsequent pronouns as coreferential with the first of the two characters and to find pronouns more natural than names for reference to the first character. However, this bias is not absolute. Experiment 1 demonstrates …
Inferring Difficulty
Upon hearing a disfluent referring expression, listeners expect the speaker to refer to an object that is previously unmentioned, an object that does not have a straightforward label, or an object that requires a longer description. Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments examined whether listeners directly associate disfluency with these properties of objects, or whether disfluency attribution is more flexible and involves situation-specific i…
Discourse attention during utterance planning affects referential form choice
An unstudied source of linguistic variation is the use of discourse-appropriate language. Sometimes individuals use linguistic devices (anaphors, connectors) to connect utterances to the discourse context, and sometimes not. We asked how this variation is related to utterance planning, using eyetracking with a narrative production task. Participants saw picture pairs depicting two events. They heard a description of the first event (Context pictu…
Talking About Some and ALL
Reference production is often studied through single dimensions of contrast (e.g., " tall glass " when there are one or two glasses of varying height). Yet real-world communication is rarely so simple, raising questions about the factors guiding more complex referents. The current study examines decisions to mention set relations (e.g., using quantity-denoting expressions like " some of the houses " to refer to 2-out-of-5 houses) versus object ca…
Reference and Informativeness
How do speakers get other people to understand what they are talking about? Language wouldn’t succeed unless we were able to refer to ideas and things in the world, and get other people to understand them. Yet this human ability is complex, not least because it requires speakers and addressees to pay attention to context. This chapter reviews research on reference and informativeness in communication. It outlines the problem of referential choice…
Print exposure predicts pronoun comprehension strategies in children
Language development requires children to learn how to understand ambiguous pronouns, as in Panda Bear is having lunch with Puppy. He wants a pepperoni slice. Adults tend to link he with Panda Bear, the prior grammatical subject, but young children either fail to exhibit this bias (Arnold, Brown-Schmidt & Trueswell, 2007) or do so more slowly than adults (Hartshorne et al. , 2015a; Song & Fisher, 2005). In the current study, we test whether langu…
Print exposure explains individual differences in using syntactic but not semantic cues for pronoun comprehension
My pronouns are they/them
Semantic predictability of implicit causality can affect referential form choice
The predictability of implicit causes
In discourses involving implicit causality, the implicit cause of the event is referentially predictable, that is, it is likely to be rementioned. However, it is unclear how referential predictability is calculated. We test two possible explanations: (1) The frequency account suggests that people learn that implicit causes are predictable through experience with the most frequent patterns of reference in natural language, and (2) the topicality a…
The Effects of Semantic Role Predictability on the Production of Overt Pronouns in Spanish
Does referential expectation guide both linguistic and social constraints on pronoun comprehension
Learning the statistics of pronoun reference
Discourse‐level adaptation in pronoun comprehension
It is well established that people adapt to statistical regularities at phonological, lexical, and syntactic levels. Much less is known about adaptation to discourse‐level structures, such as adaptation to structures defined as the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent. To fill this gap, this paper reviews studies on the learning of referential patterns by asking (1) do people represent referential structures, (2) how long do discours…
Hearing Pronouns Primes Speakers to Use Pronouns
Speaking requires frequent decisions about how to refer, for example whether to use a pronoun (she) or a name (Ana). It is well known that this choice is guided by the discourse context, but little is known about the representations that are activated. We use priming to test whether this choice can be facilitated through recent exposure, and if so, what representations are activated. In a storytelling task, participants take turns with experiment…
Scrutinizing reference adaptation
Why does recency guide pronoun comprehension? It’s not just topicality, attention, or predictability
Linguistics (24 obras) · Psychology (23 obras) · Cognitive psychology (17 obras) · Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism (17 obras) · Computer Science (16 obras) · Pronoun (14 obras) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (10 obras) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (10 obras) · Comprehension (9 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras)