Paul F Lazarsfeld
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 119545 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Paul F Lazarsfeld |
| PRENOMES | Paul F |
| SOBRENOME | Lazarsfeld |
| ASSINATURA | LAZARSFELD P F |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Columbia University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 124 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 1760 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 124 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1932 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2017 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
An Essay in Convergence
This part introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters. The part seeks evidence for our hypothesis that small groups are anchorage points for opinions, attitudes and values. It concerns the evidence for the existence of group-shared norms, the origin of such norms, the reasons and the dynamics of their enforcement. The part explores the bearing that they may have on an understanding of the process of …
Public Affairs Leaders
In public affairs, much more than in marketing or fashion, women are free to decide whether or not they will participate or even take an interest. Without endangering their self-respect or the respect of others, women can, to a greater extent than men, get through life without participating in, or having opinions about, public affairs. The highly informed woman of high social status is twice as likely to emerge as a public affairs leader as the e…
The Role of the Group in Influencing Change
In this chapter, the authors focus on the fact that shared opinions and attitudes go along, hand in hand, with interpersonal relations. First of all, there is the kind of change in opinions, attitudes or values which may accompany a motivated move from one group to another. Seeking and gaining acceptance in a new circle seem to lead an individual to bring his opinions and attitudes into line with the new group. The studies the authors have seen s…
On Describing the Flow of Influence
In this chapter, the authors describe the kinds of influences and the types of influential. They focus on the distinguishing characteristics of the individuals who are transmitters of such influences, the &s;opinion leaders&s;. Broadly speaking, the authors have decided to employ three factors in terms of which the members of their sample may be differentiated, and thus which may serve us as frameworks in terms of which the flow of interpersonal …
Norms and Small Groups
This chapter is concerned with the hypothesis that small groups actively influence and support most of an individual’s opinions, attitudes and actions. In a membership group in which certain attitudes are approved individuals acquire the approved attitudes to the extent that the membership group serves as a positive point of reference. Even long-time members who “deviate” too far from group opinion lose status, or may even lose membership in grou…
Interpersonal Networks
Interpersonal communication is simply another name for interaction, and by definition, communication is, of course, a component of all interpersonal relations. Differences in the degree of mutual attraction among individuals, differences in the degree of their interdependence, differences in status, and, of course, mere differences in such things as propinquity or group size will make for significant differences in the rate of contact and communi…
Evaluating the Impact of Various Influences
Formal media will influence mainly by representation or by indirect attraction, that is, by what they tell. People can induce each other to a variety of activities as a result of their interpersonal relations and thus their influence goes far beyond the content of their communications. “Effective Exposure” refers to people who mention a given influence, claiming that it played a specific role, and stating further that this source was the most imp…
Fashion Leaders
More than in marketing, fashion is an arena of constant change. The general accent on youth and youthfulness among men and women in America leads us to expect that fashion leadership might be typical of girls than of matrons. These young women are single; many of them are on the market for dates and marriage, and fashion is of obvious advantage in these markets. But, even if fashion is a concern to most women, it is likely to have a greater sway …
Criteria of Influence
In this chapter, the authors begin the report of the Decatur study—their attempt to make a start in mapping the flow of influence concerning several everyday matters in a middle-sized American city. Their central problem was to locate key points in the transmission of personal influence. Popular imagery comprehends many types of leaders, official and unofficial, leaders of small groups and of large nations, organizers, agitators, and clari-fiers,…
On Follow-up Interviewing and Analysis
T he previous appendix section reported on the basic “panel” questionnaire which was administered to a cross-section of respondents in Decatur. In this Appendix, we should like to report on the special problems attendant on the “follow-up” aspects of the study. We shall begin by reporting on the evolution of the follow-up questionnaire. Here, in excerpts from a memorandum written by one of the overseers of field work for the study, there will bec…
Choice of the City
T he approximate size of the city in which to locate the study was determined by the number of interviews financially feasible. That is, it was desired to maintain a ratio of not less than one interview to every twenty homes, and with a sample of 800 this ratio indicated that a city of around 60,000 population should be used. It was further decided that the city should be located in the Middle West because that part of the country is least charac…
The Group and the World Outside
One theme that runs through sociological studies of social control in a stratified community or in a hierarchical institution is that communications directed from the top of an organization downwards will be most effective when they are funneled through the informal leaders of the informal groups which emerge on every level of the structure. The new field of research which has developed from the vigorous programs in international communications a…
The Place of Impact Analysis in The Study of Influence
W e want to contribute to a picture of how people make up their minds and, as has been suggested in the previous section, our primary interest is in the role of personal influence in specifiable, decision-making episodes. In the present section, we want to set forth a scheme which will permit us to contrast the frequency and the effectiveness of this kind of influence—stemming from “opinion leaders”—with the frequency and effectiveness of influen…
Variations in Impact
Many women might be dissatisfied with something without changing, just as many women might be fairly well satisfied and still change. In marketing, the dissatisfied women reported more exposure to both personal contacts and radio advertising. Dissatisfaction, then, does seem to have had two consequences: such women were more aware of available sources and more susceptible to their advice and influence. In the fashion field, perhaps, women may be …
Working with Merton
In January 1961 the journalist Morton M. Hunt published a "New Yorker" profile on Robert Merton that is still a very well documented source of information about his biography and his work up to the age of fifty. At the age of twenty-six, Merton published his paper on the unanticipated consequences of purposive "social action." Several of Merton&s;s subsequent Bureau studies can be used to trace this hypothetical ambivalence and the way it was fin…
Searching for and Assessing the impact of Various Influences
The main purpose of the present study is to assess the impact of personal influence in the performance of a number of personal acts. This chapter tries to assess the relative impact of personal contact and the mass media like newspapers, radio, etc.; in other words, we shall be making comparisons. It illustrates the complexity of the problem by visualizing a number of cases in which a person decides to go to see a certain picture. The newspaper m…
A Technique of Confirmation
M ost of our information on face-to-face influence consists of statements made by the people we interviewed about other people not interviewed. Now, some groups of our respondents, deliberately or unwittingly, might have inflated their position by claiming to have been asked advice more often than was actually the case; or, possibly, in telling us the reasons why they changed their opinions, they may have claimed to have had conversations with pr…
Some Further Technical Problems
A t the beginning of the preceding chapter we outlined the five main steps of an impact study. The first one, the accounting scheme, has now been discussed. The second step is closely related to the first.
On the Construction of Indices
I n this Appendix there are listed all of the indices that appear in the text. We shall single out several for comment. Then, we shall introduce one final index—an index of Popular Fiction Consumption—which does not appear elsewhere in the text, but about which there is an interesting story to tell.
A Summary of Influences and Influentials
In this chapter, the authors assume that social status, life-cycle and a measure of gregariousness might be meaningfully related to opinion leadership. In the realm of fashions, first of all, the authors introduced the notion of an “export” index to measure, inferentially, the extent to which opinion leaders serve their own groups compared with the extent to which they influence members of other social groupings. Fashion leadership is strongly re…
A Guide to the Questionnaire
T he questionnaire consisted of two basic parts: Wave I administered in June, 1945; Wave II administered in August, 1945. In both cases, the respondents were the same (minus the “mortality” common to such “panel studies”). In addition, there were a variety of special follow-up questionnaires for the purpose of interviewing the several types of influentials and influencees designated by our panel respondents. Rather than merely reproduce the quest…
Marketing Leaders
By definition, opinion leadership is everyday and casual. If this is true for opinion leadership in general, it holds particularly for the arena of marketing, since, for most women, marketing for household goods is virtually a continuous routine. Gregariousness, then, is a characteristic of the marketing leader. The relationship between gregariousness and marketing leadership holds true for women of each life-cycle type. Taken together, life-cycl…
The Role and Sequence of Various Influences
Reflections on the different roles played by the various media suggest a characteristic temporal order. Magazines have a distribution somewhere between books and personal contacts, but seem more similar to people than to books in their influence role. Newspapers are likely to be used as a source of information to settle details about an attendance already decided upon. One might expect newspaper exposure most often to be in a terminal position. T…
Between Media and Mass
The mass media loomed as agents of evil aiming at the total destruction of democratic society. First the newspaper, and later the radio, were feared as powerful weapons able to rubber-stamp ideas upon the minds of defenseless readers and listeners. The media of communication were looked upon as a new kind of unifying force—a simple kind of nervous system—reaching out to every eye and ear, in a society characterized by an amorphous social organiza…
The Part Played By People
During the course of studying the presidential election campaign of 1940, it became clear that certain people in every stratum of a community serve relay roles in the mass communication of election information and influence. This “discovery” began with the finding that radio and the printed page seemed to have only negligible effects on actual vote decisions and particularly minute effects on changes in vote decisions. It is being suggested that …
The People's Choice
Examines how the voter makes up their mind in a presidential election. Also looks at the social and ideological differences between republicans and democrats during the early 1900's and who participates in elections
Personal Influence
"First published in 1955, "Personal Influence" reports the results of a pioneering study conducted in Decatur, Illinois, validating Paul Lazarsfeld's serendipitous discovery that messages from the media may be further mediated by informal "opinion leaders" who intercept, interpret, and diffuse what they see and hear to the personal networks in which they are embedded. This classic volume set the stage for all subsequent studies of the interaction…
Voting
The psychological effects of unemployment
Remarks on Administrative and Critical Communications Research
Personal Influence
Max Weber and Empirical Social Research
Weber's earliest involvement in empirical social research included three investigations of agricultural and industrial labor conditions, workers' attitudes and work histories, using both questionnaires and direct observation. Weber used a relatively modern statistical approach in his fourth study, concerning psychological aspects of factory work, and in a fifth episode, a critique of another person's study of workers' attitudes, he advocated a qu…
The Controversy Over Detailed Interviews-An Offer for Negotiation
Journal Article THE CONTROVERSY OVER DETAILED INTERVIEWS—AN OFFER FOR NEGOTIATION Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 1, SPRING 1944, Pages 38–60, https://doi.org/10.1086/265666 Published: 01 January 1944
Notes on the History of Quantification in Sociology--Trends, Sources and Problems
Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition
The speculative approach to public opinion characteristic of the last century and the current empirical approach may be seen as supplementary rather than antithetical. Modern research techniques can confirm and develop notions advanced by classical writers, while authors such as Dicey andBryce can help direct present-day researchers to significant problems and suggest new ways of analyzing empirical data. Merging of the two approaches will hasten…
Marienthal
"One of the main theses of the Marienthal study was that prolonged unemployment leads to a state of apathy in which the victims do not utilize any longer even the few opportunities left to them. The vicious cycle between reduced opportunities and reduced level of aspiration has remained the focus of all subsequent discussions." So begin the opening remarks to the English-language edition of what has become a major classic in the literature of soc…
The Sociology of Empirical Social Research
The American Soldier-An Expository Review
Journal Article The American Solidier—An Expository Review Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 3, FALL 1949, Pages 377–404, https://doi.org/10.1086/266089 Published: 01 January 1949
"Panel" Studies
Journal Article 4. "Panel" Studies Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Director Princeton Office of Radio Research Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1940, Pages 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1086/265373 Published: 01 March 1940
The "Panel" as a New Tool for Measuring Opinion
Journal Article THE "PANEL" AS A NEW TOOL FOR MEASURING OPINION Get access PAUL LAZARSFELD, PAUL LAZARSFELD Dr. Lazarsfeld, who was for many years engaged in social and psychological research at the University of Vienna, and subsequently became director of the Research Center of the University of Newark, is Research Associate in the School of Public Affairs, Princeton University. He is also Research Director of the Princeton Radio Project, an inv…
The Obligations of the 1950 Pollster to the 1984 Historian
Journal Article The Obligations of the 1950 Pollster to the 1984 Historian Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 14, Issue 4, WINTER 1950, Pages 617–638, https://doi.org/10.1086/266245 Published: 01 January 1950
The Election Is Over
Journal Article THE ELECTION IS OVER Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 3, FALL 1944, Pages 317–330, https://doi.org/10.1086/265692 Published: 01 January 1944
The policy science movement (an outsider's view)
Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal
Main Trends in Sociology
Reflections on Business
Sociologists studying economic institutions have been interested mainly in the relations between the factory worker and his immediate supperior. Other social aspects of economic institutions have been neglected, although they provide sociological data and problems. This survey illustrates that studies of buying behavior contribute to an understanding of social stratification, reference groups, and, in general, the relation between individual disp…
The Contribution of the Regional Poll to Political Understanding
Journal Article The Contribution of the Regional Poll to Political Understanding Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MORRIS ROSENBERG MORRIS ROSENBERG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 4, WINTER 1949, Pages 569–586, https://doi.org/10.1086/266116 Published: 01 January 1949
The Role of Criticism in the Management of Mass Media
Audience Research in the Movie Field
DURING the last two decades communications research has become a rather distinct field within the social sciences. The war, especially, has contributed to its progress because so many government agencies made use of these new techniques. It has become habitual, in teaching communications research, to divide the material into four sections. One deals with the problems of social control. How are the communications industries organized economically?…
Social Science Research on Business
An Unemployed Village
An Unemployed Village
Pareto’s General Sociology
Some Remarks on the Typological Procedures in Social Research
Magazines in 90 Cities-Who Reads What
Dr. Lazarsfeld was for many years engaged in social and psychological research at the University of Vienna. In 1933 he came to this country as a Rockfeller Fellow, and subsequently accepted a position as director of the Research Center of the University of Newark which had just been founded to conduct field studies regarding the social and market problems of the New Jersey industrial area. The study reported in this article originated from effort…
Caste and Class in a Southern Town
The "Panel" as a New Tool for Measuring Opinion
Journal Article THE "PANEL" AS A NEW TOOL FOR MEASURING OPINION Get access PAUL LAZARSFELD, PAUL LAZARSFELD Dr. Lazarsfeld, who was for many years engaged in social and psychological research at the University of Vienna, and subsequently became director of the Research Center of the University of Newark, is Research Associate in the School of Public Affairs, Princeton University. He is also Research Director of the Princeton Radio Project, an inv…
The psychological effects of unemployment
Some Properties of the Trichotomy "Like, no Opinion, Dislike" and Their Psychological Interpretation
"Panel" Studies
Journal Article 4. "Panel" Studies Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Director Princeton Office of Radio Research Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1940, Pages 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1086/265373 Published: 01 March 1940
"Radio and the Printed Page" An Introduction to the Study of Radio and Its Role in the Communication of Ideas
Who Gets a Job
Remarks on Administrative and Critical Communications Research
The Statistical Analysis of Reasons as Research Operation
The Daily Newspaper and Its Competitors
matched with corresponding figures for magazines appearing once a week or once a month. Hours of listening cannot be put beside number of readers. Nevertheless, some sound figures can be presented here as general background for the discussion which follows. For example, each weekday, when more than forty million copies of daily newspapers are circulating in the country, almost thirty million families have their radios tuned in on an average of ab…
The Election Is Over
Journal Article THE ELECTION IS OVER Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 3, FALL 1944, Pages 317–330, https://doi.org/10.1086/265692 Published: 01 January 1944
The Controversy Over Detailed Interviews-An Offer for Negotiation
Journal Article THE CONTROVERSY OVER DETAILED INTERVIEWS—AN OFFER FOR NEGOTIATION Get access PAUL F. LAZARSFELD PAUL F. LAZARSFELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 1, SPRING 1944, Pages 38–60, https://doi.org/10.1086/265666 Published: 01 January 1944
The Office of Radio Research
The Discussion Goes On
Women
Journal Article WOMEN: A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR THE PAC Get access Bernard Berelson, Bernard Berelson Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul F. Lazarsfeld Paul F. Lazarsfeld Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 9, Issue 1, SPRING 1945, P…
Prediction of Political Behavior in America
view study has implications for the growing field of child socialization. Admitting the need for better methods, we believe none the less that our data support the hypothesis of class level stratification among 'teen age children. So far this idea, when advanced at all, has rested on fragmental case studies which have been made, in turn, the basis for rather sweeping generalizations. Quantification, along with clearer conceptual definition, are o…
Some Remarks on the Role of Mass Media in So‐called Tolerance Propaganda 1
Audience Research in the Movie Field
DURING the last two decades communications research has become a rather distinct field within the social sciences. The war, especially, has contributed to its progress because so many government agencies made use of these new techniques. It has become habitual, in teaching communications research, to divide the material into four sections. One deals with the problems of social control. How are the communications industries organized economically?…
The Role of Criticism in the Management of Mass Media
Radio Listening in America
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