Robert F Schoeni
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 132689 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Robert F Schoeni |
| PRENOMES | Robert F |
| SOBRENOME | Schoeni |
| ASSINATURA | SCHOENI R F |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Michigan |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0657-2459 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 59 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 890 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 59 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1993 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 18 |
Differential Trends in Disability Among Rich and Poor Adults in the United States and England From 2002 to 2016
Improvements in disability were more widespread in England than in the United States between 2002 and 2016. In both countries, the disparity in disability between low- and high-income adults widened for middle-aged adults. Policies targeted at preventing disability among low-income adults should be a priority in both countries
The Social Cost of Providing Care to Older Adults With and Without Dementia
More time spent among caregivers of persons with versus without dementia may be an important factor undermining social participation, but hours only partially explain the gap. Future interventions should consider how to facilitate social participation among caregivers
The Strength of Parent–Adult Child Ties in Biological Families and Stepfamilies
We examine older partnered parents' time spent with adult children in biological and step families, treating time together as an indication of relationship strength. Using a unique national sample of U.S. time diaries from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we investigate time with all adult children combined and with each adult child. We find that time together depends on family structure and parent–adult child dyadic relationship type embedded…
Close enough? Adult child-to-parent caregiving and residential proximity
Care Received and Unmet Care Needs Among Older Parents in Biological and Step Families
Results illustrate that concerns about the implications of the rising prevalence of step families for care parents receive from their children may be warranted. However, there is a lack of evidence of greater unmet need for care for older parents in step families, as risks of unmet needs are high for older parents regardless of family type
National estimates of kinship size and composition among adults with activity limitations in the United States
BACKGROUND: The number of adults living with limitations in daily activities in the United States is large, and projected to increase. Families, which are becoming more complex, are critical to the wellbeing of this population. OBJECTIVE: We present national estimates of the size and composition of kin networks for adults with activity limitations. METHODS: We use the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assess kin relationships of adults aged …
Proximity to mother over the life course in the United States
The spatial distance between children and parents substantially influences their lives, yet empirical evidence on life course patterns of child-parent proximity is sparse
Disparities in vulnerability to complications from Covid-19 arising from disparities in preexisting conditions in the United States
Race/Ethnic Differences in Spatial Distance Between Adult Children and Their Mothers
ObjectiveThis brief study examines race/ethnic differences in geographic distance to mothers among adults in the United States.BackgroundRace/ethnic differences in rates of adult children living with their mothers in the United States are well documented, but spatial distances beyond shared housing are not.MethodSpatial distances between residential locations of adults aged 25 years and older and their biological mothers are estimated using the 2…
Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United States
ObjectiveThis brief report presents contemporary national estimates of the spatial distance between residences of parents and adult children in the United States, including distance to one's nearest parent or adult child and whether one lives near all of their parents and adult children.BackgroundThe most recent national estimates of parent-child spatial proximity come from data for the early 1990s. Moreover, research has rarely assessed the spat…
Stepfamily Structure and Transfers Between Generations in U.S. Families
Unstable couple relationships and high rates of repartnering have increased the share of U.S. families with stepkin. Yet data on stepfamily structure are from earlier periods, include only coresident stepkin, or cover only older adults. In this study, we use new data on family structure and transfers in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to describe the prevalence and numbers of stepparents and stepchildren for adults of all ages and to ch…
Introduction to a Supplement on Population Level Trends in Dementia
Trends in the Prevalence and Disparity in Cognitive Limitations of Americans 55–69 Years Old
Among people 55-69, rates of CL are many times higher for groups with lower SES than those with higher SES, and recent trends show little indication that the gaps are narrowing
Childhood family wealth and mental health in a national cohort of young adults
Understanding the lifelong processes through which distinct aspects of socioeconomic status affect mental health can help us identify high-risk populations and take steps to minimize future disparities in mental illness
How Wealth Inequality Shapes Our Future
Liz, Mary, and Howard are three teenagers in the 1980s. Although unrelated, their families have much in common: stable two- parent households, at least one parent completed high school (though none of them went to college), and all three are white. They differ in one important aspect: their parents command quite different levels of wealth (here measured as net worth, that is, the total sum of financial and real assets minus debt). Liz's parents o…
The implications of selective attrition for estimates of intergenerational elasticity of family income
Psychological and cognitive determinants of mortality
The Effects of Respondents' Consent to Be Recorded on Interview Length and Data Quality in a National Panel Study
Recording interviews is a key feature of quality control protocols for most survey organizations. We examine the effects on interview length and data quality of a new protocol adopted by a national panel study. The protocol recorded a randomly chosen one-third of all interviews digitally, although all respondents were asked for permission to record their interview and interviewers were blind as to whether or not interviews were recorded. We find …
Spouse and Child Availability for Newly Disabled Older Adults
Understanding SES variations in the informal care resources, and potential role of child geographic availability, may inform the development of cost-effective community-based care programs and policies
Older Adults’ Residential Proximity to Their Children
To assess changes in family residential proximity after a first cardiovascular (CV) event among older adults and to identify families most likely to experience such moves. Using a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults in the United States, we identified respondents with no prior diagnosis of CV disease (CVD). We examined subsequent development of stroke, heart attack, and/or heart failure among these older adults and examin…
Trends in Functional and Activity Limitations among Chinese Oldest-Old, 1998 to 2008
China has the world's largest oldest-old population, but information on trends in late-life disability is lacking. We use data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey for 1998 to 2008 to determine whether prevalence of limitations with physical functions and daily activities has changed recently among the Chinese population aged 80 to 105 and, if so, to investigate the factors associated with the change. We find that prevalence of …
Trends in Late-Life Activity Limitations in the United States
This article updates trends from five national U.S. surveys to determine whether the prevalence of activity limitations among the older population continued to decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Findings across studies suggest that personal care and domestic activity limitations may have continued to decline for those ages 85 and older from 2000 to 2008, but generally were flat since 2000 for those ages 65–84. Modest increas…
Response Rates in National Panel Surveys
It has been well documented that response rates to cross-sectional surveys have declined over the past few decades. It is less clear whether response rates to longitudinal surveys have experienced similar changes over time. This article examines trends in response rates in several major, national longitudinal surveys in the United States and abroad. The authors find that for most of these surveys, the wave-to-wave response rate has not declined. …
Wealth Disparities Before and After the Great Recession
The collapse of the labor, housing, and stock markets beginning in 2007 created unprecedented challenges for American families. This study examines disparities in wealth holdings leading up to the Great Recession and during the first years of the recovery. All socioeconomic groups experienced declines in wealth following the recession, with higher wealth families experiencing larger absolute declines. In percentage terms, however, the declines we…
Socioeconomic Status and Substance Use Among Young Adults
OBJECTIVE: Little consensus exists regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and substance use. This study examined the associations of three indicators of family SES during childhood--income, wealth, and parental education--with smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana use during young adulthood. METHOD: Data were obtained from the national Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a survey of U.S. families that incorporates data from paren…
Wealth Disparities Before and After the Great Recession
The collapse of the labor, housing, and stock markets beginning in 2007 created unprecedented challenges for American families. This study examines disparities in wealth holdings leading up to the Great Recession and during the first years of the recovery. All socioeconomic groups experienced declines in wealth following the recession, with higher wealth families experiencing larger absolute declines. In percentage terms, however, the declines we…
Social security, economic growth, and the rise in elderly widows’ independence in the twentieth century
The percentage of elderly widows living alone rose from 18% in 1940 to 62% in 1990, while the percentage living with adult children declined from 59% to 20%. This study finds that income growth, particularly increased Social Security benefits, was the single most important determinant of living arrangements, accounting for nearly one-half of the increase in independent living. Unlike researchers in earlier studies, we find no evidence that the ef…
Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling
The authors investigate whether omitted family background variables are responsible for high returns to schooling estimated in Brazil. Returns to schooling fall by about one-third when parental schooling is added to wage equations. Surprisingly, the schooling of fathers-in-law has larger effects on wages than the schooling of fathers. On the basis of a model of assortative mating, the authors interpret this as evidence that parental characteristi…
Declines in late-life disability
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability
In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult t…
Neighborhoods and disability in later life
Persistent and Growing Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability Among the Elderly
Objective. We sought to determine whether socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of disability over age 70 have widened or narrowed during the past 2 decades. Methods. We used data from the 1982–2002 National Health Interview Surveys, which are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants included 172227 people aged 70 years and older. The primary ou…
Transfer Behavior Within the Family
When individuals fall on hard times, can they rely on their family for financial support? In view of proposed reductions in public assistance programs, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which families provide support for their members. In this article we provide evidence that intrafamily transfers are compensatory, directed disproportionately to less well-off members. In a given year, adult children in the lowest income categor…
Persistent, Consistent, Widespread, and Robust? Another Look at Recent Trends in Old-Age Disability
Evidence from several surveys using various measures indicates that disability has declined among elderly persons. Determining the causes of the improvements should be a high priority in future research efforts
Trends in health of older adults in the United States
The decline in late-life disability prevalence in the United States was one of the most important developments in the well-being of older Americans in the 1980s and 1990s, but there is no guarantee that it will continue into the future. We review the past literature on trends in disability and other health indicators and then estimate the most recent trends in biomarkers and limitations for both the population aged 65 and older and those aged 40 …
Trends in Late-Life Activity Limitations in the United States
This article updates trends from five national U.S. surveys to determine whether the prevalence of activity limitations among the older population continued to decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Findings across studies suggest that personal care and domestic activity limitations may have continued to decline for those ages 85 and older from 2000 to 2008, but generally were flat since 2000 for those ages 65–84. Modest increas…
Feeling Better? Trends in General Health Status
Declines in proportions reporting poor/fair health among the older population in recent decades mirror declines in disability. Although the younger population has not experienced such progress, its prevalence of poor/fair health is low throughout the 21-year analysis period. Of concern are the growing socioeconomic disparities in health for both younger and older populations
Early-Life Origins of Adult Disease
Objectives. We examined the relation between low birth weight and childhood family and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and disease onset in adulthood. Methods. Using US nationally representative longitudinal data, we estimated hazard models of the onset of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease. The sample contained 4387 children who were members of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 1968; they were …
Stepfamily Structure and Transfers Between Generations in U.S. Families
Unstable couple relationships and high rates of repartnering have increased the share of U.S. families with stepkin. Yet data on stepfamily structure are from earlier periods, include only coresident stepkin, or cover only older adults. In this study, we use new data on family structure and transfers in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to describe the prevalence and numbers of stepparents and stepchildren for adults of all ages and to ch…
Response Rates in National Panel Surveys
It has been well documented that response rates to cross-sectional surveys have declined over the past few decades. It is less clear whether response rates to longitudinal surveys have experienced similar changes over time. This article examines trends in response rates in several major, national longitudinal surveys in the United States and abroad. The authors find that for most of these surveys, the wave-to-wave response rate has not declined. …
Spatial Distance Between Parents and Adult Children in the United States
ObjectiveThis brief report presents contemporary national estimates of the spatial distance between residences of parents and adult children in the United States, including distance to one's nearest parent or adult child and whether one lives near all of their parents and adult children.BackgroundThe most recent national estimates of parent-child spatial proximity come from data for the early 1990s. Moreover, research has rarely assessed the spat…
Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability
Using data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examine the role of chronic conditions in recent declines in late-life disability prevalence. Building upon prior studies, we decompose disability declines into changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions and in the risk of disability given a condition. In doing so, we extend Kitigawa’s (1955) classical decomposition technique to take advantage of the annual data points…
Immigrants, welfare reform, and the economy
The welfare reform bill adopted in the United States in 1996 limited the eligibility of immigrants for several government assistance programs, and early projections estimated that nearly half of the savings associated with the reforms would come from these immigrant restrictions. Several studies have found that subsequent program participation declined more for immigrants relative to natives, seemingly verifying the early projections. However, ma…
How Wealth Inequality Shapes Our Future
Liz, Mary, and Howard are three teenagers in the 1980s. Although unrelated, their families have much in common: stable two- parent households, at least one parent completed high school (though none of them went to college), and all three are white. They differ in one important aspect: their parents command quite different levels of wealth (here measured as net worth, that is, the total sum of financial and real assets minus debt). Liz's parents o…
Health disparities in mid-to-late life
Reassessing the decline in parent-child old-age coresidence during the twentieth century
The share of the elderly living with an adult child decreased monotonically throughout the twentieth century, while the probability of reaching old age and the number of years lived in old age increased. As a result, the expected number of life-years lived with adult children while in old age may have increased, decreased, or stayed the same. I estimate that the number of life-years lived in old-age coresidence with adult children stayed roughly …
Older Adults’ Residential Proximity to Their Children
To assess changes in family residential proximity after a first cardiovascular (CV) event among older adults and to identify families most likely to experience such moves. Using a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults in the United States, we identified respondents with no prior diagnosis of CV disease (CVD). We examined subsequent development of stroke, heart attack, and/or heart failure among these older adults and examin…
Health and Functioning Among Baby Boomers Approaching 60
Trends varied by indicator, period, and age. It is surprising that, given the socioeconomic, medical, and public health advantages of Baby Boomers throughout their lives, they are not doing considerably better on all counts
Care Received and Unmet Care Needs Among Older Parents in Biological and Step Families
Results illustrate that concerns about the implications of the rising prevalence of step families for care parents receive from their children may be warranted. However, there is a lack of evidence of greater unmet need for care for older parents in step families, as risks of unmet needs are high for older parents regardless of family type
Race/Ethnic Differences in Spatial Distance Between Adult Children and Their Mothers
ObjectiveThis brief study examines race/ethnic differences in geographic distance to mothers among adults in the United States.BackgroundRace/ethnic differences in rates of adult children living with their mothers in the United States are well documented, but spatial distances beyond shared housing are not.MethodSpatial distances between residential locations of adults aged 25 years and older and their biological mothers are estimated using the 2…
Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling
The authors investigate whether omitted family background variables are responsible for high returns to schooling estimated in Brazil. Returns to schooling fall by about one-third when parental schooling is added to wage equations. Surprisingly, the schooling of fathers-in-law has larger effects on wages than the schooling of fathers. On the basis of a model of assortative mating, the authors interpret this as evidence that parental characteristi…
Transfer Behavior in the Health and Retirement Study
Recent work by a number of economists has opened a debate about the role played by intergenerational transfers. Using the new Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we are better able to address the issues involved. Contrary to the current literature on bequests, we do not find that parents give transfers equally to all children. Rather, we find that in the case of inter-vivos transfers, respondents give greaterfinancial assistance to their less well…
Marital status and earnings in developed countries
Income prospects and age-at-marriage
Tracing Intergenerational Relations Through Reports of Transfers of Time and Money
The purpose of this study was to describe any patterns of distinctive sociocultural adaptation in the form of exchanges of time and money between American households, and to determine whether any observed racial or ethnic differences remain after controlling for social background characteristics. We tested one dimension of the sociocultural adaptation hypothesis — Through processes of distinctive sociocultural adaptation, minority group members l…
Transfer Behavior Within the Family
When individuals fall on hard times, can they rely on their family for financial support? In view of proposed reductions in public assistance programs, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which families provide support for their members. In this article we provide evidence that intrafamily transfers are compensatory, directed disproportionately to less well-off members. In a given year, adult children in the lowest income categor…
Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrant Women in the United States
Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrant Women in the United States
Forty-two percent of immigrant workers in the United States are women, yet almost all of the evidence on the economic performance of immigrants is based on analyses of men. This study begins to fill the void by examining differences in a wide array of labor market outcomes between U.S.-born and immigrant women, and among immigrant women born in different countries or regions of the world, using the 1970, 1980 and 1990 censuses. Immigrant women we…
Reassessing the decline in parent-child old-age coresidence during the twentieth century
The share of the elderly living with an adult child decreased monotonically throughout the twentieth century, while the probability of reaching old age and the number of years lived in old age increased. As a result, the expected number of life-years lived with adult children while in old age may have increased, decreased, or stayed the same. I estimate that the number of life-years lived in old-age coresidence with adult children stayed roughly …
Labor Market Assimilation of Immigrant Women
Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. census data, the author examines the life-cycle patterns of immigrant women's labor force participation. He finds that the cross-sectional approach that has been used in all previous studies leads to a substantial over-estimate of the degree to which immigrant women's assimilation increases their labor force participation. The effect of assimilation found by using the cohort approach, however (which acknowledges th…
Social security, economic growth, and the rise in elderly widows’ independence in the twentieth century
The percentage of elderly widows living alone rose from 18% in 1940 to 62% in 1990, while the percentage living with adult children declined from 59% to 20%. This study finds that income growth, particularly increased Social Security benefits, was the single most important determinant of living arrangements, accounting for nearly one-half of the increase in independent living. Unlike researchers in earlier studies, we find no evidence that the ef…
Persistent, Consistent, Widespread, and Robust? Another Look at Recent Trends in Old-Age Disability
Evidence from several surveys using various measures indicates that disability has declined among elderly persons. Determining the causes of the improvements should be a high priority in future research efforts
Recent Trends in Disability and Functioning Among Older Adults in the United States
CONTEXT: Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in the prevalence of self-rated old age disability and physical, cognitive, and sensory limitations during the late 1980s and 1990s and to evaluate the evidence on trends in disparities by major demographic groups. DATA SOU…
Does Unemployment Insurance Displace Familial Assistance
Welfare Work Requirements and Child Well-Being
A central theme of welfare reform is that recipients are required to engage in work activities. In many states, these work requirements apply to mothers whose children are a few months old, which may increase the costs and decrease the prevalence of breast-feeding. Given the substantial benefits of breast-feeding, any reduction represents an important negative consequence of these requirements. Our results suggest that in the absence of welfare r…
Is nursing home demand affected by the decline in age difference between spouses
We investigate whether declines in the age difference between spouses has influenced widowhood and nursing home demand. We first use life-table methods to simulate the impact of the declining age gap on the risk of widowhood. We then use the Medicare
Immigrants, welfare reform, and the economy
The welfare reform bill adopted in the United States in 1996 limited the eligibility of immigrants for several government assistance programs, and early projections estimated that nearly half of the savings associated with the reforms would come from these immigrant restrictions. Several studies have found that subsequent program participation declined more for immigrants relative to natives, seemingly verifying the early projections. However, ma…
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability
In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult t…
Material Assistance from Families During the Transition to Adulthood
As their children enter young adulthood, parents may use their own financial advantages to support their children as they pursue higher education, to help their children establish independent households by helping them with down payments for their first homes, or to lessen the financial burden involved with having their own children. Further, other parental assets, such as home ownership or help caring for children, may be used to aid adult child…
Widow(er) Poverty and Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenditures Near the End of Life
As policy makers continue to debate expansions and reforms of Medicare, the potential effects of these reforms on economic well-being, particularly among widows, should be considered
Persistent and Growing Socioeconomic Disparities in Disability Among the Elderly
Objective. We sought to determine whether socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of disability over age 70 have widened or narrowed during the past 2 decades. Methods. We used data from the 1982–2002 National Health Interview Surveys, which are nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants included 172227 people aged 70 years and older. The primary ou…
Trends in old-age functioning and disability in Japan, 1993-2002
Disability is a burden to individuals and society. Population ageing, combined with the fact that disability is most common among the elderly, has focused attention on trends in old-age disability. This study estimates trends in functioning and disability among Japanese elderly from 1993 to 2002 and contrasts the patterns with those found in the USA. Japan is an especially interesting country because its age structure is relatively old, and it cu…
Feeling Better? Trends in General Health Status
Declines in proportions reporting poor/fair health among the older population in recent decades mirror declines in disability. Although the younger population has not experienced such progress, its prevalence of poor/fair health is low throughout the 21-year analysis period. Of concern are the growing socioeconomic disparities in health for both younger and older populations
Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability
Using data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examine the role of chronic conditions in recent declines in late-life disability prevalence. Building upon prior studies, we decompose disability declines into changes in the prevalence of chronic conditions and in the risk of disability given a condition. In doing so, we extend Kitigawa’s (1955) classical decomposition technique to take advantage of the annual data points…
Why Is Late‐Life Disability Declining?
Context: Late‐life disability has been declining in the United States since the 1980s. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation into the reasons for this trend. Methods: The study draws on evidence from two sources: original data analyses and reviews of existing studies. The original analyses include trend models of data on the need for help with daily activities and self‐reported causes of such limitations for the population age…
Medicine (41 obras) · Demography (33 obras) · Health disparities and outcomes (33 obras) · Gerontology (32 obras) · Psychology (32 obras) · Population (29 obras) · Sociology (28 obras) · Demography (27 obras) · Demographic economics (25 obras) · Economics (24 obras)