Joan Van Wijk
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1361285 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Joan Van Wijk |
| PRENOMES | Joan |
| SOBRENOME | Van Wijk |
| ASSINATURA | VAN WIJK J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9325-2925 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 29 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 72 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2008 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Angola’s Reconciliation Commission Civicop
This article analyzes the work of CIVICOP, a national reconciliation commission established in Angola in 2019 to honor victims of political conflicts during the civil war (1975–2002). Drawing on academic sources, media publications and interviews with stakeholders, it scrutinizes the timing, character and functioning of this transitional justice mechanism. CIVICOP can be considered a delayed transitional justice initiative in a non-transitional a…
Public perception of transitional justice in Angola
This article examines the outreach and perceived legitimacy of Angola's national reconciliation commission, CIVICOP, established in 2019 to address the legacy of mass human rights violations due to political violence during the civil war (1975–2002). Using a mixed-methods approach, including a population-based survey in two provincial capitals and qualitative data from interviews and focus groups in both urban and rural settings, the study explor…
The Path of Least Resistance
Turkmenistan, unlike many of its neighbours, has never faced any organized resistance. Through a literature review, a series of interviews, and applying a multi-level framework of analysis on nonviolent resistance, we assessed which factors inhibited the development of nonviolent resistance, and why. The lack of resistance can primarily be explained by the Turkmen policy of pervasive, multi-level isolation. The regime’s policy of positive neutral…
Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias
The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected framework of transitional justice (TJ) introduce yet another layer of complexity. Based on a literature review and a limited number of expert interviews, thi…
Dissecting Dissent in Russia
Numerous studies into nonviolent resistance have led to a broad but scattered understanding of why some of these movements erupt and succeed, while others do not. This article offers a multilevel framework of analysis to explain trajectories of nonviolent resistance in repressive regimes and illustrates this framework by analysing the potential of Russian domestic nonviolent resistance to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The proposed framework…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Who wants ‘the worst of the worst’? Rationales for and consequences of third country resettlement of Guantanamo Bay detainees
Against the backdrop of countries increasingly being confronted with undesirable but unreturnable non-citizen terrorist suspects, this article describes the resettlement process of 150 cleared but unreturnable Guantanamo Bay detainees. Merely 13% of these detainees have been resettled in full democracies, compared to 52% in authoritarian regimes. Using Starkley et al.’s concept of ‘zone agreement’ the article explains how the U.S. particularly ma…
Islamic Law and the Balancing of Justice and Peace in Iraq’s Post-IS Landscape
Balancing justice and long-term peace and security in a postconflict context is highly complex. This article discusses the challenges in Iraq’s post-IS (Islamic State) landscape. Based on a review of relevant Arabic, English and Persian academic scholarship on Islamic law and Islamic political science on accountability and transitional justice, it discusses what Islamic law dictates state authorities to do with detained suspects of atrocity crime…
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Introduction
international criminal law review 19 (
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
Alleged Terrorists and Other Perpetrators of Serious Non-Political Crimes
Alleged perpetrators of serious non-political crimes are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. This study offers a first complete and systematic empirical analysis of the application of Article 1F(b) in a given country, in this case the Netherlands. The analysis shows that most of the cases in which 1F(b) is applied are crimes motivated not by personal reasons or gain, but rather by political, i…
Acquittals in International Criminal Justice
Despite the great body of academic research on international criminal justice, little attention has been given to the situation of those who have been acquitted. This article aims to fill this gap by offering an empirical overview of what happens to persons acquitted by the ICTY, ICTR, and the ICC. Rather than providing an in-depth legal analysis, the article emphasizes the challenges acquitted persons encounter. It discusses in particular: (1) t…
Alleged perpetrators of serious crimes applying for asylum in the Netherlands
The Refugee Convention states that asylum seekers should be excluded from refugee protection when there are ‘serious reasons for considering’ that they committed serious crimes. This article describes which alleged perpetrators are excluded in the Netherlands and discusses if and how confidentiality issues prevent disclosure of information about their nature and whereabouts. It concludes that law enforcement agencies typically receive information…
Pacifying and integrating the favelas of Rio de Janeiro An evaluation of the impact of the UPP program on favela residents
In 2008, to curb the violence in the city and in preparation for its bid to host the World Cup and the Olympic Games, Rio de Janeiro installed the “Unidades de Policia Pacificadora” (UPP) program. The aim of this program is to increase security by restoring state control in the favelas and by integrating the favelas and their residents into the formal city. Based on an extensive literature review and 30 (in-depth) interviews with key stakeholders…
Violence, Coercion and State-Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico
Asylum-seekers falsely implicating themselves in international crimes
Case studies in the Netherlands and the UK of asylum applicants excluded or under consideration of exclusion pursuant to Article 1Fa of the Refugee Convention reveal that some applicants falsely implicated themselves in serious crimes or behaviours in order to enhance their refugee claim. This may have serious consequences for the excluded persons themselves, as well as for national governments dealing with them. For this reason we suggest immigr…
Caught in Limbo
The Netherlands are internationally at the forefront of applying article 1F of the Refugee Convention. It has resulted in the existence of a group of hundreds of mainly Afghan and Iraqi asylum claimants who are excluded from refugee protection due to their alleged involvement in international crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Although determining whether the exclusion clause applies is challenging in itself, this …
Rehabilitation and Early Release of Perpetrators of International Crimes
While cited as one of the goals of international sentencing and used as a factor for deciding on early release, rehabilitation of perpetrators of international crimes has thus far been neglected by academia and practitioners. This article presents an analysis of all ICTY and ICTR early release decisions handed down until July 2013, indicating how the tribunals have conceptualised rehabilitation of these ‘enemies of mankind’. After observing that …
Life after Conviction at International Criminal Tribunals
As of July 2013, the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL have together convicted and sentenced over 120 perpetrators of international crimes committed during the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, respectively. Only 13% of these convicts serve life imprisonment. The vast majority has been sentenced to determinate sentences. According to the tribunals' Statutes convicted persons serve their sentences in a country designated by a tribunal…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Who is the ‘little old lady’ of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted
This article discusses to what extent Nils Christie’s famous stereotype of the ‘ideal victim’ is applicable in a context of international crimes. It argues that the characteristics of the ideal victim of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes largely overlap with the ideal victim of conventional crimes. Nevertheless, victims of international crimes face much more difficulty in publicizing their fate and consequently ‘benefiting’ from th…
When International Criminal Justice Collides with Principles of International Protection
In 2011 three Congolese ICC defence witnesses applied for asylum in the Netherlands. A decision has not yet been made. This article argues that three outcomes of their procedures are most likely: (i) an asylum permit is granted, (ii) a permit is denied, or (iii) the applicants are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1(f)(a). All scenarios would have serious practical and political consequences for the ICC, the Netherlands, an…
Who is the ‘little old lady’ of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted
This article discusses to what extent Nils Christie’s famous stereotype of the ‘ideal victim’ is applicable in a context of international crimes. It argues that the characteristics of the ideal victim of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes largely overlap with the ideal victim of conventional crimes. Nevertheless, victims of international crimes face much more difficulty in publicizing their fate and consequently ‘benefiting’ from th…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Luanda – Holanda
Against the backdrop of push‐pull and social network theories on migration and criminological theory on human smuggling, this article tries to answer the questions of why and how Angolan asylum‐seekers migrated to the Netherlands since the end of the 1990s. The study shows that the migrants can be described as opportunity seeking migrants, rather than survival migrants. Most migrants made no use of typical human smugglers during their travel. The…
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
Pacifying and integrating the favelas of Rio de Janeiro An evaluation of the impact of the UPP program on favela residents
In 2008, to curb the violence in the city and in preparation for its bid to host the World Cup and the Olympic Games, Rio de Janeiro installed the “Unidades de Policia Pacificadora” (UPP) program. The aim of this program is to increase security by restoring state control in the favelas and by integrating the favelas and their residents into the formal city. Based on an extensive literature review and 30 (in-depth) interviews with key stakeholders…
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
When International Criminal Justice Collides with Principles of International Protection
In 2011 three Congolese ICC defence witnesses applied for asylum in the Netherlands. A decision has not yet been made. This article argues that three outcomes of their procedures are most likely: (i) an asylum permit is granted, (ii) a permit is denied, or (iii) the applicants are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1(f)(a). All scenarios would have serious practical and political consequences for the ICC, the Netherlands, an…
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
Helping hands
This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen Stat…
Dissecting Dissent in Russia
Numerous studies into nonviolent resistance have led to a broad but scattered understanding of why some of these movements erupt and succeed, while others do not. This article offers a multilevel framework of analysis to explain trajectories of nonviolent resistance in repressive regimes and illustrates this framework by analysing the potential of Russian domestic nonviolent resistance to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The proposed framework…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Islamic Law and the Balancing of Justice and Peace in Iraq’s Post-IS Landscape
Balancing justice and long-term peace and security in a postconflict context is highly complex. This article discusses the challenges in Iraq’s post-IS (Islamic State) landscape. Based on a review of relevant Arabic, English and Persian academic scholarship on Islamic law and Islamic political science on accountability and transitional justice, it discusses what Islamic law dictates state authorities to do with detained suspects of atrocity crime…
Acquittals in International Criminal Justice
Despite the great body of academic research on international criminal justice, little attention has been given to the situation of those who have been acquitted. This article aims to fill this gap by offering an empirical overview of what happens to persons acquitted by the ICTY, ICTR, and the ICC. Rather than providing an in-depth legal analysis, the article emphasizes the challenges acquitted persons encounter. It discusses in particular: (1) t…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Luanda – Holanda
Against the backdrop of push‐pull and social network theories on migration and criminological theory on human smuggling, this article tries to answer the questions of why and how Angolan asylum‐seekers migrated to the Netherlands since the end of the 1990s. The study shows that the migrants can be described as opportunity seeking migrants, rather than survival migrants. Most migrants made no use of typical human smugglers during their travel. The…
Violence in the City of Women
Amnesty for War Crimes in Angola
In April 2012, Angola celebrated ten years of a peace deal which contained an amnesty law. The Angolan government has over the past ten years demonstrated to be unwilling to prosecute perpetrators of war crimes. Potential war criminals currently (still) take important positions in the Angolan government or live as well known public figures in- and outside Angola. The author analyses that especially a lack of domestic interest in doing justice and…
Who is the ‘little old lady’ of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted
This article discusses to what extent Nils Christie’s famous stereotype of the ‘ideal victim’ is applicable in a context of international crimes. It argues that the characteristics of the ideal victim of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes largely overlap with the ideal victim of conventional crimes. Nevertheless, victims of international crimes face much more difficulty in publicizing their fate and consequently ‘benefiting’ from th…
When International Criminal Justice Collides with Principles of International Protection
In 2011 three Congolese ICC defence witnesses applied for asylum in the Netherlands. A decision has not yet been made. This article argues that three outcomes of their procedures are most likely: (i) an asylum permit is granted, (ii) a permit is denied, or (iii) the applicants are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1(f)(a). All scenarios would have serious practical and political consequences for the ICC, the Netherlands, an…
Helping hands
This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen Stat…
Asylum-seekers falsely implicating themselves in international crimes
Case studies in the Netherlands and the UK of asylum applicants excluded or under consideration of exclusion pursuant to Article 1Fa of the Refugee Convention reveal that some applicants falsely implicated themselves in serious crimes or behaviours in order to enhance their refugee claim. This may have serious consequences for the excluded persons themselves, as well as for national governments dealing with them. For this reason we suggest immigr…
Caught in Limbo
The Netherlands are internationally at the forefront of applying article 1F of the Refugee Convention. It has resulted in the existence of a group of hundreds of mainly Afghan and Iraqi asylum claimants who are excluded from refugee protection due to their alleged involvement in international crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Although determining whether the exclusion clause applies is challenging in itself, this …
Rehabilitation and Early Release of Perpetrators of International Crimes
While cited as one of the goals of international sentencing and used as a factor for deciding on early release, rehabilitation of perpetrators of international crimes has thus far been neglected by academia and practitioners. This article presents an analysis of all ICTY and ICTR early release decisions handed down until July 2013, indicating how the tribunals have conceptualised rehabilitation of these ‘enemies of mankind’. After observing that …
Life after Conviction at International Criminal Tribunals
As of July 2013, the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL have together convicted and sentenced over 120 perpetrators of international crimes committed during the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, respectively. Only 13% of these convicts serve life imprisonment. The vast majority has been sentenced to determinate sentences. According to the tribunals' Statutes convicted persons serve their sentences in a country designated by a tribunal…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Alleged perpetrators of serious crimes applying for asylum in the Netherlands
The Refugee Convention states that asylum seekers should be excluded from refugee protection when there are ‘serious reasons for considering’ that they committed serious crimes. This article describes which alleged perpetrators are excluded in the Netherlands and discusses if and how confidentiality issues prevent disclosure of information about their nature and whereabouts. It concludes that law enforcement agencies typically receive information…
Pacifying and integrating the favelas of Rio de Janeiro An evaluation of the impact of the UPP program on favela residents
In 2008, to curb the violence in the city and in preparation for its bid to host the World Cup and the Olympic Games, Rio de Janeiro installed the “Unidades de Policia Pacificadora” (UPP) program. The aim of this program is to increase security by restoring state control in the favelas and by integrating the favelas and their residents into the formal city. Based on an extensive literature review and 30 (in-depth) interviews with key stakeholders…
Violence, Coercion and State-Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
Alleged Terrorists and Other Perpetrators of Serious Non-Political Crimes
Alleged perpetrators of serious non-political crimes are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. This study offers a first complete and systematic empirical analysis of the application of Article 1F(b) in a given country, in this case the Netherlands. The analysis shows that most of the cases in which 1F(b) is applied are crimes motivated not by personal reasons or gain, but rather by political, i…
Acquittals in International Criminal Justice
Despite the great body of academic research on international criminal justice, little attention has been given to the situation of those who have been acquitted. This article aims to fill this gap by offering an empirical overview of what happens to persons acquitted by the ICTY, ICTR, and the ICC. Rather than providing an in-depth legal analysis, the article emphasizes the challenges acquitted persons encounter. It discusses in particular: (1) t…
Introduction
international criminal law review 19 (
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Who wants ‘the worst of the worst’? Rationales for and consequences of third country resettlement of Guantanamo Bay detainees
Against the backdrop of countries increasingly being confronted with undesirable but unreturnable non-citizen terrorist suspects, this article describes the resettlement process of 150 cleared but unreturnable Guantanamo Bay detainees. Merely 13% of these detainees have been resettled in full democracies, compared to 52% in authoritarian regimes. Using Starkley et al.’s concept of ‘zone agreement’ the article explains how the U.S. particularly ma…
Islamic Law and the Balancing of Justice and Peace in Iraq’s Post-IS Landscape
Balancing justice and long-term peace and security in a postconflict context is highly complex. This article discusses the challenges in Iraq’s post-IS (Islamic State) landscape. Based on a review of relevant Arabic, English and Persian academic scholarship on Islamic law and Islamic political science on accountability and transitional justice, it discusses what Islamic law dictates state authorities to do with detained suspects of atrocity crime…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Dissecting Dissent in Russia
Numerous studies into nonviolent resistance have led to a broad but scattered understanding of why some of these movements erupt and succeed, while others do not. This article offers a multilevel framework of analysis to explain trajectories of nonviolent resistance in repressive regimes and illustrates this framework by analysing the potential of Russian domestic nonviolent resistance to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The proposed framework…
Political science (26 obras) · Law (22 obras) · Sociology (22 obras) · Criminology (16 obras) · Law (14 obras) · International Law and Human Rights (13 obras) · European Criminal Justice and Data Protection (11 obras) · Migration, Refugees, and Integration (10 obras) · Refugee (10 obras) · Politics (8 obras)