Virpi Timonen
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 139302 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Virpi Timonen |
| PRENOMES | Virpi |
| SOBRENOME | Timonen |
| ASSINATURA | TIMONEN V |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Trinity College Dublin |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7061-3943 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 69 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 398 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 10 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1999 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Old-age Care Responsibilities in China’s National Five-year Plans (2001—2025)
Rapid population ageing is challenging China’s old-age care (OAC) system. The traditional role of the family in caring for older adults has been declining due to decreasing family size and urbanisation. The Five-Year Plans for National Economic and Social Development (FYPs) of the People’s Republic of China provide a general framework for the direction of OAC policy. This article focuses on changes in OAC responsibilities among families, the gove…
Caring With/In Place
Drawing on relational perspectives of care and understandings of place as an assemblage, we discuss how engagements in local initiatives can be understood as practices of care. We focus on two local initiatives in Gothenburg, Sweden—an allotment garden and a neighbourhood house. The empirical material used here forms part of a study focusing on environmental and material legacy‐making, where 35 persons living in and around Gothenburg were intervi…
Whose vulnerability? Inverting constructions of older people as a vulnerable group during the coronavirus pandemic in Ireland
This Grounded Theory study analyses social constructions of older people and their care in the official discourses around the Irish government’s response to the covid-19 pandemic. The study applies Constructivist Grounded Theory to analysis of official government texts published between January 2020 and March 2021. Pandemic measures in Ireland were among the most stringent in Europe, and governance was heavily centralised, led by medical experts …
Environmental relationalities
In this article, we explore the ways in which urban dwellers understand and relate to ‘the environment’. Conceptualisations of ‘the environment’ deserve attention due to its elusive character, and due to the unbalanced relationship between humans and non-humans where understandings of ‘the environment’ shape human actions in relation to the non-human. The study takes a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach and is based on 35 semi-structured int…
(De)gendering employment and family practices through grandparental childcare in Australia
This article examines the organization of childcare between generations and genders in Australian families where parents and grandparents participate in childcare. The rise in maternal labour market participation and dual-earner families has generated demand for grandparental childcare. Grandmothers provide most of this childcare, but little is known about intergenerational arrangements concerning paid work and childcare. These practices are anal…
Constructing the ‘good grandmother
Globally, grandparents (particularly grandmothers) play a central role in providing regular childcare while mothers participate in employment. In many countries, childcare by grandmothers supports government policy agendas that aim to boost rates of maternal workforce participation. At the same time, mature-age (women) workers are targets of government strategies and policies aiming to boost labour market participation through extending their wor…
The Legacy Maker Scenario
Interrelated social and environmental challenges call for ideation and responses that integrate the environmental and the social. Arising from the global megatrends of wealth inequality and environmental degradation, two scenarios are outlined. The original scenario pertains to ‘the world as it is’ with increasing concentration of wealth and aggravation of environmental crises. In response to the destructive aspects of the original scenario, an a…
The Relationship Between Public Policy and Grandparents’ Involvement in Childcare
Grandparent childcare is important to support parents’ work/care reconciliation. Research has begun to identify relationships between grandparent childcare patterns and policy settings. However, this work is disparate and focused on childcare policy, with little engagement with the broader range of policies that shape grandparent childcare. A holistic approach to understanding the relationship between policies and grandparent childcare is importa…
Age is not just a number
Age is omnipresent in our lives and a fundamental element in the organisation of human societies. Age relations, like other power relations, generate social inequality. As a reflection of its importance, age is frequently used in empirical studies in the field of sociology and other social sciences. However, the social theorisation of age is inchoate and dispersed, compromising empirical research on this topic. This article critically analyses re…
Quality in qualitative research
Purpose Demonstrating quality in qualitative research is challenging. Excessive reliance on checklists can lead to poor quality qualitative research masquerading as high quality. We seek to equip readers with foundational understanding of how to ensure quality of their qualitative research by emphasizing a relational approach to research. Design/methodology/approach We outline existing paradigm-specific and cross-paradigm accounts of the constitu…
I’m Not Worthless, I Do Help Society
Activation schemes are widely criticised, with the negative experiences of ‘the activated’ featuring prominently in the literature. This article presents the findings of a constructivist grounded theory study concerning the lived experience of long-term unemployment, welfare recipiency and community placement in activation schemes in Ireland, with a focus on the positive effects that participating in such schemes had on participants’ subjective w…
Gender and educational patterns in the demand and supply of grandparent childcare in Australia
Grandparents are an important source of childcare worldwide, but international patterns vary. We examine how demographic characteristics of parents, and of grandparents, factor into grandparent care provision considering the cultural assumptions and policy settings Australian families live within. Using the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, we identify determinants of both the demand for and the supply of grandparent child…
Representations of older people in Irish public broadcaster's online news coverage during the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic
The media influences how we perceive and understand the world, groups of people, and events. The media has been criticised for portraying older people and aging predominantly negatively. In 2020, older people became the focal point of governmental responses in the management of the coronavirus pandemic. In this article, we explore how older people were represented in the officially most legitimate part of Irish news media during the first year of…
“I Was… Put in a Cage”
This article presents findings of a qualitative study reporting older adults’ experiences of solitary home confinement during Portugal’s first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Home confinement was marked by negative experiences, with the exception of one participant who had a particularly favorable combination of resources and circumstances. Negative experiences involved losses in several areas, such as being deprived of out-of-home activities, indepen…
Technology in the Home Care of Older People
‘We’re Meant to Be Crossing Over … but the Bridge Is broken’
We interviewed university graduates of 2020 in Ireland to understand how the coronavirus pandemic had affected them. Demonstrating a keen awareness of their mental health, participants had adopted self-care practices such as mindfulness. They recounted positive experiences of life in their ‘lockdown homes’ with supportive families. Some were embarking on normative adult pathways sooner than anticipated while others opted for postgraduate study to…
Retirement pathways and pension inequality in China
Purpose Existing research focuses on the pension systems and reforms in China from a macro-level and financial perspective. The expectations of mid-life Chinese people regarding their retirement and pensions have been ignored to date, and this research set out to address this lacuna. Design/methodology/approach The application of qualitative research methods is relatively novel in Chinese social science. As a grounded theory (GT) study, the resea…
Interviewing as a Vehicle for Theoretical Sampling in Grounded Theory
Interviewing is a frequently deployed data collection method in grounded theory research. Theoretical sampling is a core feature of the grounded theory method. Theoretical sampling is commonly understood as a means for sampling participants with a set of theoretical considerations in mind. However, theoretical sampling also occurs in the actual data generating process, for example through interviewing. Here, we illustrate how interviewing can be …
Fortunate and fearful
This article examines the emotions of fear and feeling fortunate experienced by key actors in home-care services in Ireland. We take a relational approach to emotions; that is to say, an understanding that emotions are produced in social interactions and play an essential part in how people engage with, and respond to, long-term care policies. The study involved focus groups and in-depth interviews with 104 participants. Our findings show that th…
These devices have not been made for older people's needs” – Older adults' perceptions of digital technologies in Finland and Ireland
This article examines how older adults use and perceive digital technologies in Finland and Ireland. These two countries are at different stages regarding two important global trends – demographic ageing and digitalization. Finland, being the fastest ageing society in Europe, is also one of the leaders in implementing digital technologies in social and health care services. In contrast, Ireland is a demographically younger and less digitalized so…
Confused About Theoretical Sampling? Engaging Theoretical Sampling in Diverse Grounded Theory Studies
Theoretical sampling is a key procedure for theory building in the grounded theory method. Confusion about how to employ theoretical sampling in grounded theory can exist among researchers who use or who want to use the grounded theory method. We illustrate how we employed theoretical sampling in diverse grounded theory studies and answer key questions about theoretical sampling in grounded theory. We show how theoretical sampling functions in gr…
Dependency as Status
We draw on Bourdieu's and Goffman's theories to elaborate the novel idea of dependency as status in old age, a concept that emerged from our Grounded Theory study conducted with 46 older adults (26 women and 20 men) living in and around Dublin, Ireland. The research participants' portrayals of (in)dependence and assistance reflected their access to and use of social and symbolic (age) capital. Older adults derived social capital from supportive f…
Graduate attributes
Aim. This paper examines how dominant understandings of students in third-level education in Ireland are reflected in national policies, filtered through the official and aspirational texts issued by Irish colleges, and negotiated and contested by students. Specifically, we investigate the discrepancies between the perceived needs of students in third-level education as imagined in government policies and promoted by higher education institutions…
Time is more important than anything else”
This article explores perceptions of time reported by service users, family carers, care workers, nurses, social workers and agency managers across home support services for older adults in Ireland. The findings are organised around: time spent waiting for care; time spent ‘processing’ care across primary and secondary care boundaries; time and person-centred care; and time, technology and communication. Time emerges as a problematic aspect of al…
Escaping ‘the old fogey’
Challenges When Using Grounded Theory
The grounded theory (GT) method is widely applied, yet frequently misunderstood. We outline the main variants of GT and dispel the most common myths associated with GT. We argue that the different variants of GT incorporate a core set of shared procedures that can be put to work by any researcher or team from their chosen ontological and epistemological perspective. This 'shared core' of the GT method is articulated as the principles of (1) takin…
Confused About Theoretical Sampling? Engaging Theoretical Sampling in Diverse Grounded Theory Studies
Theoretical sampling is a key procedure for theory building in the grounded theory method. Confusion about how to employ theoretical sampling in grounded theory can exist among researchers who use or who want to use the grounded theory method. We illustrate how we employed theoretical sampling in diverse grounded theory studies and answer key questions about theoretical sampling in grounded theory. We show how theoretical sampling functions in gr…
Care revolutions in the making? A comparison of cash-for-care programmes in four European countries
This article describes and evaluates cash-for-care programmes for older people in four European countries, namely Home-Care Grants in Ireland, Direct Payments in the United Kingdom (England), Service Vouchers in Finland and Personal Budgets in The Netherlands. The purpose is to raise understanding of the background and reasons for the introduction of cash-for-care programmes and their impact on the countries' care regimes. It is argued that while…
Interviewing as a Vehicle for Theoretical Sampling in Grounded Theory
Interviewing is a frequently deployed data collection method in grounded theory research. Theoretical sampling is a core feature of the grounded theory method. Theoretical sampling is commonly understood as a means for sampling participants with a set of theoretical considerations in mind. However, theoretical sampling also occurs in the actual data generating process, for example through interviewing. Here, we illustrate how interviewing can be …
Women (Re)Negotiating Care across Family Generations
Changing Generations, a study of intergenerational relations in Ireland undertaken between 2011 and 2013 by the Social Policy and Ageing Research Centre (SPARC), Trinity College, Dublin, and the Irish Centre for Social Gerontology (ICSG), NUI Galway, used the Constructivist Grounded Theory method to interrogate support and care provision between generations. This article draws on interviews with 52 women ages 18 to 102, allowing for simultaneous …
These devices have not been made for older people's needs” – Older adults' perceptions of digital technologies in Finland and Ireland
This article examines how older adults use and perceive digital technologies in Finland and Ireland. These two countries are at different stages regarding two important global trends – demographic ageing and digitalization. Finland, being the fastest ageing society in Europe, is also one of the leaders in implementing digital technologies in social and health care services. In contrast, Ireland is a demographically younger and less digitalized so…
The need for a social revolution in residential care
Loneliness and depression are serious mental health concerns across the spectrum of residential care, from nursing homes to assisted and retirement living. Psychosocial care provided to residents to address these concerns is typically based on a long-standing tradition of 'light' social events, such as games, trips, and social gatherings, planned and implemented by staff. Although these activities provide enjoyment for some, loneliness and depres…
Obligations, Ambitions, Calculations
Journal Article Obligations, Ambitions, Calculations: Migrant Care Workers' Negotiation of Work, Career, and Family Responsibilities Get access Martha Doyle, Martha Doyle Email: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Virpi Timonen Virpi Timonen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Volume 17,…
Worlds apart? Public, private and non-profit sector providers of domiciliary care for older persons in Ireland
Migrant Care Workers’ Relationships with Care Recipients, Colleagues and Employers
The literature on migrant care workers has tended to place little emphasis on the multiple relationships that migrant carers form with care recipients, employers/managers and work colleagues. This article makes a contribution to this emerging field, drawing on data from qualitative interviews carried out with 40 migrant care workers employed in the institutional and domiciliary care sectors in Dublin, Ireland. While the analysis revealed generall…
The different faces of care work
An increased demand for long-term care services coupled with the decreased availability of informal (family) carers in many industrialised countries has led to the employment of growing numbers of ‘migrant care workers’. Little is known about this heterogeneous group or of their experience of employment in long-term care. Providing an important insight into a hitherto little researched and poorly understood topic, this article presents the findin…
A critique of the Active Ageing Index
Life-long singlehood
This paper examines life-long singlehood and its ramifications in old age among women and men in Ireland. During the life-time of the 26 research participants, Ireland shifted from the Western European marriage pattern, characterised by high rates of singlehood, late marriage and high fertility, to declining prevalence of singlehood, higher marriage rates and lower fertility. In-depth interviews were analysed with the help of narrative analysis a…
Emergent reconstruction' in grounded theory
Constructivist grounded theory (CGT) methods render an interpretive portrayal, a construction of reality, strengthened when the process of construction is acknowledged. An Irish team study uses CGT to explore intergenerational solidarity at individual, familial and societal levels, and their interface. The study data comprise interviews with 100 people from diverse socio-economic and age groups. The article contributes insights on applying CGT in…
Expanded, but not regulated
This article argues that home-care policy in Ireland was ambiguous throughout the first decade of the 21st century: policy-makers expanded home care, but failed to develop policies to govern this expanded provision. As a result, home care became more widely available in the absence of a framework to govern access to services and to regulate care providers. We analysed official policy documents, statistics and policy critiques published between 20…
Escaping ‘the old fogey’
Time is more important than anything else”
This article explores perceptions of time reported by service users, family carers, care workers, nurses, social workers and agency managers across home support services for older adults in Ireland. The findings are organised around: time spent waiting for care; time spent ‘processing’ care across primary and secondary care boundaries; time and person-centred care; and time, technology and communication. Time emerges as a problematic aspect of al…
In Search of Security
While both migration and welfare states are popular topics of research, the intersection between them is rarely studied. In this article, we present the findings of a study that explored migrant workers' conceptualisation of 'social protection' and their relationship with the Irish welfare state. The main foci of analysis for the purposes of this article are the migrant workers' understandings, experiences and expectations regarding their social …
Poland's Health Reform
This article analyses the pre-reform Polish healthcare system, the theory of the recent reform, the early experiences, and the likely future developments. The reform aims to preserve a state-guaranteed egalitarian healthcare system while ensuring optimal use of resources by the introduction of market-type mechanisms. These mechanisms cannot function as intended while sub-national governments, which have little incentive to support restructuring, …
Blessed are the young, for they shall inherit the national debt’
Ireland has gained a reputation for peaceable acceptance of austerity following a European Union/International Monetary Fund bailout in 2010. While proponents of austerity praise Ireland’s stoicism, critics of global capitalism argue that individuals and families are paying for mistakes made by elites. However, little is known about the strategies people adopt to cope with cutbacks to welfare entitlements. Drawing on a study of solidarity between…
Exerting control and adapting to loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
From the workhouse to the home
Purpose – Care of older persons in their own homes has in recent years received much attention in Ireland. The proponents of domiciliary care draw on both economic and quality of life arguments, many of which are identifiable in policy documents since the 1950s. However, little detailed analysis of the evolution of the formal care services for older persons, and the shift in emphasis from institutional to domiciliary care, has been presented. The…
Intergenerational friendships of older adults
Intergenerational projects bringing together older adults and younger adults are increasingly common, but there is little research on unstructured, naturally occurring interaction, and in particular friendship between different generations. The aim of this article is to interrogate why we know so little about adult intergenerational friendship. A systematic literature search on this topic, covering a 30-year period, yielded only six articles whic…
We have all moved on’
When a couple separate or divorce, they often turn to their parents for support, both for themselves and for their children. Yet, research examining the experience of relationship breakdown from the point of view of the parents of the separating couple is limited. Using qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 28 Irish grandparents, this article explores the impact of the process on grandparents and how they negotiated their ro…
He Really Leant on Me a Lot
The literature on intergenerational transfers and divorce has paid little attention to the experiences of older adults whose son or daughter has divorced or separated. The authors conducted 31 qualitative interviews to explore support provision from the perspective of older adults with divorced or separated adult children. All respondents were also grandparents. Older adults whose sons and daughters have experienced divorce or separation seek to …
A Threat to Social Security? the Impact of Eu Membership on the Finnish Welfare State
In the fifth year of membership of the EU, the Finnish welfare state shows no serious signs of erosion. Furthermore, the changes that have taken place in Finnish social policies are largely due to factors separate from EU and EMU membership. As the extent and the effects of EU social policy are very limited and as EU social policy does not for the most part fall within the traditional definition of social policy (a structure of transfers and serv…
Earning Welfare Citizenship
What explains public service restructuring? Evaluating contending explanations
This article assesses the explanatory power of two prominent accounts of welfare state restructuring in the area of public sector reform. Paul Pierson's work is studied as an example of the politician-constituent framework, and contrasted with a coalitional approach to welfare state restructuring. A general theoretical critique is put forward, and the theoretical frameworks are evaluated in the light of case studies of public service sector restr…
Future of Care Services in Ireland
Until recently, the small proportion of older people in the Irish population and low labour‐market participation rates among women provided the underpinnings of the informal care model in Ireland. However, changes in family structures, women’s labour market participation and population ageing are making this model less sustainable. A detailed analysis of policy changes and initiatives in the area of care provision shows that while the challenges …
Poland's Health Reform
This article analyses the pre-reform Polish healthcare system, the theory of the recent reform, the early experiences, and the likely future developments. The reform aims to preserve a state-guaranteed egalitarian healthcare system while ensuring optimal use of resources by the introduction of market-type mechanisms. These mechanisms cannot function as intended while sub-national governments, which have little incentive to support restructuring, …
Restructuring the Welfare State
What happens to extensive and generous welfare states when they are faced with serious economic crisis and the effects of globalization? This thorough analysis of the processes of social policy restructuring in two Nordic welfare states endeavours to answer this and other questions related to their survival in a world of intensifying global competition.
New Risks—Are They Still New for the Nordic Welfare States?
Nordic welfare states led the way in consolidating new social risk provision through welfare state social care and active labour market policies some two decades ago. Current provision has successfully resisted threats from the instabilities associated with the end of the Soviet system and globalisation. Key questions now are (1) will it be possible to integrate new poor groups such as migrants and refugees into the system?, and (2) will better‐o…
Policy Paradigms and Long-Term Care
This chapter analyses policy paradigms in the area of long-term care for older people in France, Spain, England, Sweden and Germany2 since the mid-1990s. The chapter identifies three paradigms that do not have much in common and that have not converged in any essential respects. While the statist paradigm (to which Sweden continues to adhere) and the familialist/individualist paradigm (to which care policies in England and Spain belong) have expe…
Care revolutions in the making? A comparison of cash-for-care programmes in four European countries
This article describes and evaluates cash-for-care programmes for older people in four European countries, namely Home-Care Grants in Ireland, Direct Payments in the United Kingdom (England), Service Vouchers in Finland and Personal Budgets in The Netherlands. The purpose is to raise understanding of the background and reasons for the introduction of cash-for-care programmes and their impact on the countries' care regimes. It is argued that while…
Worlds apart? Public, private and non-profit sector providers of domiciliary care for older persons in Ireland
Breaking the mould
This article reviews the development of domiciliary care services for older people in Ireland over the last decade. It reveals three central developments, namely (i) the first steps, in the Irish context, towards a quasi‐market; (ii) the introduction of cash‐for‐care and the subsequent notable segmentation of care tasks among three provider groups; and (iii) a rapidly increasing reliance on for‐profit private home care providers. The authors conc…
From the workhouse to the home
Purpose – Care of older persons in their own homes has in recent years received much attention in Ireland. The proponents of domiciliary care draw on both economic and quality of life arguments, many of which are identifiable in policy documents since the 1950s. However, little detailed analysis of the evolution of the formal care services for older persons, and the shift in emphasis from institutional to domiciliary care, has been presented. The…
Doomed to Extinction? The Nature and Future of Volunteering for Meals-on-Wheels Services
Meals-on-wheels services in Ireland and elsewhere rely heavily on volunteers to operate. Meals-on-wheels services that draw extensively on volunteers’ contributions both benefit from and augment social capital within communities. Based on interviews with voluntary and paid meals-on-wheels coordinators and staff carried out in early 2007, this article examines: (1) the recruitment and retention of volunteers; (2) motivations for volunteering; (3) …
The different faces of care work
An increased demand for long-term care services coupled with the decreased availability of informal (family) carers in many industrialised countries has led to the employment of growing numbers of ‘migrant care workers’. Little is known about this heterogeneous group or of their experience of employment in long-term care. Providing an important insight into a hitherto little researched and poorly understood topic, this article presents the findin…
In Search of Security
While both migration and welfare states are popular topics of research, the intersection between them is rarely studied. In this article, we present the findings of a study that explored migrant workers' conceptualisation of 'social protection' and their relationship with the Irish welfare state. The main foci of analysis for the purposes of this article are the migrant workers' understandings, experiences and expectations regarding their social …
Migrant Care Workers’ Relationships with Care Recipients, Colleagues and Employers
The literature on migrant care workers has tended to place little emphasis on the multiple relationships that migrant carers form with care recipients, employers/managers and work colleagues. This article makes a contribution to this emerging field, drawing on data from qualitative interviews carried out with 40 migrant care workers employed in the institutional and domiciliary care sectors in Dublin, Ireland. While the analysis revealed generall…
Obligations, Ambitions, Calculations
Journal Article Obligations, Ambitions, Calculations: Migrant Care Workers' Negotiation of Work, Career, and Family Responsibilities Get access Martha Doyle, Martha Doyle Email: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Virpi Timonen Virpi Timonen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Volume 17,…
Expanded, but not regulated
This article argues that home-care policy in Ireland was ambiguous throughout the first decade of the 21st century: policy-makers expanded home care, but failed to develop policies to govern this expanded provision. As a result, home care became more widely available in the absence of a framework to govern access to services and to regulate care providers. We analysed official policy documents, statistics and policy critiques published between 20…
He Really Leant on Me a Lot
The literature on intergenerational transfers and divorce has paid little attention to the experiences of older adults whose son or daughter has divorced or separated. The authors conducted 31 qualitative interviews to explore support provision from the perspective of older adults with divorced or separated adult children. All respondents were also grandparents. Older adults whose sons and daughters have experienced divorce or separation seek to …
Contemporary Grandparenting
This is the first book to take a sociological approach to grandparenting across diverse country contexts and combines new theorising with up-to-date empirical findings to document the changing nature of grandparenting across global contexts.
Contemporary grandparenting
Contemporary Grandparenting
Grandparenting in the 21st century is at the heart of profound family and societal changes. It is of increasing social and economic significance yet many dimensions of grandparenting are still poorly understood. Contemporary Grandparenting is the first book to take a sociological approach to grandparenting across diverse country contexts and combines new theorising with up-to-date empirical findings to document the changing nature of grandparenti…
Contemporary Grandparenting
Contemporary grandparenting
Grandparents have long been studied as agents of socialization and the mutually of the grandparent-grandchild influence has been overlooked. This chapter focuses the forgotten socialization agent of the dyad: grandchildren. Based on empirical work, the chapter describes how adolescent grandchildren, acting as buddies, companions, carers, or playmates impact on the grandparents’ health behaviours, use of IT or perception of contemporary phenomena.…
Contemporary Grandparenting
Sociology (45 obras) · Political science (38 obras) · Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving (33 obras) · Psychology (33 obras) · Medicine (24 obras) · Economics (21 obras) · Migration, Aging, and Tourism Studies (21 obras) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (21 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Social science (18 obras)