Jørgen Wettestad
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1487656 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Jørgen Wettestad |
| PRENOMES | Jørgen |
| SOBRENOME | Wettestad |
| ASSINATURA | WETTESTAD J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Fridtjof Nansen Institute |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7634-9127 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 265 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1992 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
EU Emissions Trading for Transport and Buildings
This article discusses the proposal for an EU emissions trading system for transport and buildings (the ETS2), again with the EU as an international pioneer. How did this controversial proposal come to be adopted in 2023? This study links up to recent EU studies highlighting co‐ordination and interaction between the EU institutions. The Commission helped bring about the ETS2 by strategically using different types of issue linking, both positively…
The EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism
In April 2023, the EU institutions finally adopted an innovative international climate policy instrument: the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). As the long and winding road to a CBAM has included significant EU-internal and EU-external opposition, a "shifting Multi-Level Reinforcement" (MLR) perspective is helpful for understanding this development. When France assumed initial leadership from 2007, skepticism to the WTO, generous amounts…
On the Process of Including Shipping in EU Emissions Trading
As part of the EU Green Deal initiative in 2019, the EU Commission decided to develop a proposal to include emissions from shipping in the EU emissions trading system. This occurred only one year after the Commission had heralded the emissions reduction agreement negotiated in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a significant step forward—thereby signalling support for the IMO process. We apply a multi-level reinforcement perspective…
Carbon Pricing Under Pressure
Emissions trading systems (ETSs) are operating and developing in many regions and countries. Doubts have been raised about their effectiveness, but the global picture has many nuances, as the contributions to this thematic issue on carbon markets show. In this editorial, we briefly review some of the achievements and limitations of key ETSs, and provide an overview of the assembled articles. The cases examined in this issue include carbon markets…
Calling in the Heavyweights
The initial key international climate policy and carbon market hub was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Over time several international organizations and networks have been added to the “international carbon market web,” such as several World Bank (WB) initiatives. As to the latter, the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC) was launched in 2015. A key question then becomes: considering an increasingly dense internat…
Comparative Renewables Policy
Smokescreen Politics? Ratcheting Up EU Emissions Trading in 2017
The reform of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) adopted in November 2017 was surprisingly strong, given the previous opposition from central member-states like Poland and key stakeholders like the energy-intensive industries. The carbon price has also increased substantially since then. To explain why such major reform was possible, we present several findings with wider relevance. Importantly, all the actors pushing for a more ambitious refo…
China's Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool
China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China's 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system's design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS …
A Global Turn to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading? Experiments, Actors, and Diffusion
The policy instrument of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading has gained prominence since the early 2000s. At the end of 2016, twenty-one distinct GHG emissions trading systems (ETSs) covering thirty-five countries were operating worldwide (ICAP 2017). China has announced the launch of a national ETS for the second half of 2017, which is expected to become the world’s largest carbon market. A number of other countries and subnational jurisdicti…
Ratcheting Up Carbon Trade
The EU’s emissions trading system (ETS) covers almost half of its greenhouse gas emissions and has been hailed as the cornerstone and flagship of EU climate policy. In spring 2013, however, the ETS was in severe crisis, with a huge surplus of allowances and a sagging carbon price. Even a formally simple measure to change the timing of auctioning was initially rejected by the European Parliament. Two years later, a much more important, quantity-fo…
Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion
This article examines the roles of international policy diffusion and domestic politics in shaping the design of an emissions trading system (ETS) in Kazakhstan. We find that although the overall framework for the Kazakh ETS and many of its design elements are based on the EU ETS, domestic political factors were central mediating variables in the diffusion process. The system was initiated at the highest levels within the government, but the fast…
The Paris Agreement
Most observers argue that this agreement is a step in the right direction. However, we do not know how effective it will be in terms of reducing emissions. We therefore discuss its potential effectiveness regarding EU climate policies and carbon markets. We argue that the Paris Agreement may have a positive effect but uncertainties abound
Carbon capture and storage in the UK and Germany
A successful carbon capture and storage (CCS) policy and programme is widely considered essential to curbing carbon dioxide emissions. What explains the strikingly different policy outcomes in two key European Union political heavyweights and coal economies, the UK and Germany? The UK has decided to contract two specific CCS projects, with explicit timelines for realisation; Germany has made no such decisions. From scrutiny of official documents …
Rescuing EU Emissions Trading
Is rescuing the EU's emissions trading system impossible? Despite the substantial reform in 2008, subsequent problems of allowance surplus and a low carbon price have spurred new efforts to reform the system for the 2013–2020 phase. But these efforts have met resistance both among member states and in the European parliament, and the EU is struggling in its efforts to improve the ETS. This article draws on four central EU and political science th…
Policy invention and entrepreneurship
EU Climate and Energy Policy
This article examines the recent changes of three central EU climate and energy policies: the revised Emissions Trading Directive (ETS); the Renewables Directive (RES); and internal energy market (IEM) policy. An increasing transference of competence to EU level institutions, and hence “vertical integration,” has taken place, most clearly in the case of the ETS. The main reasons for the differing increase in vertical integration are, first, that …
Fixing the EU Emissions Trading System? Understanding the Post-2012 Changes
This article explains why the significant changes in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for the 2013–2020 phase were adopted in 2008. The combination of a more stringent EU-wide cap, allocation of emission allowances for payment, and limits on imports of credits from third countries have strengthened the system for the post-2012 period. This will promote reduction in greenhouse gases compared to the old system. The main reasons for these ch…
Making the EU Emissions Trading System
Interaction between EU carbon trading and the international climate regime
The Origin, Evolution and Consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the cornerstone of EU climate policy, a grand policy experiment, as the first and largest international emissions trading system in the world. In this article, we seek to provide a broad overview of the initiation, decision-making and implementation of the EU ETS so far. We explore why the EU changed from a laggard to a leader in emissions trading, how it managed to establish the system rapidly, and the…
European Climate Policy
The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the first large-scale international emissions trading system and a "cornerstone" in EU climate policy. A key element in the ETS implementation process is deciding upon the ceiling ("cap") for the emissions included in the ETS. Over time, a significant change and centralization of this model has taken place. In order to understand this development, we need to acknowledge the increasing acceptance of stronge…
Implementing EU emissions trading
Is EU enlargement bad for environmental policy? Confronting gloomy expectations with evidence
Norway and Emissions Trading
Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms
The article compares the interplay between soft law institutions and those based on hard law in international efforts to protect the North Sea, reduce transboundary air pollution, and discipline fisheries subsidies. Our cases confirm that ambitious norms are more easily achieved in soft law institutions than in legally binding ones, but not primarily because they bypass domestic ratification or fail to raise concerns for compliance costs. More im…
Environmental Regime Effectiveness
This book examines why some international environmental regimes succeed while others fail. Confronting theory with evidence, and combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, it compares fourteen case studies of international regimes. It considers what effectiveness in a regime would look like, what factors might contribute to effectiveness, and how to measure the variables. It determines that environmental regimes actually do better than the …
The Making of the 2003 EU Emissions Trading Directive
The EU emissions trading scheme has been characterized as one of the most farreaching and radical environmental policies for many years, and “the new grand policy experiment.” Given the EU's earlier resistance to this market-based instrument with no international track record and with US origins, the EU decision-making process, which took less than two years, can be characterized as a puzzlingly ultra-quick political “pregnancy.” In order to unde…
Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms
The article compares the interplay between soft law institutions and those based on hard law in international efforts to protect the North Sea, reduce transboundary air pollution, and discipline fisheries subsidies. Our cases confirm that ambitious norms are more easily achieved in soft law institutions than in legally binding ones, but not primarily because they bypass domestic ratification or fail to raise concerns for compliance costs. More im…
Fixing the EU Emissions Trading System? Understanding the Post-2012 Changes
This article explains why the significant changes in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for the 2013–2020 phase were adopted in 2008. The combination of a more stringent EU-wide cap, allocation of emission allowances for payment, and limits on imports of credits from third countries have strengthened the system for the post-2012 period. This will promote reduction in greenhouse gases compared to the old system. The main reasons for these ch…
Making the EU Emissions Trading System
Ratcheting Up Carbon Trade
The EU’s emissions trading system (ETS) covers almost half of its greenhouse gas emissions and has been hailed as the cornerstone and flagship of EU climate policy. In spring 2013, however, the ETS was in severe crisis, with a huge surplus of allowances and a sagging carbon price. Even a formally simple measure to change the timing of auctioning was initially rejected by the European Parliament. Two years later, a much more important, quantity-fo…
The Origin, Evolution and Consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the cornerstone of EU climate policy, a grand policy experiment, as the first and largest international emissions trading system in the world. In this article, we seek to provide a broad overview of the initiation, decision-making and implementation of the EU ETS so far. We explore why the EU changed from a laggard to a leader in emissions trading, how it managed to establish the system rapidly, and the…
Policy invention and entrepreneurship
Is EU enlargement bad for environmental policy? Confronting gloomy expectations with evidence
EU Climate and Energy Policy
This article examines the recent changes of three central EU climate and energy policies: the revised Emissions Trading Directive (ETS); the Renewables Directive (RES); and internal energy market (IEM) policy. An increasing transference of competence to EU level institutions, and hence “vertical integration,” has taken place, most clearly in the case of the ETS. The main reasons for the differing increase in vertical integration are, first, that …
A Global Turn to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading? Experiments, Actors, and Diffusion
The policy instrument of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading has gained prominence since the early 2000s. At the end of 2016, twenty-one distinct GHG emissions trading systems (ETSs) covering thirty-five countries were operating worldwide (ICAP 2017). China has announced the launch of a national ETS for the second half of 2017, which is expected to become the world’s largest carbon market. A number of other countries and subnational jurisdicti…
Rescuing EU Emissions Trading
Is rescuing the EU's emissions trading system impossible? Despite the substantial reform in 2008, subsequent problems of allowance surplus and a low carbon price have spurred new efforts to reform the system for the 2013–2020 phase. But these efforts have met resistance both among member states and in the European parliament, and the EU is struggling in its efforts to improve the ETS. This article draws on four central EU and political science th…
Implementing EU emissions trading
Acid lessons? LRTAP implementation and effectiveness
European Climate Policy
The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the first large-scale international emissions trading system and a "cornerstone" in EU climate policy. A key element in the ETS implementation process is deciding upon the ceiling ("cap") for the emissions included in the ETS. Over time, a significant change and centralization of this model has taken place. In order to understand this development, we need to acknowledge the increasing acceptance of stronge…
International resource cooperation and the greenhouse problem
Smokescreen Politics? Ratcheting Up EU Emissions Trading in 2017
The reform of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) adopted in November 2017 was surprisingly strong, given the previous opposition from central member-states like Poland and key stakeholders like the energy-intensive industries. The carbon price has also increased substantially since then. To explain why such major reform was possible, we present several findings with wider relevance. Importantly, all the actors pushing for a more ambitious refo…
Understanding the Effectiveness of EU Environmental Policy
The study of EU environmental policy consequences tends to focus on how EU legislation output is formally implemented in the Member States and its impact in terms of the state of the European environment. The crucial outcome dimension linking output to impact has, however, received scant attention. Outcome points to changes in the behaviour of relevant target groups causing the problems in the first place. Accordingly, we know little about the ca…
On the Process of Including Shipping in EU Emissions Trading
As part of the EU Green Deal initiative in 2019, the EU Commission decided to develop a proposal to include emissions from shipping in the EU emissions trading system. This occurred only one year after the Commission had heralded the emissions reduction agreement negotiated in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a significant step forward—thereby signalling support for the IMO process. We apply a multi-level reinforcement perspective…
Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion
This article examines the roles of international policy diffusion and domestic politics in shaping the design of an emissions trading system (ETS) in Kazakhstan. We find that although the overall framework for the Kazakh ETS and many of its design elements are based on the EU ETS, domestic political factors were central mediating variables in the diffusion process. The system was initiated at the highest levels within the government, but the fast…
The Paris Agreement
Most observers argue that this agreement is a step in the right direction. However, we do not know how effective it will be in terms of reducing emissions. We therefore discuss its potential effectiveness regarding EU climate policies and carbon markets. We argue that the Paris Agreement may have a positive effect but uncertainties abound
Carbon capture and storage in the UK and Germany
A successful carbon capture and storage (CCS) policy and programme is widely considered essential to curbing carbon dioxide emissions. What explains the strikingly different policy outcomes in two key European Union political heavyweights and coal economies, the UK and Germany? The UK has decided to contract two specific CCS projects, with explicit timelines for realisation; Germany has made no such decisions. From scrutiny of official documents …
Norway and Emissions Trading
EU Emissions Trading for Transport and Buildings
This article discusses the proposal for an EU emissions trading system for transport and buildings (the ETS2), again with the EU as an international pioneer. How did this controversial proposal come to be adopted in 2023? This study links up to recent EU studies highlighting co‐ordination and interaction between the EU institutions. The Commission helped bring about the ETS2 by strategically using different types of issue linking, both positively…
China's Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool
China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China's 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system's design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS …
International resource cooperation and the greenhouse problem
Acid lessons? LRTAP implementation and effectiveness
Environmental Regime Effectiveness
This book examines why some international environmental regimes succeed while others fail. Confronting theory with evidence, and combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, it compares fourteen case studies of international regimes. It considers what effectiveness in a regime would look like, what factors might contribute to effectiveness, and how to measure the variables. It determines that environmental regimes actually do better than the …
Designing Effective Environmental Regimes
re international regimes that have been established to solve en vironmental problems designed and operating as effectively as JL \>. possible? Although the call for research addressing the design question has been increasing in intensity,1 and a number of insightful case studies and compilations have been published,2 few systematic, comparative projects have been carried out so far.3 My book Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Cond…
Understanding the Effectiveness of EU Environmental Policy
The study of EU environmental policy consequences tends to focus on how EU legislation output is formally implemented in the Member States and its impact in terms of the state of the European environment. The crucial outcome dimension linking output to impact has, however, received scant attention. Outcome points to changes in the behaviour of relevant target groups causing the problems in the first place. Accordingly, we know little about the ca…
The Making of the 2003 EU Emissions Trading Directive
The EU emissions trading scheme has been characterized as one of the most farreaching and radical environmental policies for many years, and “the new grand policy experiment.” Given the EU's earlier resistance to this market-based instrument with no international track record and with US origins, the EU decision-making process, which took less than two years, can be characterized as a puzzlingly ultra-quick political “pregnancy.” In order to unde…
Norway and Emissions Trading
Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms
The article compares the interplay between soft law institutions and those based on hard law in international efforts to protect the North Sea, reduce transboundary air pollution, and discipline fisheries subsidies. Our cases confirm that ambitious norms are more easily achieved in soft law institutions than in legally binding ones, but not primarily because they bypass domestic ratification or fail to raise concerns for compliance costs. More im…
Is EU enlargement bad for environmental policy? Confronting gloomy expectations with evidence
Implementing EU emissions trading
Interaction between EU carbon trading and the international climate regime
The Origin, Evolution and Consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the cornerstone of EU climate policy, a grand policy experiment, as the first and largest international emissions trading system in the world. In this article, we seek to provide a broad overview of the initiation, decision-making and implementation of the EU ETS so far. We explore why the EU changed from a laggard to a leader in emissions trading, how it managed to establish the system rapidly, and the…
European Climate Policy
The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the first large-scale international emissions trading system and a "cornerstone" in EU climate policy. A key element in the ETS implementation process is deciding upon the ceiling ("cap") for the emissions included in the ETS. Over time, a significant change and centralization of this model has taken place. In order to understand this development, we need to acknowledge the increasing acceptance of stronge…
Fixing the EU Emissions Trading System? Understanding the Post-2012 Changes
This article explains why the significant changes in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for the 2013–2020 phase were adopted in 2008. The combination of a more stringent EU-wide cap, allocation of emission allowances for payment, and limits on imports of credits from third countries have strengthened the system for the post-2012 period. This will promote reduction in greenhouse gases compared to the old system. The main reasons for these ch…
Making the EU Emissions Trading System
EU Climate and Energy Policy
This article examines the recent changes of three central EU climate and energy policies: the revised Emissions Trading Directive (ETS); the Renewables Directive (RES); and internal energy market (IEM) policy. An increasing transference of competence to EU level institutions, and hence “vertical integration,” has taken place, most clearly in the case of the ETS. The main reasons for the differing increase in vertical integration are, first, that …
Rescuing EU Emissions Trading
Is rescuing the EU's emissions trading system impossible? Despite the substantial reform in 2008, subsequent problems of allowance surplus and a low carbon price have spurred new efforts to reform the system for the 2013–2020 phase. But these efforts have met resistance both among member states and in the European parliament, and the EU is struggling in its efforts to improve the ETS. This article draws on four central EU and political science th…
Policy invention and entrepreneurship
Carbon capture and storage in the UK and Germany
A successful carbon capture and storage (CCS) policy and programme is widely considered essential to curbing carbon dioxide emissions. What explains the strikingly different policy outcomes in two key European Union political heavyweights and coal economies, the UK and Germany? The UK has decided to contract two specific CCS projects, with explicit timelines for realisation; Germany has made no such decisions. From scrutiny of official documents …
The Paris Agreement
Most observers argue that this agreement is a step in the right direction. However, we do not know how effective it will be in terms of reducing emissions. We therefore discuss its potential effectiveness regarding EU climate policies and carbon markets. We argue that the Paris Agreement may have a positive effect but uncertainties abound
A Global Turn to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading? Experiments, Actors, and Diffusion
The policy instrument of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading has gained prominence since the early 2000s. At the end of 2016, twenty-one distinct GHG emissions trading systems (ETSs) covering thirty-five countries were operating worldwide (ICAP 2017). China has announced the launch of a national ETS for the second half of 2017, which is expected to become the world’s largest carbon market. A number of other countries and subnational jurisdicti…
Ratcheting Up Carbon Trade
The EU’s emissions trading system (ETS) covers almost half of its greenhouse gas emissions and has been hailed as the cornerstone and flagship of EU climate policy. In spring 2013, however, the ETS was in severe crisis, with a huge surplus of allowances and a sagging carbon price. Even a formally simple measure to change the timing of auctioning was initially rejected by the European Parliament. Two years later, a much more important, quantity-fo…
Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion
This article examines the roles of international policy diffusion and domestic politics in shaping the design of an emissions trading system (ETS) in Kazakhstan. We find that although the overall framework for the Kazakh ETS and many of its design elements are based on the EU ETS, domestic political factors were central mediating variables in the diffusion process. The system was initiated at the highest levels within the government, but the fast…
Smokescreen Politics? Ratcheting Up EU Emissions Trading in 2017
The reform of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) adopted in November 2017 was surprisingly strong, given the previous opposition from central member-states like Poland and key stakeholders like the energy-intensive industries. The carbon price has also increased substantially since then. To explain why such major reform was possible, we present several findings with wider relevance. Importantly, all the actors pushing for a more ambitious refo…
China's Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool
China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China's 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system's design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS …
Political science (29 obras) · Economics (26 obras) · Business (24 obras) · Climate Change Policy and Economics (23 obras) · Emissions trading (18 obras) · International trade (16 obras) · Law (15 obras) · European Union Policy and Governance (14 obras) · Politics (14 obras) · European union (13 obras)