Phoebe C Ellsworth
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 156197 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Phoebe C Ellsworth |
| PRENOMES | Phoebe C |
| SOBRENOME | Ellsworth |
| ASSINATURA | ELLSWORTH P C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Michigan |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8973-4232 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 744 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1968 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Sharing and Non‐sharing Happiness
Two studies were conducted to analyze how individuals feel and express their happiness in shared versus non‐shared events. We hypothesized that the Japanese (interdependence‐fostering culture), unlike Americans (independence‐fostering culture), would show higher levels of happiness in shared situations than in non‐shared situations. Study 1: participants were asked to describe two types of happy events (shared and non‐shared) they had experienced…
A multi-lab test of the facial feedback hypothesis by the Many Smiles Collaboration
Truth and Advocacy
Critics have suggested that psychological research is characterized by a pervasive liberal bias, and this problem may be particularly acute in research on issues related to public policy. In this article, I consider the sources of bias in basic and applied research in the evaluation, conduct, and communication of research. Techniques are suggested for counteracting bias at each of these stages
The rise of affectivism
Are Manipulation Checks Necessary
Researchers are concerned about whether manipulations have the intended effects. Many journals and reviewers view manipulation checks favorably, and they are widely reported in prestigious journals. However, the prototypical manipulation check is a verbal (rather than behavioral) measure that always appears at the same point in the procedure (rather than its order being varied to assess order effects). Embedding such manipulation checks within an…
(Mis)imagining the good life and the bad life
Emotional complexity
There is much debate about the notion of emotional complexity (EC). The debate concerns both the definition and the meaning of ostensible cultural differences in the construct. Some scholars have defined EC as the experience of positive and negative emotions together rather than as opposites, a phenomenon that seems more common in East Asia than North America. Others have defined EC as the experience of emotions in a differentiated manner, a defi…
Age Differences in Risk
Although it is commonly assumed that older people are more cautious and risk averse than their younger counterparts, the research on age differences in risk taking is mixed. While some research has found that older adults are less risk seeking, other research has found the opposite or no differences. One explanation is that age differences vary across risk domains. In two studies, we surveyed three adult age groups ranging in age from 18 to 83 on…
Appraisal Theories of Emotion
Appraisal Theory
I describe my current thinking on two old questions—the causal role of appraisals and the relationship of appraisal theories to basic emotions theories and constructivist theories, and three (sort of) new questions—the completeness of appraisals, the role of language, and the development of automaticity in emotional responses.
Today's misery and yesterday's happiness
Acceptability of Favor Requests in the United States and Japan
In previous research, the authors showed that Japanese and Americans would rather be asked to perform a favor than to have their friend solve the problem by asking someone else or getting it done professionally. In the current research, the authors further explore the similarities and differences in Japanese and American reactions to requests for favors by examining whether (a) increasing the size of the request can increase positive feelings, (b…
Proud Americans and lucky Japanese
Appraisal theories of emotion propose that the emotions people experience correspond to their appraisals of their situation. In other words, individual differences in emotional experiences reflect differing interpretations of the situation. We hypothesized that in similar situations, people in individualist and collectivist cultures experience different emotions because of culturally divergent causal attributions for success and failure (i.e., ag…
Culture and mixed emotions
Previous cross-cultural comparisons of correlations between positive and negative emotions found that East Asians are more likely than Americans to feel dialectical emotions. However, not much is known about the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions in a given situation. When asked to describe situations in which they felt mixed emotions, Japanese and American respondents listed mostly similar situations. By presenting these situations …
Who Cares About Marrying a Rich Man? Intelligence and Variation in Women’s Mate Preferences
An S-shaped relationship between changes in appraisals and changes in emotions
Previous research on appraisal theories of emotion has shown that emotions and appraisals are related but has not specified the nature of the relationships. This research examined the functional forms of appraisal-emotion relationships and demonstrated that for all seven appraisals studied, appraisals relate to emotions in an S-shaped (ogival) fashion: Changes in appraisals at extreme levels are associated with only small changes in emotions, but…
Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders
Emotions research is now routinely grounded in evolution, but explicit evolutionary analyses of emotions remain rare. This article considers the implications of natural selection for several classic questions about emotions and emotional disorders. Emotions are special modes of operation shaped by natural selection. They adjust multiple response parameters in ways that have increased fitness in adaptively challenging situations that recurred over…
Placing the face in context
Two studies tested the hypothesis that in judging people's emotions from their facial expressions, Japanese, more than Westerners, incorporate information from the social context. In Study 1, participants viewed cartoons depicting a happy, sad, angry, or neutral person surrounded by other people expressing the same emotion as the central person or a different one. The surrounding people's emotions influenced Japanese but not Westerners' perceptio…
The World of Emotions is not Two-Dimensional
For more than half a century, emotion researchers have attempted to establish the dimensional space that most economically accounts for similarities and differences in emotional experience. Today, many researchers focus exclusively on two-dimensional models involving valence and arousal. Adopting a theoretically based approach, we show for three languages that four dimensions are needed to satisfactorily represent similarities and differences in …
What does it mean to be angry at yourself? Categories, appraisals, and the problem of language
According to appraisal theorists, anger involves a negative event, usually blocking a goal, caused by another person. Critics argue that other-agency is unnecessary, since people can be angry at themselves, and thus that appraisal theory is wrong about anger. In two studies, we compared anger, self-anger, shame, and guilt, and found that self-anger shared some appraisals, action tendencies, and associated emotions with anger, others with shame an…
Amae in Japan and the United States
The experience of an emotion considered to be culturally unique (i.e., Japanese Amae) was tested in the United States, where there is no word to describe the concept. North American and Japanese participants read scenarios in which a friend made an inappropriate request (Amae), made no request, or made the request to another friend. Both American and Japanese participants felt more positive emotion and perceived the requester as feeling closer to…
Beyond Repair
Can the death penalty be administered in a just way—without executing the innocent, without regard to race, and without arbitrariness? How does capital punishment in the United States fit with international human rights law? These are among the questions that leading legal scholars and journalists explore in Beyond Repair? All new, the essays in this collection focus on the period since 1976, when the Supreme Court held that capital punishment, i…
Appraisal Processes in Emotion
The scientific study of emotion has long been dominated by theories emphasizing the subjective experience of emotions and their accompanying expressive and physiological responses. The processes by which different emotions are elicited has received less attention, the implicit assumption being that certain emotions arise automatically in response to certain types of events or situations. Such an assumption is incompatible with data showing that s…
White juror bias
White juror bias
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion
There has long been interest in describing emotional experience in terms of underlying dimensions, but traditionally only two dimensions, pleasantness and arousal, have been reliably found. The reasons for these findings are reviewed, and integrating this review with two recent theories of emotions (Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1982), we propose eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience. In an investigation of this mod…
Are Manipulation Checks Necessary
Researchers are concerned about whether manipulations have the intended effects. Many journals and reviewers view manipulation checks favorably, and they are widely reported in prestigious journals. However, the prototypical manipulation check is a verbal (rather than behavioral) measure that always appears at the same point in the procedure (rather than its order being varied to assess order effects). Embedding such manipulation checks within an…
Beyond simple pessimism
Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities
Hardening of the Attitudes
American support for the death penalty has steadily increased since 1966, when opponents outnumbered supporters, and now in the mid‐1990s is at a near record high. Research over the last 20 years has tended to confirm the hypothesis that most people's death penalty attitudes (pro or con) are based on emotion rather than information or rational argument. People feel strongly about the death penalty, know little about it, and feel no need to know m…
Placing the face in context
Two studies tested the hypothesis that in judging people's emotions from their facial expressions, Japanese, more than Westerners, incorporate information from the social context. In Study 1, participants viewed cartoons depicting a happy, sad, angry, or neutral person surrounded by other people expressing the same emotion as the central person or a different one. The surrounding people's emotions influenced Japanese but not Westerners' perceptio…
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty
In Furman v. Georgia' the United States Supreme Court, in a 5 to 4 per curiam decision, held that the death penalty as then administered violated the eighth amendment prohibition of and punishment. Justices Brennan and Marshall would have held that the death penalty was cruel and unusual per se, but Justices Douglas, Stewart, and White based their concurring decisions on the more limited grounds that the death penalty was unconstitutional because…
White juror bias
Are Twelve Heads Better than One
Georgia, 435 U.S. 223, 228 (1978) (five-member jury does not satisfy the jury trial
Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam
Recent research has suggested strong relations between characteristic patterns of appraisal along emotionally relevant dimensions and the experience of specific emotions. However, this work has relied primarily upon ratings of remembered or imagined past events associated with the experience of relatively pure emotions. The present investigation is an attempt to examine cognitive appraisals and emotions during an emotional event in which subjects…
The role of facial response in the experience of emotion
Facial expression and emotional stimuli were varied orthogonally in a 3 X 4 factorial design in order to test whether facial expression is necessary or sufficient to influence emotional experience.Subjects watched a film eliciting fear, sadness, or no emotion, while holding their facial muscles in the position characteristic of fear or sadness, or in an effortful but nonemotional grimace; those in a fourth group received no facial instructions.Th…
The stare as a stimulus to flight in human subjects
Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to a dyadic interaction
Age Differences in Risk
Although it is commonly assumed that older people are more cautious and risk averse than their younger counterparts, the research on age differences in risk taking is mixed. While some research has found that older adults are less risk seeking, other research has found the opposite or no differences. One explanation is that age differences vary across risk domains. In two studies, we surveyed three adult age groups ranging in age from 18 to 83 on…
Obligation, donor resources, and reactions to aid in three cultures
The rise of affectivism
(Mis)imagining the good life and the bad life
Emotional complexity
There is much debate about the notion of emotional complexity (EC). The debate concerns both the definition and the meaning of ostensible cultural differences in the construct. Some scholars have defined EC as the experience of positive and negative emotions together rather than as opposites, a phenomenon that seems more common in East Asia than North America. Others have defined EC as the experience of emotions in a differentiated manner, a defi…
Intimacy in response to direct gaze
Juror comprehension and public policy
Laypersons, the media, and many legal scholars tend to attribute problems in the jury system to the dispositions of individual jurors and to recommend reforms in jury selection procedures and relaxation of the unanimity rule. Social scientists view problems as a consequence of the structure of the jurors' task and recommend reforms in trial procedures. Reforms recommended by both groups are reviewed and evaluated. After years of apathy, the legal…
Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter
Staring and approach
A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that the stare may function as a stimulus either to approach or to avoidance, depending on the context. In a. 2X2 bystander intervention paradigm, the nature of the victim's plight and the appropriate remedy were either clear or ambiguous, and the victim either stared at the subject or did not. The hypothesis was confirmed: There was no main effect for staring. More help was elicited in the …
Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication
A survey of child custody cases and commentary yields the following, most depressing conclusions: everyone agrees that awarding custody is one of the trial judge's most delicate responsibilities; almost everyone is unhappy with prevailing substantive and procedural doctrines; yet no one seems to believe that the situation can be improved substantially. Too many appellate opinions begin, or end, with a plaintive plea for the reader's sympathy
A multi-lab test of the facial feedback hypothesis by the Many Smiles Collaboration
Today's misery and yesterday's happiness
Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to a dyadic interaction
Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication
A survey of child custody cases and commentary yields the following, most depressing conclusions: everyone agrees that awarding custody is one of the trial judge's most delicate responsibilities; almost everyone is unhappy with prevailing substantive and procedural doctrines; yet no one seems to believe that the situation can be improved substantially. Too many appellate opinions begin, or end, with a plaintive plea for the reader's sympathy
Visual Behavior in Social Interaction
Visual behavior appears to provide information at several different communicational levels in social interaction. As a dependent variable, it has been used to measure stable individual and group differences, the regulation of the flow of conversation, and the search for feedback in an interaction. As an independent variable, it has been shown to influence emotional responses and cognitive attributions. Research efforts to specify and understand t…
The stare as a stimulus to flight in human subjects
Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty
In Furman v. Georgia' the United States Supreme Court, in a 5 to 4 per curiam decision, held that the death penalty as then administered violated the eighth amendment prohibition of and punishment. Justices Brennan and Marshall would have held that the death penalty was cruel and unusual per se, but Justices Douglas, Stewart, and White based their concurring decisions on the more limited grounds that the death penalty was unconstitutional because…
Intimacy in response to direct gaze
Obligation, donor resources, and reactions to aid in three cultures
Staring and approach
A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that the stare may function as a stimulus either to approach or to avoidance, depending on the context. In a. 2X2 bystander intervention paradigm, the nature of the victim's plight and the appropriate remedy were either clear or ambiguous, and the victim either stared at the subject or did not. The hypothesis was confirmed: There was no main effect for staring. More help was elicited in the …
From abstract ideas to concrete instances
From abstract ideas to concrete instances
Methods of Research in Social Psychology
Some effects of gaze on subjects motivated to seek or to avoid social comparison
The role of facial response in the experience of emotion
Facial expression and emotional stimuli were varied orthogonally in a 3 X 4 factorial design in order to test whether facial expression is necessary or sufficient to influence emotional experience.Subjects watched a film eliciting fear, sadness, or no emotion, while holding their facial muscles in the position characteristic of fear or sadness, or in an effortful but nonemotional grimace; those in a fourth group received no facial instructions.Th…
Regarding the Author as Patient
ficant than how he says it, fantasies are more significant than events, the unexpected always more significant than the expected, unless one's expectations were generated by a theory that rejects ordinary assumptions and intuitions. Genius and madness share techniques. And so on. The metaphor has been heuristic and certainly productive. And yet like most metaphors, even as it directs our attention towards certain truths, it distracts us from othe…
On our failure to disconfirm what nobody ever said
We express pleasure that our critics have clarified their theoretical positions, provide additional methodological detail demonstrating that most of the methodological criticisms are mistaken or irrelevant to the hypothesis we intended to test, and convey our regrets that our work provoked a rhetorical rather than an empirical response. The objections to our research on facial response and emotion fall into two broad categories. The first include…
Public Opinion and Capital Punishment
A survey designed to examine the attitudinal and informational bases of people's opinions about the death penalty was administered to 500 Northern California residents (response rate = 96 percent). Of these, 58.8 percent were proponents of capital punishment, 30.8 percent were opponents, and 10.4 percent were undecided. When asked whether they favored mandatory, discretionary, or no death penalty for various crimes, respondents tended to treat th…
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion
There has long been interest in describing emotional experience in terms of underlying dimensions, but traditionally only two dimensions, pleasantness and arousal, have been reliably found. The reasons for these findings are reviewed, and integrating this review with two recent theories of emotions (Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1982), we propose eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience. In an investigation of this mod…
Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam
Recent research has suggested strong relations between characteristic patterns of appraisal along emotionally relevant dimensions and the experience of specific emotions. However, this work has relied primarily upon ratings of remembered or imagined past events associated with the experience of relatively pure emotions. The present investigation is an attempt to examine cognitive appraisals and emotions during an emotional event in which subjects…
From appraisal to emotion
Shades of Joy
Pleasant experience appears to be less emotionally differentiated than unpleasant experience. For instance, theories of emotion typically posit the existence of six or seven unpleasant emotions but often posit only one or two pleasant emotions. The present study is an attempt to systematically examine the differentiation of pleasant emotional experience. Subjects were asked to recall pleasant experiences that were associated with particular situa…
The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony
The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony
Are Twelve Heads Better than One
Georgia, 435 U.S. 223, 228 (1978) (five-member jury does not satisfy the jury trial
Response biases in lineups and showups
The showup, or presentation of a single suspect to an eyewitness, is widely believed to be a more biased and suggestive identification procedure than the lineup even though there has been no empirical work on this issue. Results suggest, however, that witnesses at a lineup are less likely to say «not there» than are witnesses at a showup. This tendency is seen in both live and photographic identification procedures, in both laboratory studies and…
Psychology (53 obras) · Social Psychology (44 obras) · Cognitive psychology (27 obras) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (23 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Developmental psychology (19 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (12 obras) · Political science (11 obras) · Feeling (10 obras) · Criminology (9 obras)