Barbara Janowitz
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1592224 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Barbara Janowitz |
| PRENOMES | Barbara |
| SOBRENOME | Janowitz |
| ASSINATURA | JANOWITZ B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Family Health International 360 |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 43 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 83 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 43 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1973 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2014 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Integrating family planning messages into immunization services
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether integrating family planning (FP) messages and referrals into facility-based, child immunization services increase contraceptive uptake in the 9- to 12-month post-partum period. METHODS: A cluster-randomized trial was used to test an intervention where vaccinators were trained to provide individualized FP messages and referrals to women presenting their child for immunization services. In each of 2 countries, Ghana …
Task Sharing in Family Planning
What Happens to Contraceptive Use After Injectables Are Introduced? An Analysis of 13 Countries
CONTEXT: Although the introduction of a new method is generally hailed as a boon to contraceptive prevalence, uptake of new methods can reduce the use of existing methods. It is important to examine changing patterns of contraceptive use and method mix after the introduction of new methods. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from 13 countries were used to analyze changes in method use and method mix after the introduction of the injectab…
Reaching Providers Is Not Enough to Increase Iud Use
Although the IUD is an extremely effective and low-cost contraceptive method, its use has declined sharply in Kenya in the past 20 years. A study tested the effectiveness of an outreach intervention to family planning providers and community-based distribution (CBD) agents in promoting use of the IUD in western Kenya. Forty-five public health clinics were randomized to receive the intervention for providers only, for CBD agents only, for both pro…
Effectiveness of training supervisors to improve reproductive health quality of care
Health facility supervisors are in a position to increase motivation, manage resources, facilitate communication, increase accountability and conduct outreach. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a training intervention for on-site, in-charge reproductive health supervisors in Kenya using an experimental design with pre- and post-test measures in 60 health facilities. Cost information and data from supervisors, providers, clients and facili…
Over‐the‐Counter Pill Provision
Although many countries allow over‐the‐counter distribution of oral contraceptives, doubt remains about whether such provision is safe for the user. The greatest concern is whether women with contraindications for use are given access to the pill. Clearly, women without such contraindications should be given access to it and be offered adequate information about its correct use. In 15 pharmacies in Jamaica, mystery clients approached pharmacists …
Why It Is Difficult to Determine Resource Requirements for Family Planning
This paper describes the efforts of Family Health International to develop a simple, standard and replicable methodology to estimate expenditures on family planning in developing countries. The study found that it is not possible, at least at this time, to develop such a methodology. Numerous problems were encountered in making expenditure estimates. First and most important, expenditure accounts are not always readily available. Even when these …
A Comparison of Four Approaches for Measuring Clinician Time Use
Concern about rapid growth in demand for reproductive health services in developing countries has created interest in productivity and costs of existing programmes. Staff costs usually constitute the largest share of total service costs, meriting special effort to ensure that they are measured accurately. Several techniques have been used in the literature to analyze staff activity, but these techniques have not been validated. This paper reports…
Menstruation Requirements
A review of surveys from Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Jamaica, and Senegal suggests that the requirement that women seeking hormonal contraception and IUDs should present for family planning services when menstruating represents a significant but unrecognized barrier to contraceptive access. Non-menstruating clients are instructed to return to the family planning facility at the onset of menses and often are not provided with a provisional barrier met…
Should the Recommended Number of IUD Revisits be Reduced
This study uses data from clinical trials of intrauterine devices to examine the effect of reducing the recommended number of IUD follow-up visits. Over 11,000 follow-up forms were analyzed to estimate the number of health problems that would have escaped detection if women with no or mild symptoms had not made recommended revisits. Less than one percent of woman-visits with no or only mild symptoms had an underlying health risk that could have g…
Why Do Projections of the Cost of Family Planning Differ So Widely
Projections of the costs of providing family planning in the year 2000 differ from a low of $2.6 million to a high of $11.5 million. The cost estimates per user of modern methods vary from a low of $14 to a high of $20. 4 key studies are reviewed to show how per-unit costs are estimated. Speidel's Cost Study was carried out in 1983, and he estimated the cost per user at $12 in 1980 for 80 million users per year, with expenditures estimated at $2 …
Estimating infant mortality rates prospectively in Honduras
In order to determine the validity of infant mortality estimates based on retrospective reporting, the Honduran Ministry of Health carried out a follow-up survey of women interviewed in a 1987 national survey. Women were interviewed approximately 14 months after the baseline survey and were asked about the outcomes of their pregnancies and the survival status of their young children. The overall infant mortality rate calculated from the follow-up…
Impact of Social Marketing on Contraceptive Prevalence and Cost in Honduras
In 1984, the Honduran Family Planning Association launched a contraceptive social marketing program by introducing the oral contraceptive, Perla. This report examines the impact of the program on overall oral contraceptive use, use by particular subgroups, source of supply, and costs. Although use of oral contraceptives increased only slightly over the period 1984-87 (from 12.7 percent to 13.4 percent among women in union aged 15-44), the social …
Management and treatment of diarrhea in Honduran children
Fertility and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adults in Harare, Zimbabwe
In 1986, a survey of young adults aged 14-24 in Harare, Zimbabwe obtained information about their knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behavior. Most adolescent childbearing took place within marriage, although sexual intercourse was generally initiated before marriage. Knowledge of family planning was high, but contraceptive use lagged behind knowledge. Fewer than half of the respondents had talked to an elder about family planning, sex, or pregnanc…
A Study of infant mortality and causes of death in a rural north-east Brazilian community
In 1984 a prospective study of 1645 women and 1677 births in a rural community in north-eastern Brazil showed the infant mortality rate to be 65 per 1000 live births. Neonatal, post-neonatal and infant mortality are analysed to determine the most important risk factors for each period. Post-neonatal survival depends largely on factors relating to child care, while neonatal deaths are more likely to be associated with biological factors. The princ…
Consumers of Oral Contraceptives in a Social Marketing Program in Honduras
This paper presents data on the characteristics of oral contraceptive users in Honduras, obtained from a point-of-purchase survey conducted in pharmacies in 1986. The oral contraceptive Perla, provided by the Social Marketing Program, accounted for 42 percent of sales. Forty-five percent of those using Perla were considered "new" users; either they were purchasing contraceptives for the first time or had used only Perla. Almost half of those who …
TBAs in rural Northeast Brazil
This paper examines factors affecting hospital referral by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and the impact of both TBA assistance and hospital intervention on birth outcome. In the county of Traini, Brazil, 139 of 1057 women seen by TBAs over the course of a year planned to deliver at home but were referred to a hospital. An additional 119 women gave birth at home without the assistance of a TBA. Adjusted odds ratios showed that referral rates…
Contraceptive Use and Fertility in Honduras, 1981-84
This paper presents data on contraceptive use and fertility in Honduras obtained from a household survey conducted in 1984, and compares these data with similar information obtained from surveys carried out in 1981 and 1983. About half of the increase that has taken place in contraceptive use in Honduras is accounted for by sterilization. In 1981, 27 percent of women in union aged 15-49 years were practicing contraception; in 1984, the percentage…
Side effects and discontinuation of oral contraceptive use in southern Brazil
The subsequent contraceptive behaviour following reported side effects in users of oral contraceptives in the southern region of Brazil is examined in relation to discontinuation of pill use, changing to other methods, termination of contraceptive use, the role of the physician in influencing a woman's decision to discontinue pill use, and discontinuation according to the type of problem experienced. In 2904 currently married women, aged 15–44, a…
Physician Attitudes and Family Planning in Nigeria
This study examines family planning attitudes and practices of 681 Nigerian physicians selected from cities in which large university teaching hospitals are located. About half of the physicians were practicing family planning; the method of choice was the IUD. Obstetrician/gynecologists and general practitioners were more likely to provide methods to their patients than were other types of physicians. The physicians were concerned about populati…
Sterilization Approval and Follow-Through in Brazil
The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect approval for and completion of sterilization in Rio de Janeiro. Of 2,186 new female family planning clients, 1,256 requested sterilization and 925 were approved for surgery. Among the approved women, 639 scheduled surgery and, of these, 595 were sterilized within three months of approval. While approval is dependent mainly on demographic variables, especially age and parity, follow-…
Abortion experience among obstetric patients at Korle-Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana
Among obstetric patients with at least one previous pregnancy, over 20% reported having at least one induced abortion. Abortion experience was more common among women at lower gravidities and among women with the highest levels of education, suggesting that abortion is most used to delay the first birth, particularly for young women still at school. This is in contrast to the situation in Latin America where abortion is used most often to limit f…
The hospital environment and infant feeding
In recent years both the prevalence and duration of breast-feeding have decreased, especially in urban areas of the developing world (McCann et al. , 1981). While the majority of births in these areas continue to be attended by traditional birth attendants, the proportion of mothers giving birth in hospitals is increasing. The potential for hospital personnel and practices to affect infant feeding preferences is likely to increase as the trend to…
Cesarean delivery in northeast region of Brazil, 1978-80
This study presents information on cesarean section rates for the last baby born to 1,746 women in Northeast Brazil between January 1978 and the date of a 1980 household survey. For hospital deliveries, the c-section rate is 19 per cent. Rates were highest in the major urban areas and lowest in rural areas. Within residence categories, the section rate was related directly to education, early prenatal care, and delivery in private hospitals
Cesarean section in Brazil
Interrelationships between fertility and marital dissolution
Previous studies have failed to examine (a) the simultaneity of decisions to bear children and to dissolve a marriage and (b) the effects of the childbearing in the period just before dissolution on the likelihood of disruption. We attempted to resolve both problems by developing a simultaneous logit model of the interrelationship between the probability of separation and of having a birth during this period (when dissolution presumably is being …
Fertility and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adults in Harare, Zimbabwe
In 1986, a survey of young adults aged 14-24 in Harare, Zimbabwe obtained information about their knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behavior. Most adolescent childbearing took place within marriage, although sexual intercourse was generally initiated before marriage. Knowledge of family planning was high, but contraceptive use lagged behind knowledge. Fewer than half of the respondents had talked to an elder about family planning, sex, or pregnanc…
Menstruation Requirements
A review of surveys from Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Jamaica, and Senegal suggests that the requirement that women seeking hormonal contraception and IUDs should present for family planning services when menstruating represents a significant but unrecognized barrier to contraceptive access. Non-menstruating clients are instructed to return to the family planning facility at the onset of menses and often are not provided with a provisional barrier met…
Management and treatment of diarrhea in Honduran children
Sterilization in the northeast of Brazil
Cesarean delivery in northeast region of Brazil, 1978-80
This study presents information on cesarean section rates for the last baby born to 1,746 women in Northeast Brazil between January 1978 and the date of a 1980 household survey. For hospital deliveries, the c-section rate is 19 per cent. Rates were highest in the major urban areas and lowest in rural areas. Within residence categories, the section rate was related directly to education, early prenatal care, and delivery in private hospitals
Contraceptive Use and Fertility Levels in Sao Paulo State, Brazil
Milton S. Nakamura, Leo Morris, Barbara Janowitz, John E. Anderson, Joaquim Barreto Fonseca, Contraceptive Use and Fertility Levels in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 11, No. 7/8 (Jul. - Aug., 1980), pp. 236-246
Task Sharing in Family Planning
A Comparison of Four Approaches for Measuring Clinician Time Use
Concern about rapid growth in demand for reproductive health services in developing countries has created interest in productivity and costs of existing programmes. Staff costs usually constitute the largest share of total service costs, meriting special effort to ensure that they are measured accurately. Several techniques have been used in the literature to analyze staff activity, but these techniques have not been validated. This paper reports…
Infant mortality and breast-feeding in North-Eastern Brazil
The effects of breast-feeding on infant health have been a topic of considerable discussion in recent years. In this paper multivariate techniques are used to examine the relationship between the failure to breast-feed and mortality among infants in four states of north east Brazil. It was found that breast-fed children were significantly more likely to survive infancy than children who were never breast-fed, even when other socio-economic, demog…
Interval sterilizations
Integrating family planning messages into immunization services
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether integrating family planning (FP) messages and referrals into facility-based, child immunization services increase contraceptive uptake in the 9- to 12-month post-partum period. METHODS: A cluster-randomized trial was used to test an intervention where vaccinators were trained to provide individualized FP messages and referrals to women presenting their child for immunization services. In each of 2 countries, Ghana …
Effectiveness of training supervisors to improve reproductive health quality of care
Health facility supervisors are in a position to increase motivation, manage resources, facilitate communication, increase accountability and conduct outreach. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a training intervention for on-site, in-charge reproductive health supervisors in Kenya using an experimental design with pre- and post-test measures in 60 health facilities. Cost information and data from supervisors, providers, clients and facili…
Should the Recommended Number of IUD Revisits be Reduced
This study uses data from clinical trials of intrauterine devices to examine the effect of reducing the recommended number of IUD follow-up visits. Over 11,000 follow-up forms were analyzed to estimate the number of health problems that would have escaped detection if women with no or mild symptoms had not made recommended revisits. Less than one percent of woman-visits with no or only mild symptoms had an underlying health risk that could have g…
Impact of Social Marketing on Contraceptive Prevalence and Cost in Honduras
In 1984, the Honduran Family Planning Association launched a contraceptive social marketing program by introducing the oral contraceptive, Perla. This report examines the impact of the program on overall oral contraceptive use, use by particular subgroups, source of supply, and costs. Although use of oral contraceptives increased only slightly over the period 1984-87 (from 12.7 percent to 13.4 percent among women in union aged 15-44), the social …
Sterilization Approval and Follow-Through in Brazil
The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect approval for and completion of sterilization in Rio de Janeiro. Of 2,186 new female family planning clients, 1,256 requested sterilization and 925 were approved for surgery. Among the approved women, 639 scheduled surgery and, of these, 595 were sterilized within three months of approval. While approval is dependent mainly on demographic variables, especially age and parity, follow-…
The effects of demographic factors on age composition and the implications for per capita income
Multiple regression analysis techniques are used to measure the impact of variations in fertility and mortality rates on the population of labor-force age. The results of this analysis suggest that the impact of reductions in mortality on age composition are dependent on the level of mortality already attained, whereas reductions in fertility, as expected, increase the population in the nondependent age groups. The direct effect of vital rates on…
The effects of demographic factors on age composition and the implications for per capita income
Multiple regression analysis techniques are used to measure the impact of variations in fertility and mortality rates on the population of labor-force age. The results of this analysis suggest that the impact of reductions in mortality on age composition are dependent on the level of mortality already attained, whereas reductions in fertility, as expected, increase the population in the nondependent age groups. The direct effect of vital rates on…
Contraceptive Use and Fertility Levels in Sao Paulo State, Brazil
Milton S. Nakamura, Leo Morris, Barbara Janowitz, John E. Anderson, Joaquim Barreto Fonseca, Contraceptive Use and Fertility Levels in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 11, No. 7/8 (Jul. - Aug., 1980), pp. 236-246
Breast-feeding and child survival in Egypt
In a retrospective study, the impact of breast-feeding on the survival probabilities of children born to women in hospitals in Cairo, Egypt, is estimated. The analysis shows that early cessation of breastfeeding is associated with higher mortality and the effects are more severe the lower the education level of the mother.
Post–partum sterilization in Sao Paulo state, Brazil
This paper examines the accessibility of post-partum sterilization at five hospitals in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Of the women who planned sterilization 60% were sterilized. Services were not equally available to all women. While caesarean sections accounted for an extremely high percentage of deliveries at these hospitals, this type of delivery, and concurrent sterilizations, are not equally available to all women who indicated a desire to be…
Access to Postpartum Sterilization in Southeast Brazil
All women hospitalized for delivery over a ten-week period at the largest maternity hospital in Campinas in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were questioned about their interest in and plans for sterilization. Results from a categorical data analysis indicate that among the study variables, cesarean delivery was the necessary condition for postpartum sterilization and was significantly associated with the patient's ability to pay for services. Fur…
Interval sterilizations
Cesarean section in Brazil
Child Survivorship and Pregnancy Spacing in Iran
Using data collected over a 12-month period (1977–78) from more than 15,000 hospital deliveries at a single maternity hospital in Tehran, Iran, we have examined the effects of previous pregnancy outcomes, breast-feeding and contraceptive use on birth spacing. The outcomes of previous pregnancies, particularly the most recent, significantly affect the length of the pregnancy interval, and so does breast-feeding. Pregnancy outcomes influence both b…
Interrelationships between fertility and marital dissolution
Previous studies have failed to examine (a) the simultaneity of decisions to bear children and to dissolve a marriage and (b) the effects of the childbearing in the period just before dissolution on the likelihood of disruption. We attempted to resolve both problems by developing a simultaneous logit model of the interrelationship between the probability of separation and of having a birth during this period (when dissolution presumably is being …
Sterilization in Honduras
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the availability of sterilization services at two hospitals in Honduras. Approximately 7,000 women who had given birth at the Hospital Materno Infantil in Tegucigalpa and the Hospital Leonardo Martinez in San Pedro Sula were asked about their desire for sterilization. Of the women who wanted to be sterilized, a considerable percentage had not been sterilized four months after they had given bi…
Infant and child survival and contraceptive use in the closed pregnancy interval
Risks and costs of illegally induced abortion in Bangladesh
This article reports on women admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital for incomplete, illegally induced abortion. Women with low complication rates more often had abortions induced by medical practitioners. These women were younger, of lower parity and better educated than women having abortions initiated by other practitioners. Poorly educated women from slum areas almost always had an abortion induced by a non-medical practitioner through th…
Infant mortality and breast-feeding in North-Eastern Brazil
The effects of breast-feeding on infant health have been a topic of considerable discussion in recent years. In this paper multivariate techniques are used to examine the relationship between the failure to breast-feed and mortality among infants in four states of north east Brazil. It was found that breast-fed children were significantly more likely to survive infancy than children who were never breast-fed, even when other socio-economic, demog…
Infant mortality and breast-feeding in North-Eastern Brazil
The effects of breast-feeding on infant health have been a topic of considerable discussion in recent years. In this paper multivariate techniques are used to examine the relationship between the failure to breast-feed and mortality among infants in four states of north east Brazil. It was found that breast-fed children were significantly more likely to survive infancy than children who were never breast-fed, even when other socio-economic, demog…
Abortion experience among obstetric patients at Korle-Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana
Among obstetric patients with at least one previous pregnancy, over 20% reported having at least one induced abortion. Abortion experience was more common among women at lower gravidities and among women with the highest levels of education, suggesting that abortion is most used to delay the first birth, particularly for young women still at school. This is in contrast to the situation in Latin America where abortion is used most often to limit f…
The hospital environment and infant feeding
In recent years both the prevalence and duration of breast-feeding have decreased, especially in urban areas of the developing world (McCann et al. , 1981). While the majority of births in these areas continue to be attended by traditional birth attendants, the proportion of mothers giving birth in hospitals is increasing. The potential for hospital personnel and practices to affect infant feeding preferences is likely to increase as the trend to…
Cesarean delivery in northeast region of Brazil, 1978-80
This study presents information on cesarean section rates for the last baby born to 1,746 women in Northeast Brazil between January 1978 and the date of a 1980 household survey. For hospital deliveries, the c-section rate is 19 per cent. Rates were highest in the major urban areas and lowest in rural areas. Within residence categories, the section rate was related directly to education, early prenatal care, and delivery in private hospitals
Vanguard Family Planning Acceptors in Senegal
This study examines contraceptive use among clients at the three clinics providing family planning services in Dakar, Senegal in early 1983. Most clients first became interested in family planning following the birth of a child, and most are interested in spacing future pregnancies, although one-third state that they want no more children. The clinic itself was found to be an important determinant of the type of contraceptive used, with only the …
Abortion Experience among Obstetric Patients at Korle-Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana
PIP: Hospital admissions for complications of abortion have been increasing in Africa, indicating a rise in the incidence of abortion. In all pregnant women ever admitted to Korle-Bu hospital in Accra, Ghana, the chance that the outcome of their last pregnancy was an induced abortion decreased as the number of previous pregnancies increased. Women with higher levels of education were more likely to have their 1st pregnancy terminated in an induce…
Why Women Don't Get Sterilized
In 1980, a study to determine interest in and access to sterilization for females was initiated at two Ministry of Health hospitals in Honduras. Results of the baseline study showed that 42 percent of women desiring sterilization from the Tegucigalpa hospital and 21 percent from the San Pedro Sula hospital had had a tubal ligation. A second study was conducted two years later, following up the interested but unsterilized women from the baseline s…
Sterilization in the northeast of Brazil
Side effects and discontinuation of oral contraceptive use in southern Brazil
The subsequent contraceptive behaviour following reported side effects in users of oral contraceptives in the southern region of Brazil is examined in relation to discontinuation of pill use, changing to other methods, termination of contraceptive use, the role of the physician in influencing a woman's decision to discontinue pill use, and discontinuation according to the type of problem experienced. In 2904 currently married women, aged 15–44, a…
Physician Attitudes and Family Planning in Nigeria
This study examines family planning attitudes and practices of 681 Nigerian physicians selected from cities in which large university teaching hospitals are located. About half of the physicians were practicing family planning; the method of choice was the IUD. Obstetrician/gynecologists and general practitioners were more likely to provide methods to their patients than were other types of physicians. The physicians were concerned about populati…
Sterilization Approval and Follow-Through in Brazil
The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect approval for and completion of sterilization in Rio de Janeiro. Of 2,186 new female family planning clients, 1,256 requested sterilization and 925 were approved for surgery. Among the approved women, 639 scheduled surgery and, of these, 595 were sterilized within three months of approval. While approval is dependent mainly on demographic variables, especially age and parity, follow-…
Contraceptive Use and Fertility in Honduras, 1981-84
This paper presents data on contraceptive use and fertility in Honduras obtained from a household survey conducted in 1984, and compares these data with similar information obtained from surveys carried out in 1981 and 1983. About half of the increase that has taken place in contraceptive use in Honduras is accounted for by sterilization. In 1981, 27 percent of women in union aged 15-49 years were practicing contraception; in 1984, the percentage…
Medicine (40 obras) · Population (39 obras) · Environmental health (38 obras) · Global Maternal and Child Health (28 obras) · Family planning (27 obras) · Research methodology (27 obras) · Developing country (24 obras) · Demography (21 obras) · Economic growth (19 obras) · Family medicine (19 obras)