Leslie A Zebrowitz
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 162179 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Leslie A Zebrowitz |
| PRENOMES | Leslie A |
| SOBRENOME | Zebrowitz |
| ASSINATURA | ZEBROWITZ L A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Brandeis University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9183-8914 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 225 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1975 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
The Origins and Abiding Signature of the Ecological Theory of Social Perception in Social Psychology Research
In this tribute to Reuben Baron, we provide some history regarding how the first author came to collaborate with Reuben on our 1983 publication of Toward an Ecological Theory of Social Perception. We then briefly review the major tenets of the theory and discuss some examples of Reuben's research that supported those tenets as well as his theorizing that expanded on them. Next, we provide evidence that, in the decades following publication of the…
Reading the lines in the face
Through 3 studies, we investigated whether angularity and roundness present in faces contributes to the perception of anger and joyful expressions, respectively. First, in Study 1 we found that angry expressions naturally contain more inward-pointing lines, whereas joyful expressions contain more outward-pointing lines. Then, using image-processing techniques in Studies 2 and 3, we filtered images to contain only inward-pointing or outward-pointi…
Age Differences in the Differentiation of Trait Impressions From Faces
Less differentiation of trait impressions from faces in OA is consistent with previous evidence for less differentiation in face and emotion recognition. Results indicated that that age-related dedifferentiation does not reflect narrow changes in visual function. They also provide a novel explanation for OA positivity effects
Age Similarities in Recognizing Threat From Faces and Diagnostic Cues
Despite previous evidence for positivity biases in OA, they can be just as accurate as YA when it comes to discerning actual differences in the aggressiveness of young men
Generalizing from human facial sexual dimorphism to sex-differentiate macaques
First Impressions From Faces Among U.S. and Culturally Isolated Tsimane’ People in the Bolivian Rainforest
The authors examined the generalizability of first impressions from faces previously documented in industrialized cultures to the Tsimane’ people in the remote Bolivian rainforest. Tsimane’ as well as U.S. judges showed within-culture agreement in impressions of attractiveness, babyfaceness, and traits (healthy, intelligent/knowledgeable, dominant/respected, and sociable/warm) of own-culture faces. Both groups also showed within-culture agreement…
Culture, gender and health care stigma
Facial resemblance to emotions
The authors used connectionist modeling to extend previous research on emotion overgeneralization effects. Study 1 demonstrated that neutral expression male faces objectively resemble angry expressions more than female faces do, female faces objectively resemble surprise expressions more than male faces do, White faces objectively resemble angry expressions more than Black or Korean faces do, and Black faces objectively resemble happy and surpris…
Social Psychological Face Perception
We form first impressions from faces despite warnings not to do so. Moreover, there is considerable agreement in our impressions, which carry significant social outcomes. Appearance matters because some facial qualities are so useful in guiding adaptive behavior that even a trace of those qualities can create an impression. Specifically, the qualities revealed by facial cues that characterize low fitness, babies, emotion, and identity are overgen…
Aging Stereotypes--Internalization or Inoculation? A Commentary
Looking Smart and Looking Good
The authors investigated accuracy of judging intelligence from facial photos of strangers across the lifespan, facial qualities contributing to accuracy, and developmental paths producing correlations between facial qualities and IQ scores. Judgments were more accurate than chance in childhood and puberty, marginally more accurate in middle adulthood, but not more accurate than chance in adolescence or late adulthood. Reliance on the valid cue of…
Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health?
Person Perception Comes of Age
Bright, bad, babyfaced boys
Three studies tested the hypothesis that babyfaced adolescent boys would compensate for the undesirable expectation that they will exhibit childlike traits by behaving contrary to it. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that babyfaced boys from middle- and lower class samples, including a sample of delinquents, showed higher academic achievement than their mature-faced peers, refuting the stereotype of babyfaced people as intellectually weak. In the lower c…
Bright, bad, babyfaced boys
Accurate Social Perception at Zero Acquaintance
We review research on accurate social perception at zero acquaintance and apply a Gibsonian ecological approach to redress several shortcomings. We argue that recent use of Brunswik's lens model to determine what physical qualities accurately communicate psychological traits has limited utility because it fails to consider the structured information provided by configural physical qualities that is central to Gibson's (1979) theory. We elaborate …
Reading faces
Do we read character in faces? What information do faces actually provide? Why do we associate certain facial qualities with particular character traits? What are the social and psychological consequences of reading character in faces? Zebrowitz unmasks the face and provides the first systematic, scientific account of our tendency to judge people by their appearance. Offering an in-depth analysis of two appearance qualities that influence our imp…
They don't all look alike
Reliability, content, and homogeneity of own- and other-race impressions were assessed: U.S. White, U.S. Black, and Korean students rated faces of White, Black, or Korean men. High intraracial reliabilities revealed that people of 1 race showed equally high agreement regarding the traits of own- and other-race faces. Racially universal appearance stereotypes--the attractiveness halo effect and the babyface overgeneralization effect--contributed s…
They don't all look alike
Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the life span
Differential, structural, and absolute stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness at 5 ages were investigated. Attractiveness had differential stability across the life span. Babyfaceness had differential stability from childhood through the 30s for males and through adolescence for females. Consistent with sexual dimorphisms in facial maturation, males had less differential stability in babyfaceness from childhood to puberty than females. Stru…
The Impact of Cultural Background and Cross-Cultural Experience on Impressions of American and Korean Male Speakers
This study tested the hypothesis that people from different cultures would form different trait impressions based on the same vocal qualities and that cross-cultural experience would influence trait impressions through adaptive acculturation. Koreans in Korea, Koreans in the United States, and Americans served as subjects with American and Korean male speakers as targets. It was found that vocal loudness universally conveyed power. The effects of…
Impressions of babyfaced individuals across the life span
Four questions were addressed concerning perceptions of babyfaced individuals from infancy to older adulthood: (a) Do perceivers make reliable babyface judgments at each age; (b) does a babyface have the same effects on trait impressions at each age; (c) are the effects of a babyface independent of the effects of attractiveness; and (d) what facial maturity features are associated with babyface ratings, and do these features predict trait impress…
The impact of litigants' baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts.
The effects of litigants' facial appearance on judicial decisions were investigated in 506 cases heard in small claims courts. Replicating previous laboratory studies, both baby-facedness and attractiveness exerted a significant impact on adjudications. As plaintiffs increased in attractiveness, defendants were more likely to lose the case. Also, as defendants increased in baby-facedness, they were more likely to win cases involving intentional a…
Cross-Cultural Agreement in Perceptions of Babyfaced Adults
Two studies investigated Korean college students' perceptions of babyfaced adults. The first study replicated McArthur and Apatow's (1983-1984) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of schematic adult male and female faces. The second study replicated Berry and McArthur's (1985) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of 20 young adult Caucasian male faces. The studies revealed near perfect agreement between U.S. and Korean subjects reg…
Some components and consequences of a babyface
Physical measurements and subjective ratings of various facial features were obtained for 20 adult male stimulus faces. The faces were also rated on five personality dimensions, physical attractiveness, age, and babyfacedness. The physical measurements of large, round eyes, high eyebrows, and a small chin each yielded the perception of a babyish facial appearance, and a weighted linear composite derived from the measures of eye size and chin widt…
Some components and consequences of a babyface
Physical measurements and subjective ratings of various facial features were obtained for 20 adult male stimulus faces. The faces were also rated on five personality dimensions, physical attractiveness, age, and babyfacedness. The physical measurements of large, round eyes, high eyebrows, and a small chin each yielded the perception of a babyish facial appearance, and a weighted linear composite derived from the measures of eye size and chin widt…
Figural emphasis and person perception
Impressions of babyfaced individuals across the life span
Four questions were addressed concerning perceptions of babyfaced individuals from infancy to older adulthood: (a) Do perceivers make reliable babyface judgments at each age; (b) does a babyface have the same effects on trait impressions at each age; (c) are the effects of a babyface independent of the effects of attractiveness; and (d) what facial maturity features are associated with babyface ratings, and do these features predict trait impress…
They don't all look alike
Developmental differences in the use of distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency information for making causal attributions
The present study examined developmental differences in the use of distinctive-ness, consensus, and consistency information for making causal attributions. First, third and sixth graders and college students were presented with brief story pairs consisting of an act manifested by an agent toward a target person. Each story in a pair was accompanied by a different level of a particular type of information (e.g., high consensus for one and low cons…
The lesser influence of consensus than distinctiveness information on causal attributions
Facial resemblance to emotions
The authors used connectionist modeling to extend previous research on emotion overgeneralization effects. Study 1 demonstrated that neutral expression male faces objectively resemble angry expressions more than female faces do, female faces objectively resemble surprise expressions more than male faces do, White faces objectively resemble angry expressions more than Black or Korean faces do, and Black faces objectively resemble happy and surpris…
Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the life span
Differential, structural, and absolute stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness at 5 ages were investigated. Attractiveness had differential stability across the life span. Babyfaceness had differential stability from childhood through the 30s for males and through adolescence for females. Consistent with sexual dimorphisms in facial maturation, males had less differential stability in babyfaceness from childhood to puberty than females. Stru…
Impact of salient vocal qualities on causal attribution for a speaker's behavior
Considerable research has demonstrated an illusory causation effect in which visually salient people are perceived as more causal of events in a social inter-action than their nonsalient counterparts. The present studies extended this work to the realm of auditory salience. Two determinants of auditory salience were manipulated—the intensity of a speaker's voice and the sex of a speaker's voice. As predicted, subjects attended more to a 75-dB (A)…
Culture, gender and health care stigma
Achievements of male and female storybook characters as determinants of achievement behavior by boys and girls
The effects of achievement behavior by male and female storybook models on children's own achievement behavior was assessed. Preschoolers heard either a stereotype story depicting achievement behavior by a male, but not by a female, a reversal story depicting achievement behavior by a female, but not by a male, or a control story depicting no achievement behavior by any character. As predicted, a significant Sex X Storybook interaction effect was…
First Impressions From Faces Among U.S. and Culturally Isolated Tsimane’ People in the Bolivian Rainforest
The authors examined the generalizability of first impressions from faces previously documented in industrialized cultures to the Tsimane’ people in the remote Bolivian rainforest. Tsimane’ as well as U.S. judges showed within-culture agreement in impressions of attractiveness, babyfaceness, and traits (healthy, intelligent/knowledgeable, dominant/respected, and sociable/warm) of own-culture faces. Both groups also showed within-culture agreement…
Cross-Cultural Agreement in Perceptions of Babyfaced Adults
Two studies investigated Korean college students' perceptions of babyfaced adults. The first study replicated McArthur and Apatow's (1983-1984) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of schematic adult male and female faces. The second study replicated Berry and McArthur's (1985) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of 20 young adult Caucasian male faces. The studies revealed near perfect agreement between U.S. and Korean subjects reg…
The Impact of Cultural Background and Cross-Cultural Experience on Impressions of American and Korean Male Speakers
This study tested the hypothesis that people from different cultures would form different trait impressions based on the same vocal qualities and that cross-cultural experience would influence trait impressions through adaptive acculturation. Koreans in Korea, Koreans in the United States, and Americans served as subjects with American and Korean male speakers as targets. It was found that vocal loudness universally conveyed power. The effects of…
Perceptions of an aggressive encounter as a function of the victim's salience and the perceiver's arousal
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of a victim's physical salience and perceivers' arousal on perceptions of a verbally aggressive interaction. Based upon evidence that there is a tendency to attribute causality to salient stimulus persons and to form more evaluatively extreme impressions of such persons, it was predicted that an aggressor's behavior would be attributed more to causes in a physically salient than a nonsalient v…
Age Similarities in Recognizing Threat From Faces and Diagnostic Cues
Despite previous evidence for positivity biases in OA, they can be just as accurate as YA when it comes to discerning actual differences in the aggressiveness of young men
Illusory correlation in impression formation
Illusory correlation research has identified two factors that lead subjects to overestimate the relationship between particular categories of people and particular types of behavior: associative connections and shared infrequency. Three studies examined the nature of illusory correlation effects when both of these factors operated simultaneously. The results were consistent with previous shared infrequency effects only when infrequency and associ…
Age Differences in the Differentiation of Trait Impressions From Faces
Less differentiation of trait impressions from faces in OA is consistent with previous evidence for less differentiation in face and emotion recognition. Results indicated that that age-related dedifferentiation does not reflect narrow changes in visual function. They also provide a novel explanation for OA positivity effects
Weight differences in emotional responsiveness to proprioceptive and pictorial stimuli
Two studies were conducted to investigate weight differences in emotional responsiveness to proprioceptive and pictorial stimuli. Contrary to past evidence that overweight persons are more emotional than normals, the emotional state of normal-weight subjects fluctuated with manipulations of their facial expression, whereas that of overweight subjects did not respond to these proprioceptive cues. Furthermore, whereas past research employing affect…
The Portrayal of Men and Women in American Television Commercials
The characteristics of adult male and female models in randomly selected television commercials were systematically coded, and several significant sex differences were discovered. More men than women are presented in television commercials, the basis for the credibility of those men and women who are presented differs as do their roles, their location, their arguments on behalf of a product, and the rewards they reap for using a product. These se…
Field dependent eating and perception as a function of weight and sex
It was hypothesized that the greater influence of external cues on obese than on normal individuals' eating behavior is a manifestation of a generalized sensitivity to external cues. Responsivity of nut consumption to the external cue of shells on the nuts and responsivity of judgment of verticality to the external cue of a tilted visual field were assessed for male and female, obese and normal-weight subjects. As predicted, both obese subjects' …
Note on Sex Differences in Causal Attribution
16 male and 16 female subjects made causal attributions for four types of responses ostensibly made by other people—positive and negative manifest and positive and negative subjective. Females more often than males attributed subjective responses to the external stimulus, and they more often than males attributed manifest responses to the external circumstances. Some implications of these results for understanding sex differences in attributions …
The lesser influence of consensus than distinctiveness information on causal attributions
Achievements of male and female storybook characters as determinants of achievement behavior by boys and girls
The effects of achievement behavior by male and female storybook models on children's own achievement behavior was assessed. Preschoolers heard either a stereotype story depicting achievement behavior by a male, but not by a female, a reversal story depicting achievement behavior by a female, but not by a male, or a control story depicting no achievement behavior by any character. As predicted, a significant Sex X Storybook interaction effect was…
Figural emphasis and person perception
Developmental differences in the use of distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency information for making causal attributions
The present study examined developmental differences in the use of distinctive-ness, consensus, and consistency information for making causal attributions. First, third and sixth graders and college students were presented with brief story pairs consisting of an act manifested by an agent toward a target person. Each story in a pair was accompanied by a different level of a particular type of information (e.g., high consensus for one and low cons…
Perceptions of an aggressive encounter as a function of the victim's salience and the perceiver's arousal
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of a victim's physical salience and perceivers' arousal on perceptions of a verbally aggressive interaction. Based upon evidence that there is a tendency to attribute causality to salient stimulus persons and to form more evaluatively extreme impressions of such persons, it was predicted that an aggressor's behavior would be attributed more to causes in a physically salient than a nonsalient v…
Weight differences in emotional responsiveness to proprioceptive and pictorial stimuli
Two studies were conducted to investigate weight differences in emotional responsiveness to proprioceptive and pictorial stimuli. Contrary to past evidence that overweight persons are more emotional than normals, the emotional state of normal-weight subjects fluctuated with manipulations of their facial expression, whereas that of overweight subjects did not respond to these proprioceptive cues. Furthermore, whereas past research employing affect…
Illusory correlation in impression formation
Illusory correlation research has identified two factors that lead subjects to overestimate the relationship between particular categories of people and particular types of behavior: associative connections and shared infrequency. Three studies examined the nature of illusory correlation effects when both of these factors operated simultaneously. The results were consistent with previous shared infrequency effects only when infrequency and associ…
Impact of salient vocal qualities on causal attribution for a speaker's behavior
Considerable research has demonstrated an illusory causation effect in which visually salient people are perceived as more causal of events in a social inter-action than their nonsalient counterparts. The present studies extended this work to the realm of auditory salience. Two determinants of auditory salience were manipulated—the intensity of a speaker's voice and the sex of a speaker's voice. As predicted, subjects attended more to a 75-dB (A)…
Some components and consequences of a babyface
Physical measurements and subjective ratings of various facial features were obtained for 20 adult male stimulus faces. The faces were also rated on five personality dimensions, physical attractiveness, age, and babyfacedness. The physical measurements of large, round eyes, high eyebrows, and a small chin each yielded the perception of a babyish facial appearance, and a weighted linear composite derived from the measures of eye size and chin widt…
Cross-Cultural Agreement in Perceptions of Babyfaced Adults
Two studies investigated Korean college students' perceptions of babyfaced adults. The first study replicated McArthur and Apatow's (1983-1984) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of schematic adult male and female faces. The second study replicated Berry and McArthur's (1985) investigation of U.S. students' impressions of 20 young adult Caucasian male faces. The studies revealed near perfect agreement between U.S. and Korean subjects reg…
The impact of litigants' baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts.
The effects of litigants' facial appearance on judicial decisions were investigated in 506 cases heard in small claims courts. Replicating previous laboratory studies, both baby-facedness and attractiveness exerted a significant impact on adjudications. As plaintiffs increased in attractiveness, defendants were more likely to lose the case. Also, as defendants increased in baby-facedness, they were more likely to win cases involving intentional a…
Impressions of babyfaced individuals across the life span
Four questions were addressed concerning perceptions of babyfaced individuals from infancy to older adulthood: (a) Do perceivers make reliable babyface judgments at each age; (b) does a babyface have the same effects on trait impressions at each age; (c) are the effects of a babyface independent of the effects of attractiveness; and (d) what facial maturity features are associated with babyface ratings, and do these features predict trait impress…
They don't all look alike
Reliability, content, and homogeneity of own- and other-race impressions were assessed: U.S. White, U.S. Black, and Korean students rated faces of White, Black, or Korean men. High intraracial reliabilities revealed that people of 1 race showed equally high agreement regarding the traits of own- and other-race faces. Racially universal appearance stereotypes--the attractiveness halo effect and the babyface overgeneralization effect--contributed s…
They don't all look alike
Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the life span
Differential, structural, and absolute stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness at 5 ages were investigated. Attractiveness had differential stability across the life span. Babyfaceness had differential stability from childhood through the 30s for males and through adolescence for females. Consistent with sexual dimorphisms in facial maturation, males had less differential stability in babyfaceness from childhood to puberty than females. Stru…
The Impact of Cultural Background and Cross-Cultural Experience on Impressions of American and Korean Male Speakers
This study tested the hypothesis that people from different cultures would form different trait impressions based on the same vocal qualities and that cross-cultural experience would influence trait impressions through adaptive acculturation. Koreans in Korea, Koreans in the United States, and Americans served as subjects with American and Korean male speakers as targets. It was found that vocal loudness universally conveyed power. The effects of…
Accurate Social Perception at Zero Acquaintance
We review research on accurate social perception at zero acquaintance and apply a Gibsonian ecological approach to redress several shortcomings. We argue that recent use of Brunswik's lens model to determine what physical qualities accurately communicate psychological traits has limited utility because it fails to consider the structured information provided by configural physical qualities that is central to Gibson's (1979) theory. We elaborate …
Reading faces
Do we read character in faces? What information do faces actually provide? Why do we associate certain facial qualities with particular character traits? What are the social and psychological consequences of reading character in faces? Zebrowitz unmasks the face and provides the first systematic, scientific account of our tendency to judge people by their appearance. Offering an in-depth analysis of two appearance qualities that influence our imp…
Person Perception Comes of Age
Bright, bad, babyfaced boys
Three studies tested the hypothesis that babyfaced adolescent boys would compensate for the undesirable expectation that they will exhibit childlike traits by behaving contrary to it. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that babyfaced boys from middle- and lower class samples, including a sample of delinquents, showed higher academic achievement than their mature-faced peers, refuting the stereotype of babyfaced people as intellectually weak. In the lower c…
Bright, bad, babyfaced boys
Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health?
Psychology (35 obras) · Social Psychology (31 obras) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (20 obras) · Developmental psychology (19 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Cognitive psychology (16 obras) · Perception (16 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (11 obras) · Face Recognition and Perception (10 obras) · Social perception (9 obras)