Rachel Kidman
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 165304 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Rachel Kidman |
| PRENOMES | Rachel |
| SOBRENOME | Kidman |
| ASSINATURA | KIDMAN R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Stony Brook University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7202-5571 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 43 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 43 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2003 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
The Impact of Extending Paid Maternity and Paternity Leave on Female Employment
It Is Not My Business’
Community violence is linked to adverse social and health outcomes such as trauma, depression and injury. South Africa has high rates of community violence, particularly in townships where higher rates of poverty and unemployment are reported. The purpose of this study was to understand adolescent boys’ experiences, perceptions, and responses to community violence. We used a qualitative design, conducting in-depth interviews with 48 adolescent bo…
The role of masculinity in HIV disclosure among adolescent South African boys living with HIV
HIV transmission among adolescents remains a pressing public health challenge in South Africa. Onward HIV disclosure to sexual partners can reduce transmission, but disclosure is low among adolescents. Adherence to hegemonic masculine norms may create a barrier to disclosure among boys. Repeated measures designs are necessary to more accurately capture disclosure, which is an ongoing behavior shaped by multiple processes. 251 South African adoles…
To Have a Father, Maybe I Was Going to be a Better Person”
Biological father absence affects children’s well-being and development, with effects that can persist into adulthood due to associated factors such as economic hardship and psychological distress. In South Africa, where approximately 63% of children are not living with their biological fathers, understanding how this absence affects young people is crucial. This study explores how the absence of biological fathers impacts adolescent boys as they…
Daily Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Adolescent Boys in Soweto, South Africa
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major global health concern and is particularly high among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. We collected weekly surveys for one year from 421 South African adolescent boys and conducted interviews with 48 participants. Quantitative analyses revealed that daily fluctuations in negative emotions were associated with higher odds of IPV perpetration, but binge drinking was not. Qualitative analyses highlighted a…
Violence and Depression Among Adolescent Boys in Soweto, South Africa, 2020‒2023
Objectives. To identify if violence is associated with adolescent depression by leveraging data from a longitudinal, repeated measures study among adolescent boys from an underrepresented context. Methods. South African adolescent boys (n = 498) enrolled between 2020 and 2023. Participants reported lifetime violence exposure and depression symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Over the study year, participants reported past-week violence exp…
The combined effect of free and compulsory lower secondary education on educational attainment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Greater educational attainment has vast economic, health, and intergenerational benefits, yet less than half children in sub-Saharan Africa complete lower secondary school. In contrast to primary education, there is limited research on the impact of national policies at the secondary level on educational attainment. A significant number of low-income countries continue to charge tuition for secondary education and a majority do not make secondary…
The impact of introducing free & compulsory pre-primary education policy on mothers’ labor outcomes
Violence as an obstacle to HIV medication adherence and viral suppression
Pathways between adverse childhood experiences and viral suppression among male HIV-infected adolescents in South Africa
Fewer adolescents achieve viral suppression compared to adults. One impediment may be a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). To better develop targets and timeframes for intervention, this study created more robust estimates of the impact of cumulative adversity on viral suppression, tested whether the association is sensitive to the timing of adversity, and simultaneously tested several potential mechanisms. We focus on males, who ha…
Drivers of child marriages for girls
Child marriage has adverse consequences for young girls. Cross-sectional research has highlighted several potential drivers of early marriage. We analyse drivers of child marriage using longitudinal data from rural Malawi, where rates of child marriage are among the highest in the world despite being illegal. Estimates from survival models show that 26% of girls in our sample marry before age 18. Importantly, girls report high decision-making aut…
HIV Stigma, Health, and Violence
Reducing child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa
Child marriage remains prevalent: 1 in 5 women aged 20–24 report marriage before 18. • Health risks include early pregnancy and exposure to intimate partner violence. • Both child marriage laws and access to education have been proposed as solutions. • Two-way fixed effects models were used to evaluate these policy impacts in Africa. • Results suggest both policies are needed to effectively reduce child marriage. The public health burden associat…
The intergenerational effect of tuition-free lower-secondary education on children’s nutritional outcomes in Africa
One in five child deaths under age 5 are a result of severe wasting. Malnutrition at early ages is linked to lifelong consequences, such as reduced cognitive skills, reduced earnings in adulthood and chronic health conditions. Countries worldwide have committed to addressing child undernutrition, and ending hunger is foundational to the Millennium Development Goals. In this paper, we study the intergenerational effect of providing free tuition in…
Longitudinal consistency of self-reports of adverse childhood experiences among adolescents in a low-income setting
A sizeable literature documents the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and poor health in later life. By and large, ACEs are measured using retrospective self-reports. Little is known about the longitudinal consistency of these self-reports in panel data with multiple measurements. This is especially true in adolescence, as most studies using ACEs self-reports have been conducted among adults. Furthermore, very few studies …
The effects of negative economic shocks at birth on adolescents’ cognitive outcomes and educational attainment in Malawi
We provide new evidence of the association between moderate negative economic shocks in utero or shortly after birth and adolescents' cognitive outcomes and educational attainment in Malawi. This is one of the first studies to analyze the effect of not one, but multiple moderate negative economic shocks in a sub-Saharan African (SSA) low-income country (LIC). This focus is important as multiple economic shocks in early life are more representativ…
Domestic violence calls for police service in five US cities during the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020
Results suggest that the stay-at-home orders may have contributed to an increase in DV calls in some cities (Phoenix, and to a smaller extent LA, NYC), but the increase seen in Chicago (and to some extent Phoenix) persisted beyond the stay-at-home order and therefore may not be attributable to the stay-at-home orders. Additional studies are needed to help explain why the association between stay-at-home orders and DV police call volume seems to o…
Returning to school after Covid-19 closures
Social norms, agency, and marriage aspirations in Malawi
OBJECTIVE: We evaluate whether community norms, caregiver beliefs, and adolescents' own beliefs and perceptions, focused on early marriage, predict adolescent marriage aspirations in a low-income context. BACKGROUND: The processes that contribute to adolescent marriage aspiration formation have received little attention in low-income contexts, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding how marriage aspirations are formed is important because …
Growing up positive
Over three million youth live with HIV worldwide. Very little is known about whether youth disclose their HIV status to family, friends or sexual partners, and what risks and benefits may accrue from doing so. This study characterizes HIV disclosure among 250 youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV; age 13-24 years) living in Soweto, South Africa. A third had self-disclosed their HIV status to at least one person; similarly, only a third of sex…
Interest in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among adolescents and their caregivers in Malawi
Over a third of new HIV infections occur in adolescents aged 10-19 globally. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could be a powerful tool for prevention. Understanding more about the drivers of PrEP interest could inform implementation strategies among this age group. Moreover, family dynamics may play a uniquely critical role for this younger age group, thus it is important to gauge whether caregivers would support their children's use of PrEP. We s…
Internal migration and child health in Malawi
Prioritising action to accelerate gender equity and health for women and girls
The Sustainable Development Goals set ambitious targets for health. Meeting such will require drastic improvements in the social conditions for women and girls. Understanding which social conditions have the greatest impact on health can help prioritise action, yet there is little comparative data. We use microdata from 338,580 women in 47 low- and middle-income countries to estimate the relative contributions of improved social determinants in b…
Stigma, Depression, and Substance Use Problems Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Youth in South Africa
Caregiver supportive policies to improve child outcomes in the wake of the HIV/Aids epidemic
In the wake of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, caregivers are struggling to support HIV-affected children. For reasons of equity and efficiency, their needs can be best met through strong social protections and policies. This paper presents a conceptual framework to help address the needs of HIV-affected caregivers and to prioritize policies. We describe the needs that are common across diverse caregiving populations (e.g., economic security); the needs w…
Intimate partner violence, modern contraceptive use and conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Caregiver burden among adults caring for orphaned children in rural South Africa
The AIDS epidemic has created an unprecedented number of orphans. While largely absorbed by extended family, this additional responsibility can weigh heavily on their caregivers. The concept of caregiver burden captures multiple dimensions of well-being (e.g., physical, social and psychological). Measuring the extent and determinants of caregiving burden can inform the design of programmes to ease the negative consequences of caregiving. This stu…
Internal migration and child health in Malawi
Aids in the family and community
Returning to school after Covid-19 closures
The combined effect of free and compulsory lower secondary education on educational attainment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Greater educational attainment has vast economic, health, and intergenerational benefits, yet less than half children in sub-Saharan Africa complete lower secondary school. In contrast to primary education, there is limited research on the impact of national policies at the secondary level on educational attainment. A significant number of low-income countries continue to charge tuition for secondary education and a majority do not make secondary…
The impact of introducing free & compulsory pre-primary education policy on mothers’ labor outcomes
Home visiting programs for HIV-affected families
Home visiting is a popular component of programs for HIV-affected children in sub-Saharan Africa, but its implementation varies widely. While some home visitors are lay volunteers, other programs invest in more highly trained paraprofessional staff. This paper describes a study investigating whether additional investment in paraprofessional staffing translated into higher quality service delivery in one program context. Beneficiary children and c…
Shifting Perspectives on Gambling and Addiction
Toward a Syndrome Model of Addiction
Shaffer, Howard J. PhD, CAS1; LaPlante, Debi A. PhD; LaBrie, Richard A. EdD; Kidman, Rachel C. BA; Donato, Anthony N. MPP; Stanton, Michael V. BA Author Information
The Iowa Gambling Treatment Program
Africa's orphan crisis
The AIDS epidemic has created a crisis for children, severely threatening the health and development of children whose parents are ill, have died and whose communities have lost a large percentage of their adults. Even when extended family can serve as guardians, their need to work in the context of widespread poverty decreases the amount of time they are able to spend with children. Other children live in child-headed households or with seniors …
Creating a Healthier Version of Globalization
HIV/Aids, declining family resources and the community safety net
Families play central roles in the HIV/AIDS pandemic, caring for both orphaned children and the ill. This extra caregiving depletes two family resources essential for supporting children: time and money. We use recent data from published studies in sub-Saharan Africa to illustrate deficits and document community responses. In Botswana, parents caring for the chronically ill had less time for their preschool children (74 versus 96 hours per month)…
The extent of community and public support available to families caring for orphans in Malawi
There are an estimated 15 million AIDS orphans worldwide. Families play an important role in safeguarding orphans, but they may be increasingly compromised by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The international aid community has recognized the need to help families continue caring for orphaned children by strengthening their safety nets. Before we build new structures, however, we need to know the extent to which community and public safety nets already pro…
Aids in the family and community
Educational Disparities in Aids-affected Communities
To inform policy, our study identifies which populations of AIDS-affected children are in need of educational assistance. Using the 2004--2005 Malawi Integrated Household Survey, multilevel models examine the association between AIDS-related impacts and educational outcomes. Double and maternal orphans are more likely to be out of school and behind in grade level; living with an adult suffering from a potential AIDS-related illness is also associ…
Fertility Among Orphans in Rural Malawi
CONTEXT: Although a substantial literature suggests that orphans suffer disadvantage relative to nonorphaned peers, the nature of this disadvantage and the mechanisms driving it are poorly understood. Some evidence suggests that orphans experience elevated fertility, perhaps because structural disadvantage leads them to engage in sexual risk-taking. An alternative explanation is that orphans intentionally become pregnant to achieve a sense of nor…
Does investment in home visitors lead to better psychological health for HIV-affected families? Results from a quasi-experimental evaluation in South Africa
Children and families affected by HIV are at considerable risk for psychological distress. Community-based home visiting is a common mechanism for providing basic counseling and other services to HIV-affected families. While programs emphasize home visitor training and compensation as means to promote high-quality service delivery, whether these efforts result in measurable gains in beneficiaries' well-being remains largely unanswered. This study…
Family Functioning and Child Behavioral Problems in Households Affected by HIV and Aids in Kenya
Caregiver burden among adults caring for orphaned children in rural South Africa
The AIDS epidemic has created an unprecedented number of orphans. While largely absorbed by extended family, this additional responsibility can weigh heavily on their caregivers. The concept of caregiver burden captures multiple dimensions of well-being (e.g., physical, social and psychological). Measuring the extent and determinants of caregiving burden can inform the design of programmes to ease the negative consequences of caregiving. This stu…
Home visiting programs for HIV-affected families
Home visiting is a popular component of programs for HIV-affected children in sub-Saharan Africa, but its implementation varies widely. While some home visitors are lay volunteers, other programs invest in more highly trained paraprofessional staff. This paper describes a study investigating whether additional investment in paraprofessional staffing translated into higher quality service delivery in one program context. Beneficiary children and c…
Bridging the gap
Cash transfer programs hold significant potential to mitigate the economic burdens resulting from the HIV epidemic and enhance the wellbeing of affected children. South Africa offers two cash transfers designed specifically to benefit children: the Child Support Grant, for low income families with children, and the Foster Child Grant, for children living outside of parental care. Given the high proportion of HIV-affected children who qualify for …
Intimate partner violence, modern contraceptive use and conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Caregiver supportive policies to improve child outcomes in the wake of the HIV/Aids epidemic
In the wake of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, caregivers are struggling to support HIV-affected children. For reasons of equity and efficiency, their needs can be best met through strong social protections and policies. This paper presents a conceptual framework to help address the needs of HIV-affected caregivers and to prioritize policies. We describe the needs that are common across diverse caregiving populations (e.g., economic security); the needs w…
Psychological and behavioral interventions to reduce HIV risk
Evidence-based approaches are needed to address the high levels of sexual risk behavior and associated HIV infection among orphaned and vulnerable adolescents. This study recruited adolescents from a support program for HIV-affected families and randomly assigned them by cluster to receive one of the following: (1) a structured group-based behavioral health intervention; (2) interpersonal psychotherapy group sessions; (3) both interventions; or (…
Are adolescent orphans more likely to be HIV-positive? A pooled data analyses across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
BACKGROUND: Despite extensive resources and numerous programmes directed towards orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence of their disadvantage is surprisingly limited. While initial research suggests that orphans are at greater risk of being HIV-positive, the evidence is limited in geographic scope. METHODS: To rigorously test disparities in HIV prevalence related to orphanhood and parental HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, we used Demographic an…
Prioritising action to accelerate gender equity and health for women and girls
The Sustainable Development Goals set ambitious targets for health. Meeting such will require drastic improvements in the social conditions for women and girls. Understanding which social conditions have the greatest impact on health can help prioritise action, yet there is little comparative data. We use microdata from 338,580 women in 47 low- and middle-income countries to estimate the relative contributions of improved social determinants in b…
Stigma, Depression, and Substance Use Problems Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Youth in South Africa
Internal migration and child health in Malawi
Growing up positive
Over three million youth live with HIV worldwide. Very little is known about whether youth disclose their HIV status to family, friends or sexual partners, and what risks and benefits may accrue from doing so. This study characterizes HIV disclosure among 250 youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV; age 13-24 years) living in Soweto, South Africa. A third had self-disclosed their HIV status to at least one person; similarly, only a third of sex…
Interest in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among adolescents and their caregivers in Malawi
Over a third of new HIV infections occur in adolescents aged 10-19 globally. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could be a powerful tool for prevention. Understanding more about the drivers of PrEP interest could inform implementation strategies among this age group. Moreover, family dynamics may play a uniquely critical role for this younger age group, thus it is important to gauge whether caregivers would support their children's use of PrEP. We s…
Social norms, agency, and marriage aspirations in Malawi
OBJECTIVE: We evaluate whether community norms, caregiver beliefs, and adolescents' own beliefs and perceptions, focused on early marriage, predict adolescent marriage aspirations in a low-income context. BACKGROUND: The processes that contribute to adolescent marriage aspiration formation have received little attention in low-income contexts, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding how marriage aspirations are formed is important because …
Medicine (31 obras) · Psychology (31 obras) · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare (22 obras) · Demography (19 obras) · Environmental health (16 obras) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (15 obras) · Economic growth (15 obras) · Economics (15 obras) · Psychiatry (15 obras) · Clinical Psychology (13 obras)