Karen S Rook
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 165795 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Karen S Rook |
| PRENOMES | Karen S |
| SOBRENOME | Rook |
| ASSINATURA | ROOK K S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Irvine |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7565-8486 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 852 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1977 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
The advantages of seeing the silver lining
Objectives Relationships that elicit both positive and negative emotions, known as ambivalent ties, are often linked to adverse health outcomes in later life. Their negative health impacts, however, may depend on how older adults appraise different emotional experiences (e.g., viewing relationship “ups and downs” as useful or meaningful). This study examined whether bivalent affect valuation (BAV; the extent to which people appraise both positive…
Loneliness and Expanding Social Ties in Later Life
Greater attention to the role of loneliness in older adults' motivations for making new ties or rekindling dormant ties will broaden our understanding of social network changes in later life
Does Diversity of Social Ties Really Matter More for Health and Leisure Activity than Number of Social Ties? Evidence from Later Adulthood
Contrary to prevailing views, diversity of ties is not necessarily more important than number of ties. Findings extend scientific understanding and approaches to interventions
A Change for the Worse
The association between negative social exchanges and accelerated deterioration in self-rated health provides general support for hypotheses that interpersonal stressors play an important role age-related physical health decline
Spouses' responses to the dietary nonadherence of their partners managing diabetes
The association between patients' dietary nonadherence and spouses' involvement in patients' diabetes diet was examined, with spouses' anxiety about nonadherence considered as a mediator of this association. Daily diary data from 128 older adult patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses were analyzed using multilevel models. Results revealed that on days when patients reported less adherence to their diabetes diet than usual, spouses report…
Do cultural values have a role in health equity? A study of Latina mothers and daughters
First, familism has the potential to buffer the negative effect of stress in ways that are protective for health among Latinas at risk for diabetes. Second, this buffering effect has boundary conditions, suggesting that a better understanding is needed of how, for whom, and under what circumstances familism can be beneficial for health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Close social ties and health in later life
The world is aging at an unprecedented rate, with older adults representing the fastest-growing segment of the population in most economically developed and developing countries. This demographic shift leaves much uncharted territory for researchers who study social relationships and health. Social relationships exert powerful influences on physical health in later adulthood, a critical consideration given age-related increases in the prevalence …
Emotional reactivity to daily stress, spousal emotional support, and fasting blood glucose among patients with type 2 diabetes
Stress is associated with higher blood glucose in patients with diabetes, but the strength of this association varies considerably across patients. The current daily diary study of 129 patients with type 2 diabetes examined whether individual differences in emotional stress reactivity were associated with fasting blood glucose and whether emotional support provided by spouses moderated this association. Greater stress reactivity was related to gr…
Social Networks in Later Life
Social networks provide a mix of positive and negative experiences. Network members can provide help in times of need and day-to-day companionship, but they can also behave in ways that are inconsiderate, hurtful, or intrusive. Researchers must grapple with these dualities in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of how social network ties affect health and well-being. This article provides an overview of research that has examined the h…
Social Relationships
Spousal undermining of older diabetic patients' disease management
Marriage can enhance health for individuals with a chronic disease, yet spouses may also undermine disease management. The current study investigated spousal undermining of dietary regimen in 129 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 40 patients reported that their spouses tempted them with forbidden foods, and 15 reported that their spouses conveyed disregard for their diabetic diet. Spousal tempting was associated with worse dietar…
Emotional and social loneliness in later life
The adverse effects of loneliness on health and well-being accelerate with age, making it important to understand the relationship experiences that underlie loneliness in later life. The current study distinguished between emotional and social loneliness and compared their associations with parallel categories of positive and negative social exchanges in a representative sample of older adults. Given the high rates of marital loss in later life, …
Daily symptoms, distress and interaction quality among couples coping with type 2 diabetes
In this electronic diary study ( N = 127 couples), we examined how a diabetic partner's symptoms and distress are associated with relationship interactions over 24 days. Using dyadic multilevel models, we examined the effects of patients' daily diabetes symptom severity and diabetes-specific distress on each partner's evaluations of their daily interaction enjoyment and tension. For both patients and spouses, diabetes symptoms were associated wit…
Acculturation and intergenerational relationships in Vietnamese American families
Are spouses of chronically ill partners burdened by exerting health-related social control
Spouses often seek to influence the health behaviors of chronically ill partners, but little research has examined whether spouses find such involvement to be burdensome. The current study examined this question in a sample of 191 nondiabetic spouses whose partners had type 2 diabetes. Results revealed that spouses who attempted to exert more control over their partners' dietary behavior experienced greater burden, particularly when their partner…
When does spousal social control provoke negative reactions in the context of chronic illness? The pivotal role of patients' expectations
Spouses often monitor and seek to alter each other's health behavior, but such social control attempts can provoke behavioral resistance and emotional distress. Expectations regarding spouses' roles in their partners' health may influence reactions to spousal social control, with resistance and hostility less likely to occur among people who believe spouses should be involved in their partners' health. Evidence consistent with this idea emerged i…
Does volunteering moderate the relation between functional limitations and mortality
Gaps in social support resources in later life
Gaps in social support resources in later life may arise when older adults lose social network members due to illness, death, or residential relocation. Gaps also may arise when social networks remain intact but are not well suited to meet older adults' intensifying support needs, such as needs for extended or highly personal instrumental support. Significant gaps in support resources are likely to require adaptive responses by older adults. This…
Financial strain, negative social interaction, and self-rated health
Three hypotheses concerning negative social interaction in later life were evaluated in this study. First, it was predicted that greater personal economic difficulty is associated with more frequent negative social interaction with social network members in general. Secondly, it was proposed that more frequent negative social interaction exacerbates the undesirable effect of personal financial strain on change in self-rated health during late lif…
Pain, Positive and Negative Social Exchanges, and Depressive Symptomatology in Later Life
The findings underscore the value of examining older adults' social exchanges in efforts to understand pain-induced depressive symptomatology
Positive and Negative Social Exchanges and Disability in Later Life
Findings highlight the importance of evaluating multiple trajectories of change in older adults' social exchanges and disability
The Joint Effects of Life Stress and Negative Social Exchanges on Emotional Distress
This study suggests that negative social exchanges and stressful life experiences jointly affect emotional distress, but the particular nature of the joint effects varies by type and level of stressor. Negative social exchanges appear to have more severe effects in the context of some stressors but less severe effects in the context of other stressors
Understanding the Relative Importance of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges
Negative social exchanges have been more reliably related to psychological health than have positive social exchanges. Little research, however, has sought to understand how underlying appraisal processes link such exchanges to psychological health. This study examined the frequencies of occurrence and appraisals of four parallel domains of positive and negative exchanges in relation to positive well-being and psychological distress in a national…
The Relative Importance of Three Domains of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges
Researchers have expressed considerable interest in the question of whether positive or negative social exchanges more strongly affect psychological health, but previous studies have been limited by using nonparallel measures of positive and negative social exchanges, by measuring negative affect only, and by relying largely on cross-sectional designs. The independent effects of positive and negative exchanges on both positive and negative affect…
Exposure and Reactivity to Negative Social Exchanges
Negative social exchanges have the potential to detract from well-being in later life, but the factors that influence older adults' vulnerability to such exchanges remain poorly understood. Two dimensions of vulnerability, exposure and reactivity, were investigated using daily diary data collected at two time points from a sample of community-residing older adults (N = 129). Three categories of predictors were examined: individual characteristics…
The negative side of social interaction
Social support versus companionship
Understanding the Relative Importance of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges
Negative social exchanges have been more reliably related to psychological health than have positive social exchanges. Little research, however, has sought to understand how underlying appraisal processes link such exchanges to psychological health. This study examined the frequencies of occurrence and appraisals of four parallel domains of positive and negative exchanges in relation to positive well-being and psychological distress in a national…
Close social ties and health in later life
The world is aging at an unprecedented rate, with older adults representing the fastest-growing segment of the population in most economically developed and developing countries. This demographic shift leaves much uncharted territory for researchers who study social relationships and health. Social relationships exert powerful influences on physical health in later adulthood, a critical consideration given age-related increases in the prevalence …
Reciprocity of social exchange and social satisfaction among older women
Negative Interaction in Late Life
This study used an inductive approach to probe more deeply into the nature of negative interaction in late life. The data come from a nationwide longitudinal survey of older adults (N = 515). We began with two empirical observations and derived theoretical propositions from them that have not been explored extensively in mainstream gerontological research on negative interaction. First, the findings reveal that unpleasant interaction is quite sta…
Compensatory patterns of support among children's peer relationships
We examined the extent to which isolated and aggressive 6th graders compensate for unsatisfying school friendships by deriving support from siblings and nonschool friends and whether this support protects such children from poor socioemotional outcomes. Results were as follows: (a) When compared with average and aggressive children, isolated children perceived their school friendships as least supportive and their favorite sibling relationships a…
Stress Transmission
Karen Rook, David Dooley, Ralph Catalano, Stress Transmission: The Effects of Husbands' Job Stressors on the Emotional Health of Their Wives, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1991), pp. 165-177
Gaps in social support resources in later life
Gaps in social support resources in later life may arise when older adults lose social network members due to illness, death, or residential relocation. Gaps also may arise when social networks remain intact but are not well suited to meet older adults' intensifying support needs, such as needs for extended or highly personal instrumental support. Significant gaps in support resources are likely to require adaptive responses by older adults. This…
Emotional and social loneliness in later life
The adverse effects of loneliness on health and well-being accelerate with age, making it important to understand the relationship experiences that underlie loneliness in later life. The current study distinguished between emotional and social loneliness and compared their associations with parallel categories of positive and negative social exchanges in a representative sample of older adults. Given the high rates of marital loss in later life, …
When does spousal social control provoke negative reactions in the context of chronic illness? The pivotal role of patients' expectations
Spouses often monitor and seek to alter each other's health behavior, but such social control attempts can provoke behavioral resistance and emotional distress. Expectations regarding spouses' roles in their partners' health may influence reactions to spousal social control, with resistance and hostility less likely to occur among people who believe spouses should be involved in their partners' health. Evidence consistent with this idea emerged i…
The Joint Effects of Life Stress and Negative Social Exchanges on Emotional Distress
This study suggests that negative social exchanges and stressful life experiences jointly affect emotional distress, but the particular nature of the joint effects varies by type and level of stressor. Negative social exchanges appear to have more severe effects in the context of some stressors but less severe effects in the context of other stressors
Spousal undermining of older diabetic patients' disease management
Marriage can enhance health for individuals with a chronic disease, yet spouses may also undermine disease management. The current study investigated spousal undermining of dietary regimen in 129 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 40 patients reported that their spouses tempted them with forbidden foods, and 15 reported that their spouses conveyed disregard for their diabetic diet. Spousal tempting was associated with worse dietar…
Exposure and Reactivity to Negative Social Exchanges
Negative social exchanges have the potential to detract from well-being in later life, but the factors that influence older adults' vulnerability to such exchanges remain poorly understood. Two dimensions of vulnerability, exposure and reactivity, were investigated using daily diary data collected at two time points from a sample of community-residing older adults (N = 129). Three categories of predictors were examined: individual characteristics…
Applying Social Support Research
Two independent research traditions have evolved that deal with social support‐an analytic tradition that emphasizes theory‐based tests of hypotheses and an applied tradition that emphasizes evaluations of interventions. This paper seeks to stimulate feedback between these two traditions by examining how implicit assumptions and conceptual distinctions embedded within the analytic literature translate into suggestions for intervention. Assumption…
Are spouses of chronically ill partners burdened by exerting health-related social control
Spouses often seek to influence the health behaviors of chronically ill partners, but little research has examined whether spouses find such involvement to be burdensome. The current study examined this question in a sample of 191 nondiabetic spouses whose partners had type 2 diabetes. Results revealed that spouses who attempted to exert more control over their partners' dietary behavior experienced greater burden, particularly when their partner…
Personal and Aggregate Unemployment and Psychological Symptoms
Four different types of individual‐level unemployment experiences were studied in relation to psychological symptoms: (1) current unemployment following a recent involuntary job loss, (2) unemployment among students or homemakers, (3) reemployment after recent job loss, and (4) either voluntary or long‐term (greater than 6 months) unemployment. Aggregate unemployment (the prevailing rate in the surveyed community) was also studied, both alone and…
Does volunteering moderate the relation between functional limitations and mortality
Labor Markets and Help-Seeking
The hypothesis that job insecurity, engendered by the oversupply of labor, is a predictor of seeking help for psychological problems is derived from concepts drawn from sociology, management science, and psychology. The hypothesis is tested with data describing approximately 3,850 principal wage earners interviewed over a four-year period in the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area. Results suggest that job insecurity increases the likelihood…
Positive and Negative Social Exchanges and Disability in Later Life
Findings highlight the importance of evaluating multiple trajectories of change in older adults' social exchanges and disability
When are dysphoric individuals distressing to others and vice versa? Effects of friendship, similarity, and interaction task
Interpersonal relationships present difficulties for dysphoric individuals, but the specific contexts in which these difficulties arise remain poorly understood. The authors examined several factors hypothesized to affect how dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals react to each other. Female college students interacted with either a friend or stranger who had a similar or dissimilar dysphoria status in three tasks: a causal conversation, disclosu…
A test of reciprocal risk between undesirable economic and noneconomic life events
The proposition that undesirable life experiences are risk factors for each other was explored by testing several hypotheses concerning the temporal relationships between economic and noneconomic life events. The tests were conducted using data describing the incidence of stressful experiences among approximately 3,500 Anglo and Hispanic residents of Los Angeles County. Findings suggested that Anglo men who have undesirable economic life experien…
Pain, Positive and Negative Social Exchanges, and Depressive Symptomatology in Later Life
The findings underscore the value of examining older adults' social exchanges in efforts to understand pain-induced depressive symptomatology
Loving Women
The love relationships of lesbians were investigated as part of a questionnaire study of a diverse sample of 127 lesbians. The majority of women said their current relationship was extremely close, personally satisfying, and egalitarian. Differences among women's values concerning relationships reflected two distinct dimensions: dyadic attachment and personal autonomy. These relationship values were associated with women's social characteristics …
Spouses' responses to the dietary nonadherence of their partners managing diabetes
The association between patients' dietary nonadherence and spouses' involvement in patients' diabetes diet was examined, with spouses' anxiety about nonadherence considered as a mediator of this association. Daily diary data from 128 older adult patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses were analyzed using multilevel models. Results revealed that on days when patients reported less adherence to their diabetes diet than usual, spouses report…
A Cognitive Perspective on the Experience of Sexual Arousal
Much of the important research in human sexual functioning has consisted of surveys and descriptions of sexual acts or analyses of the biological components of the sexual response. This paper presents an analysis of cognitive factors that affect the way in which physiological and interpersonal events are defined and experienced as sexual. Research and theory from current social psychological investigations of emotions are discussed, and the impli…
Loving Women
The love relationships of lesbians were investigated as part of a questionnaire study of a diverse sample of 127 lesbians. The majority of women said their current relationship was extremely close, personally satisfying, and egalitarian. Differences among women's values concerning relationships reflected two distinct dimensions: dyadic attachment and personal autonomy. These relationship values were associated with women's social characteristics …
Promoting social bonding
Les auteurs proposent un cadre general pour conceptualiser les solutions a l'isolement, ainsi que des interventions specifiques au niveau des personnes isolees ou de leur environnement social
Promoting social bonding
The negative side of social interaction
Applying Social Support Research
Two independent research traditions have evolved that deal with social support‐an analytic tradition that emphasizes theory‐based tests of hypotheses and an applied tradition that emphasizes evaluations of interventions. This paper seeks to stimulate feedback between these two traditions by examining how implicit assumptions and conceptual distinctions embedded within the analytic literature translate into suggestions for intervention. Assumption…
Labor Markets and Help-Seeking
The hypothesis that job insecurity, engendered by the oversupply of labor, is a predictor of seeking help for psychological problems is derived from concepts drawn from sociology, management science, and psychology. The hypothesis is tested with data describing approximately 3,850 principal wage earners interviewed over a four-year period in the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area. Results suggest that job insecurity increases the likelihood…
Job and non‐job stressors and their moderators
Almost 4000 principal wage‐earners were surveyed to assess the main and interactive effects of undesirable and desirable life‐events, social support, and perceived and objective job security on psychological symptoms. Events and support were measured for both the job and non‐job spheres. Three methods of analysis were used. Ordinary regression was used as a preliminary analysis and to provide comparison with the customary approach. A second analy…
A test of reciprocal risk between undesirable economic and noneconomic life events
The proposition that undesirable life experiences are risk factors for each other was explored by testing several hypotheses concerning the temporal relationships between economic and noneconomic life events. The tests were conducted using data describing the incidence of stressful experiences among approximately 3,500 Anglo and Hispanic residents of Los Angeles County. Findings suggested that Anglo men who have undesirable economic life experien…
Social support versus companionship
Reciprocity of social exchange and social satisfaction among older women
Decision style in depression
The present study investigated the contribution of cognitive and social factors to the decision style of depressed persons. During two sessions (Times 1 and 2), depressed and nondepressed college students were asked to imagine themselves making decisions about common life situations that afforded potential benefits but that also entailed potential risks. The decision scenarios varied in content; for example, some focused on decisions about establ…
Personal and Aggregate Unemployment and Psychological Symptoms
Four different types of individual‐level unemployment experiences were studied in relation to psychological symptoms: (1) current unemployment following a recent involuntary job loss, (2) unemployment among students or homemakers, (3) reemployment after recent job loss, and (4) either voluntary or long‐term (greater than 6 months) unemployment. Aggregate unemployment (the prevailing rate in the surveyed community) was also studied, both alone and…
The timing of major life events
It is widely believed that social norms govern the timing of major life events, such that events experienced off time are considerably more stressful than events experienced on time. Experiencing life events either earlier or later than one's peers presumably reduces opportunities for social support and may also invite social disapproval. Relatively few empirical studies have investigated these ideas, however, and those that have suffer from seve…
Parallels in the Study of Social Support and Social Strain
For most people, social relationships undoubtedly function more often as assets than as liabilities. Yet social relationships clearly can be a source of stress as well as support and companionship, and evidence suggests that negative social exchanges have potent effects on psychological well-being. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of how social bonds affect emotional and physical health, greater attention is needed to the problematic…
Facilitating friendship formation in late life
Considerable evidence indicates that friendships contribute to the psychological well-being of older adults. Seeking ways to help lonely older adults form new friendships thus makes a good deal of sense, but as the disappointing results reported by Heller et al. (1991) indicate, translating this conceptually sound goal into a practical reality presents many challenges. This commentary seeks to build upon the authors' analysis of factors that may …
Stress Transmission
Karen Rook, David Dooley, Ralph Catalano, Stress Transmission: The Effects of Husbands' Job Stressors on the Emotional Health of Their Wives, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1991), pp. 165-177
Compensatory patterns of support among children's peer relationships
We examined the extent to which isolated and aggressive 6th graders compensate for unsatisfying school friendships by deriving support from siblings and nonschool friends and whether this support protects such children from poor socioemotional outcomes. Results were as follows: (a) When compared with average and aggressive children, isolated children perceived their school friendships as least supportive and their favorite sibling relationships a…
Accuracy in perceptions of interpersonal interactions
Conflicting views of depressives' interpersonal accuracy were addressed in an investigation of the accuracy of mild depressives (dysphorics) across differing social contexts. Women who were either friends or strangers and who were either similar or dissimilar in level of dysphoria conversed about 3 topics: a neutral topic, their own disclosure of a personal problem, and their partner's disclosure. Dysphorics were not more accurate in general than…
When are dysphoric individuals distressing to others and vice versa? Effects of friendship, similarity, and interaction task
Interpersonal relationships present difficulties for dysphoric individuals, but the specific contexts in which these difficulties arise remain poorly understood. The authors examined several factors hypothesized to affect how dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals react to each other. Female college students interacted with either a friend or stranger who had a similar or dissimilar dysphoria status in three tasks: a causal conversation, disclosu…
Relationship Research at the Crossroads
Positive and Negative Social Exchanges
I in how older adults' social relationships influence their health and well-being has a long history and has inspired a great deal of empirical work. In much of this work, older adults' informal social networks have been viewed as a source of support that enhances psychological well-being and facilitates adaptation to life stress. Central to this tradition of gerontological research (and to parallel literatures on other age groups) have been ques…
Sociology
Social control in personal relationships
Social control, social support, and companionship in older adults' family relationships and friendships
Social control, social support, and companionship represent basic elements of many close relationships, yet we know relatively little about how these distinctive elements separately and jointly influence relationship quality. Control and support may have incompatible effects, with efforts by a family member or friend to influence a focal person's behavior undermining the sense of support in the relationship. We examined the implications of contro…
Psychology (52 obras) · Social Psychology (35 obras) · Health disparities and outcomes (30 obras) · Social Psychology (27 obras) · Developmental psychology (26 obras) · Medicine (18 obras) · Aging and Gerontology Research (17 obras) · Social support (16 obras) · Clinical Psychology (15 obras) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (15 obras)