Scott E Maxwell
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1659930 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Scott E Maxwell |
| PRENOMES | Scott E |
| SOBRENOME | Maxwell |
| ASSINATURA | MAXWELL S E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Notre Dame |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8067-7027 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 51 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 383 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1975 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Evaluating Supplemental Samples in Longitudinal Research
Despite the wide application of longitudinal studies, they are often plagued by missing data and attrition. The majority of methodological approaches focus on participant retention or modern missing data analysis procedures. This paper, however, takes a new approach by examining how researchers may supplement the sample with additional participants. First, refreshment samples use the same selection criteria as the initial study. Second, replaceme…
On Standardizing Within-Person Effects
Person-mean centering has been recommended for disaggregating between-person and within-person effects when modeling time-varying predictors. Multilevel modeling textbooks recommended global standardization for standardizing fixed effects. An aim of this study is to evaluate whether and when person-mean centering followed by global standardization can accurately estimate fixed-effects within-person relations (the estimand of interest in this stud…
Sample-Size Planning for More Accurate Statistical Power
The sample size necessary to obtain a desired level of statistical power depends in part on the population value of the effect size, which is, by definition, unknown. A common approach to sample-size planning uses the sample effect size from a prior study as an estimate of the population value of the effect to be detected in the future study. Although this strategy is intuitively appealing, effect-size estimates, taken at face value, are typicall…
Addressing the “Replication Crisis”
Psychology is undergoing a replication crisis. The discussion surrounding this crisis has centered on mistrust of previous findings. Researchers planning replication studies often use the original study sample effect size as the basis for sample size planning. However, this strategy ignores uncertainty and publication bias in estimated effect sizes, resulting in overly optimistic calculations. A psychologist who intends to obtain power of .80 in …
Redefine statistical significance
On disaggregating between-person and within-person effects with longitudinal data using multilevel models.
This article extends current discussion of how to disaggregate between-person and within-person effects with longitudinal data using multilevel models. Our main focus is on the 2 issues of centering and detrending. Conceptual and analytical work demonstrates the similarities and differences among 3 centering approaches (no centering, grand-mean centering, and person-mean centering) and the relations and differences among various detrending approa…
Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does “failure to replicate” really mean
Psychology has recently been viewed as facing a replication crisis because efforts to replicate past study findings frequently do not show the same result. Often, the first study showed a statistically significant result but the replication does not. Questions then arise about whether the first study results were false positives, and whether the replication study correctly indicates that there is truly no effect after all. This article suggests t…
A Comparison of the Cross-Sectional and Sequential Designs when Assessing Longitudinal Mediation
Mediational studies are often of interest in psychology because they explore the underlying relationship between 2 constructs. Previous research has shown that cross-sectional designs are prone to biased estimates of longitudinal mediation parameters. The sequential design has become a popular alternative to the cross-sectional design for assessing mediation. This design is a compromise between the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs because…
Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation
Maxwell and Cole (2007) showed that cross-sectional approaches to mediation typically generate substantially biased estimates of longitudinal parameters in the special case of complete mediation. However, their results did not apply to the more typical case of partial mediation. We extend their previous work by showing that substantial bias can also occur with partial mediation. In particular, cross-sectional analyses can imply the existence of a…
Sample Size Planning for Statistical Power and Accuracy in Parameter Estimation
This review examines recent advances in sample size planning, not only from the perspective of an individual researcher, but also with regard to the goal of developing cumulative knowledge. Psychologists have traditionally thought of sample size planning in terms of power analysis. Although we review recent advances in power analysis, our main focus is the desirability of achieving accurate parameter estimates, either instead of or in addition to…
Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation.
Most empirical tests of mediation utilize cross-sectional data despite the fact that mediation consists of causal processes that unfold over time. The authors considered the possibility that longitudinal mediation might occur under either of two different models of change: (a) an autoregressive model or (b) a random effects model. For both models, the authors demonstrated that cross-sectional approaches to mediation typically generate substantial…
Adolescent Parenting and Attachment During Infancy and Early Childhood
Objective. Prenatal parenting attitudes and parenting behaviors during infancy and early childhood were used as predictors of attachment in children of adolescent mothers at ages 1 and 5. Design. Seventy-eight adolescent mother - child dyads participated. Data were collected at five time points from the third trimester of pregnancy through the children's 5th year. Results. A high percentage of children exhibited disorganized and insecure attachme…
The Persistence of Underpowered Studies in Psychological Research
Underpowered studies persist in the psychological literature. This article examines reasons for their persistence and the effects on efforts to create a cumulative science. The "curse of multiplicities" plays a central role in the presentation. Most psychologists realize that testing multiple hypotheses in a single study affects the Type I error rate, but corresponding implications for power have largely been ignored. The presence of multiple hyp…
Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data
R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986; see record 1987-13085-001) provided clarion conceptual and methodological guidelines for testing mediational models with cross-sectional data. Graduating from cross-sectional to longitudinal designs enables researchers to make more rigorous inferences about the causal relations implied by such models. In this transition, misconceptions and erroneous assumptions are the norm. First, we describe some of the questi…
The Development of Multiple Domains of Child and Adolescent Self-Concept
The development of child and adolescent self-concept was examined as a function of the self-concept domain, social/developmental/educational transitions, and gender. In two overlapping age cohorts of public school students (Ns = 936 and 984), five dimensions of self-concept were evaluated every 6 months in a manner that spanned grades 3 through 11 (representing the elementary, middle, and high school years). Domains of self-concept included acade…
A Model of Adolescent Parenting
Although Belsky's (1984) model of parenting captures much of the variability in adult parenting, it is likely incomplete as an adequate account of adolescent parenting. To test an expanded model of adolescent parenting, we gathered multiple measures of four prenatal maternal variables (cognitive readiness, personal adjustment, intelligence, and social supports) during the last trimester of pregnancy, and two variables when infants were 6 months o…
Implications of Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling for Counseling Psychology
We review recent developments in structural equation modeling (SEM) since Fassinger’s (1987) introductory article. We discuss issues critical to designing and evaluating SEM studies. Our review includes recent technological developments in SEM such as new approaches from hypothesis testing to determining statistical power and assessing model fit. Moreover, we discuss innovations in applying SEM to different research contexts and designs (e.g., ex…
Tips for writing (and reading) methodological articles
One reason many methodological articles are not very intelligible to their readers is because the content is often inherently difficult. However, a contributing factor in some cases is the tacit assumption that rules of good writing cease to apply when writing about statistics. The authors of this article argue that good writing becomes even more important as the content of the article becomes more complex. Furthermore, they believe that addition…
Tips for writing (and reading) methodological articles
Optimal allocation of assessment time in randomized pretest-posttest designs
The widely used pretest-posttest design traditionally consists of a pretest and a posttest of equal lengths. However, greater statistical power can usually be achieved by using a posttest that is somewhat longer than the pretest. This article provides a method for calculating the optimal allocation of pretest and posttest assessment units so as to maximize power and presents the accompanying reduction in required sample size for a range of parame…
How the power of Manova can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variables
Optimal allocation of assessment time in randomized pretest^posttest designs
How the power of Manova can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variables
This article directly addresses explicit contradictions in the literature regarding the relation between the power of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the intercorrelations among the dependent variables. Artificial data sets, as well as analytical methods, revealed that (a) power increases as correlations between dependent variables with large consistent effect sizes (that are in the same direction) move from near 1.0 toward - 1.0, …
Multivariate group comparisons of variable systems
Cognitive readiness and adolescent parenting
Hayes has written that about one million young women aged 15-19 become pregnant annually resulting in 500000 live births. The adverse long-term consequences associated with adolescent pregnancy include significant loss of education higher fertility rates the increased probability of single parenthood and increased dependence upon welfare assistance. Early parenthood also has critical implications for the children of young mothers who often suffer…
Redefine statistical significance
Implications of Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling for Counseling Psychology
We review recent developments in structural equation modeling (SEM) since Fassinger’s (1987) introductory article. We discuss issues critical to designing and evaluating SEM studies. Our review includes recent technological developments in SEM such as new approaches from hypothesis testing to determining statistical power and assessing model fit. Moreover, we discuss innovations in applying SEM to different research contexts and designs (e.g., ex…
Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does “failure to replicate” really mean
Psychology has recently been viewed as facing a replication crisis because efforts to replicate past study findings frequently do not show the same result. Often, the first study showed a statistically significant result but the replication does not. Questions then arise about whether the first study results were false positives, and whether the replication study correctly indicates that there is truly no effect after all. This article suggests t…
Bivariate median splits and spurious statistical significance
Despite pleas from methodologists, researchers often continue to dichotomize continuous predictor variables. The primary argument against this practice has been that it underestimates the strength of relationships and reduces statistical power. Although this argument is correct for relationships involving a single predictor, a different problem can arise when multiple predictors are involved. Specifically, dichotomizing 2 continuous independent v…
Cognitive readiness and adolescent parenting
Hayes has written that about one million young women aged 15-19 become pregnant annually resulting in 500000 live births. The adverse long-term consequences associated with adolescent pregnancy include significant loss of education higher fertility rates the increased probability of single parenthood and increased dependence upon welfare assistance. Early parenthood also has critical implications for the children of young mothers who often suffer…
Motivational components of underachievement
University of Notre DameThe goal of this study was to compare and predict academic performance in achieving and under-achieving students on the basis of motivational, affective, and metacognitive processes. Ninety-eight underachievers and 102 achievers were tested on multiple measures of ability, attributions,self-esteem, reading awareness, and reading performance. Achievers were discriminated fromunderachievers on the basis of mean differences i…
Multivariate group comparisons of variable systems
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) are compared as alternative approaches to the detection of multivariate mean differences in betweengroups designs. MANOVA remains the most commonly implemented multivariate test of betweengroups mean differences. When the set of outcome variables reflects a latent-variable system rather than an emergent-vari able system, however, SEM provides an elegant alternative …
A Model of Adolescent Parenting
Although Belsky's (1984) model of parenting captures much of the variability in adult parenting, it is likely incomplete as an adequate account of adolescent parenting. To test an expanded model of adolescent parenting, we gathered multiple measures of four prenatal maternal variables (cognitive readiness, personal adjustment, intelligence, and social supports) during the last trimester of pregnancy, and two variables when infants were 6 months o…
Adolescent Parenting and Attachment During Infancy and Early Childhood
Objective. Prenatal parenting attitudes and parenting behaviors during infancy and early childhood were used as predictors of attachment in children of adolescent mothers at ages 1 and 5. Design. Seventy-eight adolescent mother - child dyads participated. Data were collected at five time points from the third trimester of pregnancy through the children's 5th year. Results. A high percentage of children exhibited disorganized and insecure attachme…
Another look at Ancova versus blocking
How the power of Manova can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variables
This article directly addresses explicit contradictions in the literature regarding the relation between the power of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the intercorrelations among the dependent variables. Artificial data sets, as well as analytical methods, revealed that (a) power increases as correlations between dependent variables with large consistent effect sizes (that are in the same direction) move from near 1.0 toward - 1.0, …
Implications of Covariance Structure Analysis (Lisrel) Versus Regression Models for Counseling Research
The advent of new types of multivariate techniques, such as covariance structureanalysis, has the potential for reshaping research on counseling processes.Covariance structure analysis is more theory driven and confirmatory in naturethan regression analysis. Following a description of its strengths and weaknesses, adetailed example is provided showing how the use of covariance structure analysiscan improve research sophistication and theory devel…
Robustness of the Quasi F statistic to violations of sphericity
A note on analysis of covariance
Internal Invalidity in Pretest-Posttest Self-Report Evaluations and a Re-evaluation of Retrospective Pretests
True experimental designs (Designs 4, 5, and 6 of Campbell & Stanley, 1963) are thought to provide internally valid results. This paper describes five studies involving the evaluation of various treat ment interventions and identifies a source of inter nal invalidity when self-report measures are used in a Pretest-Posttest manner. An alternative approach (Retrospective Pretest-Posttest design) to measuring change is suggested, and data comparing …
Change Scores—Necessarily Anathema
Psychologists have been warned repeatedly in recent years of the hazards of change scores. Unfortunately, these warnings seem to have created the belief among many researchers that the use of change scores is universally misleading and therefore should be avoided at all costs. However, the use of change scores is perfectly legitimate in certain circumstances and at times may even be preferable to other methods of analysis. The ANOVA of change sco…
On Using Analysis Of Covariance In Repeated Measures Designs
The use of analysis of covariance in conjunction with the multivariate approach to analyzing repeated measures designs is considered for designs involving between- and within-subject factors, one dependent variable, and one observation per subject on the covariate. Considerations fundamental to a knowledgeable application of ANCOVA in this situation are detailed including issues related to (1) the validity of the test of the main effect of the wi…
Relations between infant behavior ratings and concurrent and subsequent mental test scores
Small sample profile analysis with many variables
Small sample profile analysis with many variables
Methods of Analysis with Response-Shift Bias
Howard and his colleagues have discovered an instrumentation related contamination which confounds the results of studies which employ self-report measures in a pre/post or posttest only design. This confounding influence is referred to as response-shift bias. Research has demonstrated that the traditional methods of analysis (i.e., analysis of posttests only, analysis of pre/post difference scores, and analysis of covariance using prescores (ANC…
Another look at Ancova versus blocking
Another look at Ancova versus blocking
Multivariate Analysis of Variance
Multitrait-Multimethod Comparisons Across Populations
The advantages of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) methodology and the power of maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis are combined in an ordered framework for the comparison of covariance structures and true means across populations. First, a sequence of tests of and between hierarchically nested confirmatory factor analytic models is described for the analysis of measurement equivalence and construct validity across populations. Second, a…
Measurement and statistics
Measurement and statistics
Institutional Research Productivity in Quantitative Psychology
Research productivity in quantitative psychology at various institutions was assessed for the years 1976 through 1982. Authorship credits were obtained for 72 institutions in seven quantitative journals. Three approaches to obtaining a global summary measure of productivity by averaging across the seven journals were compared. Although institutional rankings based on the three approaches were highly correlated, systematic differences for specific…
Robustness of the Quasi F statistic to violations of sphericity
Research productivity in psychology based on publication in the journals of the American Psychological Association
Research productivity in psychology based on publication in the journals of the American Psychological Association
Implications of Covariance Structure Analysis (Lisrel) Versus Regression Models for Counseling Research
The advent of new types of multivariate techniques, such as covariance structureanalysis, has the potential for reshaping research on counseling processes.Covariance structure analysis is more theory driven and confirmatory in naturethan regression analysis. Following a description of its strengths and weaknesses, adetailed example is provided showing how the use of covariance structure analysiscan improve research sophistication and theory devel…
On productive and unproductive
On productive and unproductive
A comparison of methods for increasing power in randomized between-subjects designs
Power in a randomized between-subjects design can be enhanced by increasing sample size or increasing alpha level. This article compares 2 other methods of increasing power by reducing within-group error. (a) by adding a pretest to the design and using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and (b) by increasing the length of the posttest and using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
A comparison of methods for increasing power in randomized between-subjects designs
Motivational components of underachievement
University of Notre DameThe goal of this study was to compare and predict academic performance in achieving and under-achieving students on the basis of motivational, affective, and metacognitive processes. Ninety-eight underachievers and 102 achievers were tested on multiple measures of ability, attributions,self-esteem, reading awareness, and reading performance. Achievers were discriminated fromunderachievers on the basis of mean differences i…
Multivariate group comparisons of variable systems
Psychology (49 obras) · Mathematics (35 obras) · Statistics (35 obras) · Econometrics (28 obras) · Computer Science (21 obras) · Medicine (10 obras) · Structural equation modeling (10 obras) · Developmental psychology (9 obras) · Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials (9 obras) · Advanced Statistical Methods and Models (8 obras)