John J Skowronski
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1661489 |
|---|---|
| NOME | John J Skowronski |
| PRENOMES | John J |
| SOBRENOME | Skowronski |
| ASSINATURA | SKOWRONSKI J J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Northern Illinois University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3582-9743 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 326 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1982 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Remembrance of things past
We examined, through retrospective reports, the affect and emotion changes over time (from event occurrence to event recall) that characterise nostalgic events, and how those changes differ from the affect and emotion changes that characterise ordinary (Experiment 1) or neutral (Experiment 2) control events. In both experiments, nostalgic (but not control) events were characterised by a combined fading of positive affect and intensification of ne…
Re-assessing communal narcissism
Agentic collective narcissism and communal collective narcissism
Does the Fading Affect Bias Vary by Memory Type and a Parent’s Risk of Physically Abusing a Child? A Replication and Extension
Research described in the present article assessed (a) whether a fading affect bias (FAB) occurred in parent memories of a child as well as parent general personal memories and (b) whether either or both of these FAB effects was moderated by a parent's risk of physically abusing a child. A FAB effect, unmoderated by parents' abuse risk status, emerged for parents' general personal memories. In contrast, the FAB was muted when high abuse risk pare…
The One Ring Model
Mnemic Neglect for Behaviors Enacted by Members of One’s Nationality Group
People exhibit impaired recall for highly self-threatening information that describes them, a phenomenon called the mnemic neglect effect (MNE). We hypothesized that the MNE extends to recall for information that highly threatens an individual’s important in-group identity. We tested our hypothesis in two experiments in which participants read behaviors depicted as enacted by either in-group members (Experiment 1 = American and Experiment 2 = Bri…
Exploring Positive Classical Conditioning Procedure Effects on Evaluations of Children, Thoughts About Children, and Behaviors Toward Children
Exposing parents to a positive classical conditioning (+CC) procedure can (a) prompt positive evaluations of children, (b) alter judgments made about children from their behavior, and (c) reduce harsh behaviors enacted toward children. Two studies explored possible limits of these effects. Results from Study 1 showed that only some +CC effects evinced in prior research emerged when the positive trait words used as the unconditioned stimuli in pri…
Evolution of Self
Thinking About a Past Group Inclusion Experience or a Past Group Exclusion Experience Affects Memory Task Performance
An experiment examined the impact of thinking about autobiographical group-related events (i.e., a past group inclusion experience or a past group exclusion experience) on recognition memory. After encountering the experimental manipulation, participants studied a list of words. Participants later engaged in two subsequent recognition tests: a group recognition test with a bogus confederate and a surprise individual recognition test. The memory m…
Accusers Lie and Other Myths
The waxing and waning of mnemic neglect
The mechanisms underlying mnemic neglect (MN) and the conditions under which it waxes and wanes are not yet fully understood. The research in this article examined conditions during both encoding and recall that could potentially moderate the MN effect and that could provide cues about the cognitive mechanisms that contribute to the effect. Results showed that MN: (a) emerged after recall was delayed (Study 1); (b) could not be attributed to diff…
Social influence and mental routes to the production of authentic false memories and inauthentic false memories
Multiple Behavior Descriptions Affect the Acquisitions of STI and STT
Four studies pursued the idea that spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) involve the formation of both inferential knowledge and associative knowledge while spontaneous trait transferences (STTs) involve only the formation of associative knowledge. These studies varied the type and amount of behavioral information from which perceivers could extract trait information. Experiments 1a and 1b used a modified savings-in-relearning paradigm and demonstr…
Mnemic neglect
The mnemic neglect model predicts and accounts for selective memory for social feedback as a function of various feedback properties. At the heart of the model is the mnemic neglect effect (MNE), defined as inferior recall for self-threatening feedback compared to other kinds of feedback. The effect emerges both in mundane realism and minimal feedback settings. The effect is presumed to occur in the service of self-protection motivation. Mnemic n…
The Effects of Invoking Stereotype Excuses on Perceivers’ Character Trait Inferences and Performance Attributions
This investigation examined perceivers’ character trait inferences and performance attributions in response to a target who invoked a gender stereotype to excuse poor math performance. Furthermore, this investigation sought to compare the effects of this excuse to the effects produced by a non-stereotype excuses and the mere mention of a stereotype. Results revealed that invoking a gender stereotype excuse for poor math performance may elicit esp…
Thinking About Other People
Three experiments examined whether people spontaneously generate evaluations of target individuals under circumstances in which they are also known to generate spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). The first experiment used a standard savings-in-relearning paradigm to explore whether exposure to trait-implicative behavior descriptions facilitates the learning of evaluatively-congruent, as well as behavior-implied, personality traits. Evidence for …
Is Narcissism Associated with Child Physical Abuse Risk
Spontaneous evaluative inferences and their relationship to spontaneous trait inferences
Three experiments are reported that explore affectively based spontaneous evaluative impressions (SEIs) of stimulus persons. Experiments 1 and 2 used modified versions of the savings in relearning paradigm (Carlston & Skowronski, 1994) to confirm the occurrence of SEIs, indicating that they are equivalent whether participants are instructed to form trait impressions, evaluative impressions, or neither. These experiments also show that SEIs occur …
Affective Responses to Self-Defining Autobiographical Events
Five studies examined the role of the self in affective responses to memories of a person's own life events. Participants (total N = 237) included university students or community members from three countries (Ireland, UK, and USA). Participants described and then rated multiple autobiographical events (n>2600) via diary keeping and retrospective recall. Positive events retained affective intensity across the time lag from event occurrence to eve…
Pushing the boundaries of human expertise in face perception
Sex differences in jealousy
Temporal knowledge and autobiographical memory
One characteristic of humans is that they have a sense of self. An examination of research and theory exploring the psychology of the self suggests that it has at least three important aspects. The first of these aspects is representation: the memory system contains mental structures that store and organize different kinds of self-relevant knowledge. In addition, some of the knowledge reflects episodic memories of specific life events. These memo…
Does Attentional Control Mediate the Association Between Adverse Early Experiences and Child Physical Abuse Risk
You're getting warmer
Inference making and linking both require thinking
Social judgment and social memory
Savings in relearning
Five experiments based on Carlston and Skowronski's (1994) relearning paradigm suggest that people spontaneously derive trait knowledge about actors from behaviors but that this knowledge may reflect either explicit trait inference processes or implicit actor-trait associations. Experiments 1 and 2 found that inference-instructed and control Ss showed equivalent savings in subsequent efforts to learn actor-trait pairs but not when instructed Ss i…
Linking versus thinking
Informants who describe others' behaviors are perceived as having more of the trait implied by the behavior they describe (the trait transference effect). Associative and attributional explanations for this phenomenon are reviewed and examined in 3 experiments. Findings were inconsistent with attributional interpretations: (a) transference effects persisted with extended coding times, online judgments, and warnings to participants to avoid the ef…
What will Phil do next
Accusers Lie and Other Myths
Spontaneous trait transference to familiar communications
In most social cognition research participants are presented with unattributed information about unfamiliar stimulus persons. However, in the real world it is more common for people to learn about others through social communication and to know something about those with whom they communicate. Such issues are explored in relation to spontaneous trait transference, a phenomenon in which communicators are perceived as having traits that they merely…
Implicit Versus Explicit Impression Formation
Social memory in everyday life
A self- and other-diary method was used to investigate the factors affecting memory for different aspects of real-world events
The Self in Impression Formation
Inference making and linking both require thinking
Trait memory and behavior memory
Carlston (1980a) and Lingle (1983) argued that remembered behaviors, previous trait inferences, or both may be accessed and used in making new trait inferences, depending on a variety of factors. In this article we relate this argument to a spreading activation model of memory and suggest factors that should affect the relative accessibility of inferences and behaviors during trait judgment processes. In our study we varied several of these facto…
Spontaneous evaluative inferences and their relationship to spontaneous trait inferences
Three experiments are reported that explore affectively based spontaneous evaluative impressions (SEIs) of stimulus persons. Experiments 1 and 2 used modified versions of the savings in relearning paradigm (Carlston & Skowronski, 1994) to confirm the occurrence of SEIs, indicating that they are equivalent whether participants are instructed to form trait impressions, evaluative impressions, or neither. These experiments also show that SEIs occur …
The implications of imperfect measurement for free-choice carry-over effects
Limiting the spread of spontaneous trait transference
A Comparative Study of the Implicit and Explicit Gender Attitudes of Children and College Students
Implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes toward men and women and toward male soldiers and female soldiers were assessed in fifth-graders (28 male, 31 female) and college students (43 male, 42 female). Women were rated more positively than men on an explicit attitude measure. Similarly, female soldiers were rated more positively than male soldiers, except among college men, who were pro-male soldier. Different results emerged from an Implicit As…
Caught in the act
Research and theory emphasizing the role of cue diagnosticity in judgment (e.g. Skowronski and Carlston, 1987, 1989) suggests that under the proper conditions: (a) negativity effects should be observed in judgments of honesty/dishonesty; (b) positivity effects should be observed in judgments of intelligence/unintelligence, and (c) intelligence‐implicative and dishonesty‐implicative cues should be increasingly difficult to contradict as those cues…
You're getting warmer
The interplay of controlled and automatic processing in the expression of spontaneously inferred traits
Inferences made about actors influence subsequent processing about those actors. Three experiments conducted in the context of spontaneous trait inference (STI) making demonstrate that such influences occur can either occur via automatic processes or via controlled processes. Results from Experiment 1 demonstrated that processing goals manipulated prior to encoding actor behavior affected the extent to which STIs automatically influenced subseque…
Seeing, but not thinking
Trait expectancies and stereotype expectancies have the same effect on person memory
The One Ring Model
Thinking About Other People
Three experiments examined whether people spontaneously generate evaluations of target individuals under circumstances in which they are also known to generate spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). The first experiment used a standard savings-in-relearning paradigm to explore whether exposure to trait-implicative behavior descriptions facilitates the learning of evaluatively-congruent, as well as behavior-implied, personality traits. Evidence for …
Automatic Encoding of Ambiguous Child Behavior in High and Low Risk for Child Physical Abuse Parents
Social cognition and self‐cognition
Ordering our world
Effects of previously experienced outcomes on the desire for choice
Trait memory and behavior memory
Carlston (1980a) and Lingle (1983) argued that remembered behaviors, previous trait inferences, or both may be accessed and used in making new trait inferences, depending on a variety of factors. In this article we relate this argument to a spreading activation model of memory and suggest factors that should affect the relative accessibility of inferences and behaviors during trait judgment processes. In our study we varied several of these facto…
Social judgment and social memory
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation
Mise au point sur les explications de certains biais lies aux recherches sur la formation des impressions, et presentation d'un modele fonde sur des indices de categorisation du stimulus pour rendre compte de tels biais
Social memory in everyday life
A self- and other-diary method was used to investigate the factors affecting memory for different aspects of real-world events
Caught in the act
Research and theory emphasizing the role of cue diagnosticity in judgment (e.g. Skowronski and Carlston, 1987, 1989) suggests that under the proper conditions: (a) negativity effects should be observed in judgments of honesty/dishonesty; (b) positivity effects should be observed in judgments of intelligence/unintelligence, and (c) intelligence‐implicative and dishonesty‐implicative cues should be increasingly difficult to contradict as those cues…
Implicit Versus Explicit Impression Formation
The Self in Impression Formation
Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation
Five experiments used a relearning paradigm to determine whether people spontaneously make trait inferences from behavior descriptions. In each experiment, Ss learned actors'traits more readily after prior exposure to congruent descriptive stimuli (a «savings effect»), suggesting that implicit trait knowledge had been distilled from those descriptions. Moreover, this savings effect (a) was unaffected by Ss' processing objectives, (b) persisted fo…
Savings in relearning
Five experiments based on Carlston and Skowronski's (1994) relearning paradigm suggest that people spontaneously derive trait knowledge about actors from behaviors but that this knowledge may reflect either explicit trait inference processes or implicit actor-trait associations. Experiments 1 and 2 found that inference-instructed and control Ss showed equivalent savings in subsequent efforts to learn actor-trait pairs but not when instructed Ss i…
Facilitation in Repeated Trait Judgments
Raw conditional probabilities are a flawed index of associative strength
Skowronski and Welbourne (1997) argue that raw conditional probabilities may be a flawed index of associative strength in recall, and may need to be corrected for chance before they can be safely interpreted. Three experiments examined this idea in the context of an experimental paradigm used by Hamilton, Driscoll and Worth (1989). Participants in this paradigm were asked to read items describing a social target. The items each pertained to one o…
Spontaneous trait transference
Spontaneous trait transference occurs when communicators are perceived as possessing the very traits they describe in others. Study 1 confirmed that communicators become associated with the trait implications of their descriptions of others and that such associations persist over time. Study 2 demonstrated that these associations influence specific trait impressions of communicators. Study 3 suggested that spontaneous trait transference reflects …
Spontaneous trait transference to familiar communications
In most social cognition research participants are presented with unattributed information about unfamiliar stimulus persons. However, in the real world it is more common for people to learn about others through social communication and to know something about those with whom they communicate. Such issues are explored in relation to spontaneous trait transference, a phenomenon in which communicators are perceived as having traits that they merely…
A Comparative Study of the Implicit and Explicit Gender Attitudes of Children and College Students
Implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes toward men and women and toward male soldiers and female soldiers were assessed in fifth-graders (28 male, 31 female) and college students (43 male, 42 female). Women were rated more positively than men on an explicit attitude measure. Similarly, female soldiers were rated more positively than male soldiers, except among college men, who were pro-male soldier. Different results emerged from an Implicit As…
Life is Pleasant—and Memory Helps to Keep it that Way!
People's recollections of the past are often positively biased. This bias has 2 causes. The 1st cause lies in people's perceptions of events. The authors review the results of several studies and present several new comparative analyses of these studies, all of which indicate that people perceive events in their lives to more often be pleasant than unpleasant. A 2nd cause is the fading affect bias: The affect associated with unpleasant events fad…
The Effect of Social Disclosure on the Intensity of Affect Provoked by Autobiographical Memories
Affect associated with negative autobiographical memories fades faster over time than affect associated with positive autobiographical memories (the fading affect bias). Data described in the present article suggest that this bias is observed when people use their own words to describe both the emotions that they originally felt in response to events in their lives and the emotions that they feel when they recall those events. The data also sugge…
Linking versus thinking
Informants who describe others' behaviors are perceived as having more of the trait implied by the behavior they describe (the trait transference effect). Associative and attributional explanations for this phenomenon are reviewed and examined in 3 experiments. Findings were inconsistent with attributional interpretations: (a) transference effects persisted with extended coding times, online judgments, and warnings to participants to avoid the ef…
Event self-importance, event rehearsal, and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory
Prior research suggests that the negative affect associated with autobiographical memories fades faster across time than the positive affect associated with such memories (i.e., the fading affect bias, FAB). Data described in the present article reveal several moderators of this bias. The FAB is small when events are perceived to be self-important, psychologically open, or self-caused; it is large when events are perceived to be atypical of a per…
Ordering our world
Trait expectancies and stereotype expectancies have the same effect on person memory
Limiting the spread of spontaneous trait transference
Seeing, but not thinking
The implications of imperfect measurement for free-choice carry-over effects
Psychology (57 obras) · Social Psychology (51 obras) · Cognitive psychology (42 obras) · Social Psychology (35 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (25 obras) · Developmental psychology (24 obras) · Trait (23 obras) · Perception (22 obras) · Recall (19 obras) · Computer Science (18 obras)