Mark D Alicke
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1661636 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Mark D Alicke |
| PRENOMES | Mark D |
| SOBRENOME | Alicke |
| ASSINATURA | ALICKE M D |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Ohio University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1060-2510 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 345 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
My True Self is Better Than Yours
Researchers have assumed that people judge their own true selves, or their authentic and fundamental nature, to be no better than that of others. This assumption conflicts with self-enhancement perspectives, and with studies on comparative biases in self and social judgment, which assume that people tend to view their characteristics and life prospects more favorably than those of others. The five studies in this article demonstrate that comparat…
The Reasonable Person Standard
In criminal cases of self-defense and provocation, and civil cases of negligence, culpability is often decided with reference to how a reasonably prudent person (RPP) would have behaved in similar circumstances. The RPP is said to be an objective standard in that it eschews consideration of a defendant's unique background or characteristics. We discuss theory and evidence suggesting that in morally relevant judgments, including those involving ne…
The better-than-average effect in comparative self-evaluation
33). Results from selection model analyses clarify areas of the BTAE literature in which publication bias may be of elevated concern. Discussion highlights theoretical and empirical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
The Five Pillars of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection
This chapter discusses two self-evaluation motives, self-enhancement (to pursue, maintain, or augment the positivity of self-views—more so than objective standards would warrant) and self-protection (to avoid, repair, or minimize the negativity of self-views—even at the expense of truthful feedback). Under the self-centrality breeds self-enhancement principle (i.e., self-enhancement and self-protection will be particularly influential in personal…
The motivation to maintain favorable identities
Findings from research on self-enhancement and self-protection are generally understood to provide evidence for “motivated bias.” Despite their ubiquity, the meaning of “motivation,” “bias,” and “motivated bias” are usually left to intuition. In this article, we clarify the meaning of these terms as they apply to constructing and maintaining desired self-views. We argue that preserving psychological homeostasis (i.e., emotional equilibrium) is as…
My worst faults and misdeeds
Three studies explored whether self-enhancement is precluded when people recognize or even exaggerate their worst faults and behaviors. Even when acknowledging their faults, participants minimized the extent to which their bad characteristics reflected what kind of people they were, predicted that they would improve more in the future than would others with the same faults, claimed that others have done worse things to them than they have to othe…
Local dominance effects on self-evaluations and intrinsic motivation
Previous research indicates that local comparisons with one or a few people in the immediate environment have a stronger influence on self-evaluations than general comparisons with larger samples. Two studies examined whether this local dominance effect extends to intrinsic motivation. Study 1 suggests that local comparisons have a stronger effect on both self-evaluations and task enjoyment than general comparisons. Study 2 suggests that local co…
Evaluating Blame Hypotheses
Referent status neglect
The Self in Social Judgment
Introduction. Chapter 1: Self as Source and Constraint of Social Knowledge, Joachim I. Krueger, Mark D. Alicke, & David A. Dunning. Part I: Social Projection. Chapter 2: Social Projection and the Psychology of Choice, Joachim I. Krueger & Melissa Acevedo. Chapter 3: Cross-Situational Projection, Leaf Van Boven & George Loewenstein. Part II. Self-Enhancement. Chapter 4: Shallow Thoughts about the Self: The Automatic Components of Self-Assessment, …
Searching Out the Ideal
Does awareness of female body ideals affect women's global self-esteem? We measured awareness of ideal standards for beauty via two approaches. As one approach, participants (55 undergraduate women) self-reported their general propensity to be aware of society's thin ideal standard. As a second approach, we measured visual attention orienting to ideal standards; we covertly measured participants' eye movements to peers' purported ideal standards.…
It's a Miracle
What aspects and features of events impel people to label them as miraculous? Three studies examined people's miracle conceptions and the factors that lead them to designate an event as a miracle. Study 1 identified the basic elements of laypersons’ miracle beliefs by instructing participants to define a miracle, to list five events that they considered miraculous, and to state what they believed to be the purpose of miracles. Results showed that…
Comparisons over time
Social comparison information fluctuates over time. We examined how people evaluate their task performance and ability after receiving test feedback specifying not only that they ranked above or below average, but also that their social status was rising, falling, or remaining constant. Participants' self‐evaluations were more positive when their social standing was rising over time rather than remaining constant. On the other hand, participants …
Deconstructing the better-than-average effect
The tendency for people to evaluate themselves more favorably than an average-peer--the better-than-average effect (BTAE)--is among the most well-documented effects in the social-psychological literature. The BTAE has been demonstrated in many populations with various methodologies, and several explanations have been advanced for it. Two essential questions remain conspicuously unanswered in the BTAE literature. The first concerns the extent to w…
Self-enhancement and self-protection
We define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that individuals have in advancing one or more self-domains or defending against negative self-views. We review ways in which people pursue self-enhancement and self-protection, discuss the role of these motivational constructs in scientific explanations, argue for their importance in maintaining psychological and physical well-being, and consider the conditions in which they are likely …
Contextual neglect, self-evaluation, and the frog-pond effect
Social comparisons entail not only information about one's standing in a social group (intragroup or local comparison) but also information about the standing of the group in comparison to other groups (intergroup or general comparison). In Studies 1-3, the authors explored the relative impact of intergroup and intragroup comparisons on self-evaluations and affect. While intragroup comparison feedback consistently impacted self-evaluations and af…
Blaming Badly
Knobe and Burra show that people will ascribe internationality to outcomes that an actor had no intention to effect. I describe this ostensibly contradictory effect in terms of outcome bias – the tendency for people to blame actors for the outcomes of their actions, independent of their casual and intentional role in the event. Whereas intention refers to an actor's pre-behavioral desires, intentionality characterizes an event that includes both …
Self-evaluative effects of temporal and social comparison
Self-enhancement and belief perseverance
The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations
In 5 studies, the authors investigated the effects of comparison with an individual versus comparison with the statistical average on self-evaluations of performance and ability. In Studies 1 and 2, participants took a test of lie detection ability and were provided with the average score and the score of an individual coactor. Both types of feedback significantly affected self-evaluations of performance, but only comparison with the coactor sign…
Culpable control and the psychology of blame
A culpable control model is advanced to describe the conditions that encourage as well as mitigate blame and to assess the process by which blame and mitigation occur. The fundamental assumptions of the model are that evidence concerning harmful events is scrutinized for its contribution to personal control and spontaneously evaluated for its favorableness or unfavorableness. Spontaneous evaluations encourage a blame-validation mode of processing…
The person who out performs me is a genius
People have many ways of protecting themselves against unfavorable social comparisons. Sometimes, however, the unfavorableness of a comparison is too unambiguous to deny. In such circumstances, people may indirectly protect their self-images by exaggerating the ability of those who outperform them. Aggrandizing the outperformer is conceived to be a construal mechanism that permits inferior performers to deflect the self-esteem threat of being out…
Using Personal Attitudes to Judge Others
Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect
Research in which people compare themselves with an average peer has consistently shown that people evaluate themselves more favorably than they evaluate others. Seven studies were conducted to demonstrate that the magnitude of this better-than-average effect depends on the level of abstraction in the comparison. These studies showed that people were less biased when they compared themselves with an individuated target than when they compared the…
The Role of Self in the False Consensus Effect
Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives
Culpable control and the psychology of blame
A culpable control model is advanced to describe the conditions that encourage as well as mitigate blame and to assess the process by which blame and mitigation occur. The fundamental assumptions of the model are that evidence concerning harmful events is scrutinized for its contribution to personal control and spontaneously evaluated for its favorableness or unfavorableness. Spontaneous evaluations encourage a blame-validation mode of processing…
Culpable causation
Self-evaluative effects of temporal and social comparison
Blaming Badly
Knobe and Burra show that people will ascribe internationality to outcomes that an actor had no intention to effect. I describe this ostensibly contradictory effect in terms of outcome bias – the tendency for people to blame actors for the outcomes of their actions, independent of their casual and intentional role in the event. Whereas intention refers to an actor's pre-behavioral desires, intentionality characterizes an event that includes both …
The Role of Self in the False Consensus Effect
Deconstructing the better-than-average effect
The tendency for people to evaluate themselves more favorably than an average-peer--the better-than-average effect (BTAE)--is among the most well-documented effects in the social-psychological literature. The BTAE has been demonstrated in many populations with various methodologies, and several explanations have been advanced for it. Two essential questions remain conspicuously unanswered in the BTAE literature. The first concerns the extent to w…
Contextual neglect, self-evaluation, and the frog-pond effect
Social comparisons entail not only information about one's standing in a social group (intragroup or local comparison) but also information about the standing of the group in comparison to other groups (intergroup or general comparison). In Studies 1-3, the authors explored the relative impact of intergroup and intragroup comparisons on self-evaluations and affect. While intragroup comparison feedback consistently impacted self-evaluations and af…
The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations
In 5 studies, the authors investigated the effects of comparison with an individual versus comparison with the statistical average on self-evaluations of performance and ability. In Studies 1 and 2, participants took a test of lie detection ability and were provided with the average score and the score of an individual coactor. Both types of feedback significantly affected self-evaluations of performance, but only comparison with the coactor sign…
The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction
Self-enhancement and belief perseverance
The person who out performs me is a genius
People have many ways of protecting themselves against unfavorable social comparisons. Sometimes, however, the unfavorableness of a comparison is too unambiguous to deny. In such circumstances, people may indirectly protect their self-images by exaggerating the ability of those who outperform them. Aggrandizing the outperformer is conceived to be a construal mechanism that permits inferior performers to deflect the self-esteem threat of being out…
Knowledge-based information acquisition
Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference prescribes that the lay scientist should use consensus information as a control condition for the person and distinctiveness information as a control condition for the stimulus when analyzing their causal effects on the occurrence of the target event. However, in studies of information acquisition, subjects have shown a consistent preference for distinctiveness information when answering causal questions ab…
Comparisons over time
Social comparison information fluctuates over time. We examined how people evaluate their task performance and ability after receiving test feedback specifying not only that they ranked above or below average, but also that their social status was rising, falling, or remaining constant. Participants' self‐evaluations were more positive when their social standing was rising over time rather than remaining constant. On the other hand, participants …
Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect
Research in which people compare themselves with an average peer has consistently shown that people evaluate themselves more favorably than they evaluate others. Seven studies were conducted to demonstrate that the magnitude of this better-than-average effect depends on the level of abstraction in the comparison. These studies showed that people were less biased when they compared themselves with an individuated target than when they compared the…
Sampling of similar and dissimilar comparison persons and objects as a function of the generality of attribution goal
Referent status neglect
The Reasonable Person Standard
In criminal cases of self-defense and provocation, and civil cases of negligence, culpability is often decided with reference to how a reasonably prudent person (RPP) would have behaved in similar circumstances. The RPP is said to be an objective standard in that it eschews consideration of a defendant's unique background or characteristics. We discuss theory and evidence suggesting that in morally relevant judgments, including those involving ne…
Using Personal Attitudes to Judge Others
Relative efficacy of different encoding structures and judgment topics in a cued-recall task
Sampling of similar and dissimilar comparison persons and objects as a function of the generality of attribution goal
Relative efficacy of different encoding structures and judgment topics in a cued-recall task
Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives
Knowledge-based information acquisition
Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference prescribes that the lay scientist should use consensus information as a control condition for the person and distinctiveness information as a control condition for the stimulus when analyzing their causal effects on the occurrence of the target event. However, in studies of information acquisition, subjects have shown a consistent preference for distinctiveness information when answering causal questions ab…
The effects of schema appropriateness on recall
The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction
Culpable causation
Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect
Research in which people compare themselves with an average peer has consistently shown that people evaluate themselves more favorably than they evaluate others. Seven studies were conducted to demonstrate that the magnitude of this better-than-average effect depends on the level of abstraction in the comparison. These studies showed that people were less biased when they compared themselves with an individuated target than when they compared the…
The Role of Self in the False Consensus Effect
Using Personal Attitudes to Judge Others
The person who out performs me is a genius
People have many ways of protecting themselves against unfavorable social comparisons. Sometimes, however, the unfavorableness of a comparison is too unambiguous to deny. In such circumstances, people may indirectly protect their self-images by exaggerating the ability of those who outperform them. Aggrandizing the outperformer is conceived to be a construal mechanism that permits inferior performers to deflect the self-esteem threat of being out…
Culpable control and the psychology of blame
A culpable control model is advanced to describe the conditions that encourage as well as mitigate blame and to assess the process by which blame and mitigation occur. The fundamental assumptions of the model are that evidence concerning harmful events is scrutinized for its contribution to personal control and spontaneously evaluated for its favorableness or unfavorableness. Spontaneous evaluations encourage a blame-validation mode of processing…
The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations
In 5 studies, the authors investigated the effects of comparison with an individual versus comparison with the statistical average on self-evaluations of performance and ability. In Studies 1 and 2, participants took a test of lie detection ability and were provided with the average score and the score of an individual coactor. Both types of feedback significantly affected self-evaluations of performance, but only comparison with the coactor sign…
Self-enhancement and belief perseverance
Blaming Badly
Knobe and Burra show that people will ascribe internationality to outcomes that an actor had no intention to effect. I describe this ostensibly contradictory effect in terms of outcome bias – the tendency for people to blame actors for the outcomes of their actions, independent of their casual and intentional role in the event. Whereas intention refers to an actor's pre-behavioral desires, intentionality characterizes an event that includes both …
Self-evaluative effects of temporal and social comparison
Self-enhancement and self-protection
We define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that individuals have in advancing one or more self-domains or defending against negative self-views. We review ways in which people pursue self-enhancement and self-protection, discuss the role of these motivational constructs in scientific explanations, argue for their importance in maintaining psychological and physical well-being, and consider the conditions in which they are likely …
Contextual neglect, self-evaluation, and the frog-pond effect
Social comparisons entail not only information about one's standing in a social group (intragroup or local comparison) but also information about the standing of the group in comparison to other groups (intergroup or general comparison). In Studies 1-3, the authors explored the relative impact of intergroup and intragroup comparisons on self-evaluations and affect. While intragroup comparison feedback consistently impacted self-evaluations and af…
Comparisons over time
Social comparison information fluctuates over time. We examined how people evaluate their task performance and ability after receiving test feedback specifying not only that they ranked above or below average, but also that their social status was rising, falling, or remaining constant. Participants' self‐evaluations were more positive when their social standing was rising over time rather than remaining constant. On the other hand, participants …
Deconstructing the better-than-average effect
The tendency for people to evaluate themselves more favorably than an average-peer--the better-than-average effect (BTAE)--is among the most well-documented effects in the social-psychological literature. The BTAE has been demonstrated in many populations with various methodologies, and several explanations have been advanced for it. Two essential questions remain conspicuously unanswered in the BTAE literature. The first concerns the extent to w…
Searching Out the Ideal
Does awareness of female body ideals affect women's global self-esteem? We measured awareness of ideal standards for beauty via two approaches. As one approach, participants (55 undergraduate women) self-reported their general propensity to be aware of society's thin ideal standard. As a second approach, we measured visual attention orienting to ideal standards; we covertly measured participants' eye movements to peers' purported ideal standards.…
It's a Miracle
What aspects and features of events impel people to label them as miraculous? Three studies examined people's miracle conceptions and the factors that lead them to designate an event as a miracle. Study 1 identified the basic elements of laypersons’ miracle beliefs by instructing participants to define a miracle, to list five events that they considered miraculous, and to state what they believed to be the purpose of miracles. Results showed that…
The Self in Social Judgment
Introduction. Chapter 1: Self as Source and Constraint of Social Knowledge, Joachim I. Krueger, Mark D. Alicke, & David A. Dunning. Part I: Social Projection. Chapter 2: Social Projection and the Psychology of Choice, Joachim I. Krueger & Melissa Acevedo. Chapter 3: Cross-Situational Projection, Leaf Van Boven & George Loewenstein. Part II. Self-Enhancement. Chapter 4: Shallow Thoughts about the Self: The Automatic Components of Self-Assessment, …
Evaluating Blame Hypotheses
Referent status neglect
Psychology (31 obras) · Social Psychology (31 obras) · Social Psychology (19 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (15 obras) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (13 obras) · Cognitive psychology (10 obras) · Social comparison theory (10 obras) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (8 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 obras)