Burton Kirkwood
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1690125 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Burton Kirkwood |
| PRENOMES | Burton |
| SOBRENOME | Kirkwood |
| ASSINATURA | KIRKWOOD B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5274-6072 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 85 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Unpacking postpartum depression in rural India
This is among the first Indian studies to longitudinally examine the association between postpartum depression at 12 months and child development at 18 months, addressing a major evidence gap in rural settings. The study identified a distinct risk profile for postpartum depression shaped by socioeconomic and maternal adversity. Postpartum depression showed domain-specific associations with language delays, explained by contextual factors. These f…
Assessing the impact of Covid-19 on nurturing care in Nairobi slums
The Covid-19 pandemic and mitigation measures had widespread societal impacts. Young children are particularly vulnerable yet the ways the pandemic affected children in informal settlements (slums) are not well described. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of the pandemic on early childhood in three Nairobi informal settlements. Five rounds of cross-sectional computer assisted telephone surveys (with 578–774 respondents in each) in three…
Parental experiences of the impacts of Covid-19 on the care of young children; qualitative interview findings from the Nairobi Early Childcare in Slums (Necs) project
Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic, and societal attempts to control it, have touched almost every aspect of people’s lives around the world, albeit in unequal ways. In particular, there is considerable concern about the way that stringent ‘lockdowns’, as implemented in Kenya and many other countries, affected young children, especially those living in informal settlements. However, to date, there has been little research attempting to unpack and…
The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India
BACKGROUND: Although structured psychological treatments are recommended as first-line interventions for depression, only a small fraction of people globally receive these treatments because of poor access in routine primary care. We assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a brief psychological treatment (Healthy Activity Program [HAP]) for delivery by lay counsellors to patients with moderately severe to severe depression in primary…
Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community–based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health
BACKGROUND: The contributions that community-based primary health care (CBPHC) and engaging with communities as valued partners can make to the improvement of maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) is not widely appreciated. This unfortunate reality is one of the reasons why so few priority countries failed to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals by 2015. This article provides a summary of a series of articles about the eff…
Development and validation of a simplified algorithm for neonatal gestational age assessment – protocol for the Alliance for Maternal Newborn Health Improvement (Amanhi) prospective cohort study
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement (AMANHI) gestational age study is to develop and validate a programmatically feasible and simple approach to accurately assess gestational age of babies after they are born. The study will provide accurate, population-based rates of preterm birth in different settings and quantify the risks of neonatal mortality and morbidity by gestational age and birth weight i…
Highlighting the evidence gap
There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of early childhood interventions to improve the growth and development of children. Although, historically, nutrition and stimulation interventions may have been delivered separately, they are increasingly being tested as a package of early childhood interventions that synergistically improve outcomes over the life course. However, implementation at scale is seldom possible without first considering …
Supervising community health workers in low-income countries – a review of impact and implementation issues
BACKGROUND: Community health workers (CHWs) are an increasingly important component of health systems and programs. Despite the recognized role of supervision in ensuring CHWs are effective, supervision is often weak and under-supported. Little is known about what constitutes adequate supervision and how different supervision strategies influence performance, motivation, and retention. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of supervision strategies …
Evaluating the implementation of community volunteer assessment and referral of sick babies
A World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2009) joint statement recommended home visits by community-based agents as a strategy to improve newborn survival, based on promising results from Asia. This article presents detailed evaluation of community volunteer assessment and referral implemented within the Ghana Newhints home visits cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). It highlights the lessons learned to inf…
Mobile Health (mHealth) Approaches and Lessons for Increased Performance and Retention of Community Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
BACKGROUND: Mobile health (mHealth) describes the use of portable electronic devices with software applications to provide health services and manage patient information. With approximately 5 billion mobile phone users globally, opportunities for mobile technologies to play a formal role in health services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are increasingly being recognized. mHealth can also support the performance of health care …
The impact of a lay counselor led collaborative care intervention for common mental disorders in public and private primary care
The MANAS trial evaluated the effectiveness of a lay counselor led collaborative stepped care intervention for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in public and private sector primary care settings in Goa, India. This paper describes the qualitative findings of the experience of the intervention and its impact on health and psychosocial outcomes. Twenty four primary care facilities (12 public and private each) were randomized to provide either collabor…
How changes in coverage affect equity in maternal and child health interventions in 35 Countdown to 2015 countries
Taming troubled teens
Explanations for the association between teen-childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity vary considerably, from those based on neurological theories of development to those investigating underlying social and economic determinants. Based on longitudinal epidemiological and ethnographic sub-studies of the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study, this paper explores the hypothesis that teen childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity have become associ…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public-health interventions
BACKGROUND: In non-randomised evaluations of public-health interventions, statistical methods to control confounding will usually be required. We review approaches to the control of confounding and discuss issues in drawing causal inference from these studies. METHODS: Non-systematic review of literature and mathematical data-simulation. RESULTS: Standard stratification and regression techniques will often be appropriate, but propensity scores ma…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions
BACKGROUND: There has been a recent increase in interest in alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions. We aim to describe specific scenarios in which randomised trials may not be possible and describe, exemplify and assess alternative strategies. METHODS: Non-systematic exploratory review. RESULTS: In many scenarios barriers are surmountable so that randomised trials (including stepped-wedge and crossover tria…
Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (Manas)
Role of neighbourhoods in child growth and development
What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival
Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India
Background Screening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires. Method Adult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Pr…
Factors that affect the adoption and maintenance of weekly vitamin A supplementation among women in Ghana
Objective To identify regimen, individual, community and cultural factors that affect adoption and adherence to weekly vitamin A supplementation in Ghana. Design Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who would be eligible for vitamin A supplementation, 30 with husbands, and 13 with drug sellers, birth attendants and health workers. Six focus group discussions were also conducted with women. These interviews were followed by a…
Gender Disadvantage and Reproductive Health Risk Factors for Common Mental Disorders in Women
BACKGROUND: Gender disadvantage and reproductive health are major determinants of women's health in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of factors indicative of gender disadvantage and reproductive health with the risk of common mental disorders (CMDs) in women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey from November 1, 2001, to June 15, 2003. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3000 women randomly selected from a sampling frame of women aged…
Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Increases Risk of Neonatal Mortality
BACKGROUND. Breastfeeding promotion is a key child survival strategy. Although there is an extensive scientific basis for its impact on postneonatal mortality, evidence is sparse for its impact on neonatal mortality. OBJECTIVES. We sought to assess the contribution of the timing of initiation of breastfeeding to any impact. METHODS. This study took advantage of the 4-weekly surveillance system from a large ongoing maternal vitamin A supplementati…
Recognizing childhood illnesses and their traditional explanations
Objectives Interventions that promote appropriate care-seeking for severely ill children have the potential to substantially reduce child mortality in developing countries, but little is known about the best approach to address the issue. This paper explores the relative importance of illness recognition as a barrier to care-seeking and the feasibility and potential impact of improving recognition. Methods The study combined qualitative and quant…
Dietary patterns in a rural area of Ghana and their relevance for vitamin a consumption
This paper discusses results from research conducted on food acquisition, preparation and consumption patterns in Kintampo District, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. The research was conducted as part of a larger project aimed at identifying appropriate strategies for improving consumption of vitamin A among children and pregnant women. This paper focuses on describing the context in which inadequate consumption of vitamin A occurs. The research consis…
Ross and Colleagues Respond
Ross and Colleagues Respond David A. Ross, and Betty R. Kirkwood A Sommer, and K P West, JrCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.3.468 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Perceptions of childhood diarrhoea and its treatment in rural Zimbabwe
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions
BACKGROUND: There has been a recent increase in interest in alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions. We aim to describe specific scenarios in which randomised trials may not be possible and describe, exemplify and assess alternative strategies. METHODS: Non-systematic exploratory review. RESULTS: In many scenarios barriers are surmountable so that randomised trials (including stepped-wedge and crossover tria…
Child morbidity and mortality following vitamin A supplementation in Ghana
OBJECTIVES: The impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation given at intervals of 4 months on child mortality and morbidity was examined according to the time interval since dosing, number of doses received previously, and time of year. METHODS: Two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of large doses of vitamin A administered at intervals of 4 months were conducted in adjacent populations in northern Ghana. RESULTS: While vitami…
Recognizing childhood illnesses and their traditional explanations
Objectives Interventions that promote appropriate care-seeking for severely ill children have the potential to substantially reduce child mortality in developing countries, but little is known about the best approach to address the issue. This paper explores the relative importance of illness recognition as a barrier to care-seeking and the feasibility and potential impact of improving recognition. Methods The study combined qualitative and quant…
Taming troubled teens
Explanations for the association between teen-childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity vary considerably, from those based on neurological theories of development to those investigating underlying social and economic determinants. Based on longitudinal epidemiological and ethnographic sub-studies of the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study, this paper explores the hypothesis that teen childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity have become associ…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public-health interventions
BACKGROUND: In non-randomised evaluations of public-health interventions, statistical methods to control confounding will usually be required. We review approaches to the control of confounding and discuss issues in drawing causal inference from these studies. METHODS: Non-systematic review of literature and mathematical data-simulation. RESULTS: Standard stratification and regression techniques will often be appropriate, but propensity scores ma…
Role of neighbourhoods in child growth and development
Attendance at day care centers increases the risk of childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in Fortaleza, Brazil
We carried out a case-control study to investigate risk factors for childhood pneumonia in two groups of 650 children aged under two years in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The cases were children recruited at the main pediatric hospital with a radiological diagnosis of pneumonia, and controls were children of the same age group recruited from the neighbourhood of the cases. In this paper we focus on variables related to childcare practice…
The impact of a lay counselor led collaborative care intervention for common mental disorders in public and private primary care
The MANAS trial evaluated the effectiveness of a lay counselor led collaborative stepped care intervention for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in public and private sector primary care settings in Goa, India. This paper describes the qualitative findings of the experience of the intervention and its impact on health and psychosocial outcomes. Twenty four primary care facilities (12 public and private each) were randomized to provide either collabor…
Evaluating the implementation of community volunteer assessment and referral of sick babies
A World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2009) joint statement recommended home visits by community-based agents as a strategy to improve newborn survival, based on promising results from Asia. This article presents detailed evaluation of community volunteer assessment and referral implemented within the Ghana Newhints home visits cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). It highlights the lessons learned to inf…
Perceptions of childhood diarrhoea and its treatment in rural Zimbabwe
Child malnutrition and land ownership in Southern Brazil
The geographical distribution of infant mortality rates (IMRs) in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul follows closely the pattern of land tenure, with high IMRs in districts of large ranches and lower rates in districts of small fanns. A household anthropometric survey of 802 children aged 12 to 35.9 months living in two districts with contrasting IMRs and land tenure patterns revealed that prevalences of protein‐energy malnutrition were con…
Community-based intervention trials
The randomized controlled trial has become the standard basis for the evaluation of new therapeutic agents and procedures (and for measuring the protective efficacy of new vaccines or for assessing the value of screening procedures). Patients, who have met the criteria for eligibility and have agreed to participate in the trial, are allocated on a random basis to the alternative therapies under consideration. In order to avoid possible bias in th…
Child morbidity and mortality following vitamin A supplementation in Ghana
OBJECTIVES: The impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation given at intervals of 4 months on child mortality and morbidity was examined according to the time interval since dosing, number of doses received previously, and time of year. METHODS: Two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of large doses of vitamin A administered at intervals of 4 months were conducted in adjacent populations in northern Ghana. RESULTS: While vitami…
Attendance at day care centers increases the risk of childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in Fortaleza, Brazil
We carried out a case-control study to investigate risk factors for childhood pneumonia in two groups of 650 children aged under two years in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The cases were children recruited at the main pediatric hospital with a radiological diagnosis of pneumonia, and controls were children of the same age group recruited from the neighbourhood of the cases. In this paper we focus on variables related to childcare practice…
Ross and Colleagues Respond
Ross and Colleagues Respond David A. Ross, and Betty R. Kirkwood A Sommer, and K P West, JrCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.3.468 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Out-patient drug treatment of pneumonia among children under two years of age in Fortaleza, Brazil
Results are reported from a study on drug use in treatment of children with pneumonia in a pediatric hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. There were 171 out-patients; prescription details were obtained for 149. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobial drug was procaine penicillin, accounting for 33% of antimicrobial prescriptions, followed by benzathine penicillin (31%), ampicillin or amoxicillin (12%), and cotrimoxazole (8%)…
Dietary patterns in a rural area of Ghana and their relevance for vitamin a consumption
This paper discusses results from research conducted on food acquisition, preparation and consumption patterns in Kintampo District, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. The research was conducted as part of a larger project aimed at identifying appropriate strategies for improving consumption of vitamin A among children and pregnant women. This paper focuses on describing the context in which inadequate consumption of vitamin A occurs. The research consis…
Recognizing childhood illnesses and their traditional explanations
Objectives Interventions that promote appropriate care-seeking for severely ill children have the potential to substantially reduce child mortality in developing countries, but little is known about the best approach to address the issue. This paper explores the relative importance of illness recognition as a barrier to care-seeking and the feasibility and potential impact of improving recognition. Methods The study combined qualitative and quant…
Gender Disadvantage and Reproductive Health Risk Factors for Common Mental Disorders in Women
BACKGROUND: Gender disadvantage and reproductive health are major determinants of women's health in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of factors indicative of gender disadvantage and reproductive health with the risk of common mental disorders (CMDs) in women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey from November 1, 2001, to June 15, 2003. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3000 women randomly selected from a sampling frame of women aged…
Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Increases Risk of Neonatal Mortality
BACKGROUND. Breastfeeding promotion is a key child survival strategy. Although there is an extensive scientific basis for its impact on postneonatal mortality, evidence is sparse for its impact on neonatal mortality. OBJECTIVES. We sought to assess the contribution of the timing of initiation of breastfeeding to any impact. METHODS. This study took advantage of the 4-weekly surveillance system from a large ongoing maternal vitamin A supplementati…
Factors that affect the adoption and maintenance of weekly vitamin A supplementation among women in Ghana
Objective To identify regimen, individual, community and cultural factors that affect adoption and adherence to weekly vitamin A supplementation in Ghana. Design Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who would be eligible for vitamin A supplementation, 30 with husbands, and 13 with drug sellers, birth attendants and health workers. Six focus group discussions were also conducted with women. These interviews were followed by a…
What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival
Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India
Background Screening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires. Method Adult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Pr…
Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (Manas)
Role of neighbourhoods in child growth and development
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public-health interventions
BACKGROUND: In non-randomised evaluations of public-health interventions, statistical methods to control confounding will usually be required. We review approaches to the control of confounding and discuss issues in drawing causal inference from these studies. METHODS: Non-systematic review of literature and mathematical data-simulation. RESULTS: Standard stratification and regression techniques will often be appropriate, but propensity scores ma…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions
BACKGROUND: There has been a recent increase in interest in alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions. We aim to describe specific scenarios in which randomised trials may not be possible and describe, exemplify and assess alternative strategies. METHODS: Non-systematic exploratory review. RESULTS: In many scenarios barriers are surmountable so that randomised trials (including stepped-wedge and crossover tria…
How changes in coverage affect equity in maternal and child health interventions in 35 Countdown to 2015 countries
Taming troubled teens
Explanations for the association between teen-childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity vary considerably, from those based on neurological theories of development to those investigating underlying social and economic determinants. Based on longitudinal epidemiological and ethnographic sub-studies of the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study, this paper explores the hypothesis that teen childbearing and subsequent mental morbidity have become associ…
Mobile Health (mHealth) Approaches and Lessons for Increased Performance and Retention of Community Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
BACKGROUND: Mobile health (mHealth) describes the use of portable electronic devices with software applications to provide health services and manage patient information. With approximately 5 billion mobile phone users globally, opportunities for mobile technologies to play a formal role in health services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are increasingly being recognized. mHealth can also support the performance of health care …
The impact of a lay counselor led collaborative care intervention for common mental disorders in public and private primary care
The MANAS trial evaluated the effectiveness of a lay counselor led collaborative stepped care intervention for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in public and private sector primary care settings in Goa, India. This paper describes the qualitative findings of the experience of the intervention and its impact on health and psychosocial outcomes. Twenty four primary care facilities (12 public and private each) were randomized to provide either collabor…
Supervising community health workers in low-income countries – a review of impact and implementation issues
BACKGROUND: Community health workers (CHWs) are an increasingly important component of health systems and programs. Despite the recognized role of supervision in ensuring CHWs are effective, supervision is often weak and under-supported. Little is known about what constitutes adequate supervision and how different supervision strategies influence performance, motivation, and retention. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of supervision strategies …
Evaluating the implementation of community volunteer assessment and referral of sick babies
A World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2009) joint statement recommended home visits by community-based agents as a strategy to improve newborn survival, based on promising results from Asia. This article presents detailed evaluation of community volunteer assessment and referral implemented within the Ghana Newhints home visits cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). It highlights the lessons learned to inf…
Highlighting the evidence gap
There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of early childhood interventions to improve the growth and development of children. Although, historically, nutrition and stimulation interventions may have been delivered separately, they are increasingly being tested as a package of early childhood interventions that synergistically improve outcomes over the life course. However, implementation at scale is seldom possible without first considering …
Medicine (29 obras) · Environmental health (16 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (10 obras) · Nursing (10 obras) · Psychological intervention (10 obras) · Family medicine (9 obras) · Global Maternal and Child Health (9 obras) · Population (9 obras) · Psychology (9 obras) · Psychiatry (8 obras)