A Fernald
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 17024 |
|---|---|
| NOME | A Fernald |
| PRENOMES | A |
| SOBRENOME | Fernald |
| ASSINATURA | FERNALD A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Stanford University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9949-3487 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 149 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Time to Talk
Children learn language through interactions with others. To document variation in how caregivers engage verbally with their 2‐year‐old children, we sampled six 10‐min segments of dense child‐directed speech from naturalistic daylong audio recordings in an economically‐ and linguistically‐diverse sample of English‐ ( n = 45) and Spanish‐speaking ( n = 45) families. Segments of child‐directed speech occurred during child‐centered (e.g., booksharin…
Within-group variability in communication style among caregivers and its relation to the language abilities of Wolof-learning toddlers in Senegal
Studies of caregiver-child interactions in Western societies show that face-to-face communication, including verbal engagement and gaze, support child language outcomes. Ethnographic studies in agrarian non-Western communities, including in Africa, show that these face-to-face behaviors with children occur infrequently, with parents relying more on nonverbal and physical communication. However, observed cross-cultural differences in parenting sty…
Accuracy of the Language Environment Analyses (Lena TM ) system for estimating child and adult speech in laboratory settings
Laboratory observations are a mainstay of language development research, but transcription is costly. We test whether speech recognition technology originally designed for day-long contexts can be usefully applied to this use-case. We compared automated adult word and child vocalization counts from Language Environment Analysis (LENA TM ) to those of transcribers in 20-minute play sessions with Spanish-speaking dyads ( n = 104) at 1;7 and 2;2. Fo…
Validity of caregiver-report measures of language skill for Wolof-learning infants and toddlers living in rural African villages
Valid indigenous language assessments are needed to further our understanding of how children learn language around the world. We assessed the psychometric properties and performance of two caregiver-report measures of Wolof language skill (language milestones achieved and vocabulary knowledge) for 500 children (ages 0;4 to 2;6) living in rural Senegal. Item response models (IRM) evaluated instrument- and item-level performance and differential f…
Resisting a culture of war
Throughout The Life of Poetry, Rukeyser acknowledges, considers, and then dismisses what she calls ‘The Resistances’, the reasons that adults give for not making time for poetry. However, as important as the resistances to poetry are the ways in which Rukeyser believes poetry itself offers a resistance to the culture of war. The Spanish Civil War was a particularly literary war: the injustice of the fascist coup against the Republican government …
Cultivating American- and Japanese-Style Relatedness Through Mother–Child Conversation
This study investigated whether European American and Japanese mothers' speech to preschoolers contained exchange- and alignment-oriented structures that reflect and possibly support culture-specific models of self-other relatedness. In each country 12 mothers were observed in free play with their 3-year-olds. Maternal speech was coded for linguistic framing and frame-function mapping, using a cross-linguistically informed coding scheme rooted in…
Twenty Years after “Meaningful Differences,” It's Time to Reframe the “Deficit” Debate about the Importance of Children's Early Language Experience
Fifty years of research have documented a sobering reality: There are substantial differences among parents in how they engage and communicate with their children, and these differences impact the development of a child's language and cognitive skills.Studies initiated during the War on Poverty first explored how parents' verbal engagement with young children varied among families differing in education and income, or socioeconomic status (SES) […
Taxi! The Modern Taxicab as Feminist Heterotopia
The taxicab operated as a crucial transitional mode of transport for bourgeois women, allowing them maximum power as spectators when it was still brave for a woman to be a pedestrian. The writings of Virginia Woolf, which so often depict bourgeois women coping with modernity, form the chief context in which to explore the role of the taxicab in liberating the modern woman. The taxi itself, clumsy and ungendered, encases a woman's body and protect…
SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months
This research revealed both similarities and striking differences in early language proficiency among infants from a broad range of advantaged and disadvantaged families. English‐learning infants ( n = 48) were followed longitudinally from 18 to 24 months, using real‐time measures of spoken language processing. The first goal was to track developmental changes in processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary learning in this diverse sample. The…
Fast mapping, slow learning
Talking to Children Matters
Infants differ substantially in their rates of language growth, and slow growth predicts later academic difficulties. In this study, we explored how the amount of speech directed to infants in Spanish-speaking families low in socioeconomic status influenced the development of children’s skill in real-time language processing and vocabulary learning. All-day recordings of parent-infant interactions at home revealed striking variability among famil…
Knowing a lot for one’s age
Grammatical gender in L2
Mastery of grammatical gender is difficult to achieve in a second language (L2). This study investigates whether persistent difficulty with grammatical gender often observed in the speech of otherwise highly proficient L2 learners is best characterized as a production-specific performance problem, or as difficulty with the retrieval of gender information in real-time language use. In an experimental design that crossed production/comprehension an…
Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers
How vocabulary size in two languages relates to efficiency in spoken word recognition by young Spanish–English bilinguals
Research using online comprehension measures with monolingual children shows that speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition are correlated with lexical development. Here we examined speech processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary development in bilingual children learning both Spanish and English ( n =26 ; 2 ; 6). Between-language associations were weak: vocabulary size in Spanish was uncorrelated with vocabulary in English, and childr…
Looking while listening
The “looking-while-listening” methodology uses real-time measures of the time course of young children’s gaze patterns in response to speech. This procedure is low in task demands and does not require automated eyetracking technology, similar to “preferential-looking” procedures. However, the looking-whilelistening methodology differs critically from preferential-looking procedures in the methods used for data reduction and analysis, yielding hig…
Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood
The nature of predictive relations between early language and later cognitive function is a fundamental question in research on human cognition. In a longitudinal study assessing speed of language processing in infancy, Fernald, Perfors and Marchman (2006 ) found that reaction time at 25 months was strongly related to lexical and grammatical development over the second year. In this follow‐up study, children originally tested as infants were asse…
Does input influence uptake? Links between maternal talk, processing speed and vocabulary size in Spanish‐learning children
It is well established that variation in caregivers’ speech is associated with language outcomes, yet little is known about the learning principles that mediate these effects. This longitudinal study ( n = 27) explores whether Spanish‐learning children's early experiences with language predict efficiency in real‐time comprehension and vocabulary learning. Measures of mothers’ speech at 18 months were examined in relation to children's speech proc…
Young Children Learning Spanish Make Rapid Use of Grammatical Gender in Spoken Word Recognition
All nouns in Spanish have grammatical gender, with obligatory gender marking on preceding articles (e.g., la and el, the feminine and masculine forms of “the,” respectively). Adult native speakers of languages with grammatical gender exploit this cue in on-line sentence interpretation. In a study investigating the early development of this ability, Spanish-learning children (34–42 months) were tested in an eye-tracking procedure. Presented with p…
Spoken word recognition by Latino children learning Spanish as their first language
Research on the development of efficiency in spoken language understanding has focused largely on middle-class children learning English. Here we extend this research to Spanish-learning children ( n =49; M =2;0; range=1;3–3;1) living in the USA in Latino families from primarily low socioeconomic backgrounds. Children looked at pictures of familiar objects while listening to speech naming one of the objects. Analyses of eye movements revealed dev…
Woolfian Resonances 1
This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Emily Setina's article, “A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron.” The full text of Anne Fernald's pie…
Picking up speed in understanding
To explore how online speech processing efficiency relates to vocabulary growth in the 2nd year, the authors longitudinally observed 59 English-learning children at 15, 18, 21, and 25 months as they looked at pictures while listening to speech naming one of the pictures. The time course of eye movements in response to speech revealed significant increases in the efficiency of comprehension over this period. Further, speed and accuracy in spoken w…
A Feminist Public Sphere? Virginia Woolf's Revisions of the Eighteenth Century
Rapid Gains in Speed of Verbal Processing by Infants in the 2nd Year
Infants improve substantially in language ability during their 2nd year. Research on the early development of speech production shows that vocabulary begins to expand rapidly around the age of 18 months. During this period, infants also make impressive gains in understanding spoken language. We examined the time course of word recognition in infants ages 15 to 24 months, tracking their eye movements as they looked at pictures in response to famil…
Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants
Grammatical gender in L2
Mastery of grammatical gender is difficult to achieve in a second language (L2). This study investigates whether persistent difficulty with grammatical gender often observed in the speech of otherwise highly proficient L2 learners is best characterized as a production-specific performance problem, or as difficulty with the retrieval of gender information in real-time language use. In an experimental design that crossed production/comprehension an…
Expanded intonation contours in mothers' speech to newborns
Picking up speed in understanding
To explore how online speech processing efficiency relates to vocabulary growth in the 2nd year, the authors longitudinally observed 59 English-learning children at 15, 18, 21, and 25 months as they looked at pictures while listening to speech naming one of the pictures. The time course of eye movements in response to speech revealed significant increases in the efficiency of comprehension over this period. Further, speed and accuracy in spoken w…
Prosody and focus in speech to infants and adults
Two studies investigated adults ' use of prosodic emphasis to mark focused words in speech to infants and adults. In Experiment 1,18 mothers told a story to a 14-month-old infant and to an adult, using a picture book in which 6 target items were the focus of attention. Prosodic emphasis was measured both acoustically and subjectively In speech to infants, mothers consistently positioned focused words on exaggerated pitch peaks in utterance-final …
Taxi! The Modern Taxicab as Feminist Heterotopia
The taxicab operated as a crucial transitional mode of transport for bourgeois women, allowing them maximum power as spectators when it was still brave for a woman to be a pedestrian. The writings of Virginia Woolf, which so often depict bourgeois women coping with modernity, form the chief context in which to explore the role of the taxicab in liberating the modern woman. The taxi itself, clumsy and ungendered, encases a woman's body and protect…
Expanded intonation contours in mothers' speech to newborns
Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese
Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech
Intonation and Communicative Intent in Mothers' Speech to Infants
A cross-language study of prosodic modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants
This study compares the prosodie modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants in French, Italian, German, Japanese, British English, and American English. At every stage of data collection and analysis, standardized procedures were used to enhance the comparability across data sets that is essential for valid cross-language comparison of the prosodie features of parental speech. In each of the six language groups, five mothe…
Prosody and focus in speech to infants and adults
Two studies investigated adults ' use of prosodic emphasis to mark focused words in speech to infants and adults. In Experiment 1,18 mothers told a story to a 14-month-old infant and to an adult, using a picture book in which 6 target items were the focus of attention. Prosodic emphasis was measured both acoustically and subjectively In speech to infants, mothers consistently positioned focused words on exaggerated pitch peaks in utterance-final …
Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants
Rapid Gains in Speed of Verbal Processing by Infants in the 2nd Year
Infants improve substantially in language ability during their 2nd year. Research on the early development of speech production shows that vocabulary begins to expand rapidly around the age of 18 months. During this period, infants also make impressive gains in understanding spoken language. We examined the time course of word recognition in infants ages 15 to 24 months, tracking their eye movements as they looked at pictures in response to famil…
A Feminist Public Sphere? Virginia Woolf's Revisions of the Eighteenth Century
Picking up speed in understanding
To explore how online speech processing efficiency relates to vocabulary growth in the 2nd year, the authors longitudinally observed 59 English-learning children at 15, 18, 21, and 25 months as they looked at pictures while listening to speech naming one of the pictures. The time course of eye movements in response to speech revealed significant increases in the efficiency of comprehension over this period. Further, speed and accuracy in spoken w…
Young Children Learning Spanish Make Rapid Use of Grammatical Gender in Spoken Word Recognition
All nouns in Spanish have grammatical gender, with obligatory gender marking on preceding articles (e.g., la and el, the feminine and masculine forms of “the,” respectively). Adult native speakers of languages with grammatical gender exploit this cue in on-line sentence interpretation. In a study investigating the early development of this ability, Spanish-learning children (34–42 months) were tested in an eye-tracking procedure. Presented with p…
Spoken word recognition by Latino children learning Spanish as their first language
Research on the development of efficiency in spoken language understanding has focused largely on middle-class children learning English. Here we extend this research to Spanish-learning children ( n =49; M =2;0; range=1;3–3;1) living in the USA in Latino families from primarily low socioeconomic backgrounds. Children looked at pictures of familiar objects while listening to speech naming one of the objects. Analyses of eye movements revealed dev…
Woolfian Resonances 1
This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Emily Setina's article, “A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron.” The full text of Anne Fernald's pie…
Looking while listening
The “looking-while-listening” methodology uses real-time measures of the time course of young children’s gaze patterns in response to speech. This procedure is low in task demands and does not require automated eyetracking technology, similar to “preferential-looking” procedures. However, the looking-whilelistening methodology differs critically from preferential-looking procedures in the methods used for data reduction and analysis, yielding hig…
Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood
The nature of predictive relations between early language and later cognitive function is a fundamental question in research on human cognition. In a longitudinal study assessing speed of language processing in infancy, Fernald, Perfors and Marchman (2006 ) found that reaction time at 25 months was strongly related to lexical and grammatical development over the second year. In this follow‐up study, children originally tested as infants were asse…
Does input influence uptake? Links between maternal talk, processing speed and vocabulary size in Spanish‐learning children
It is well established that variation in caregivers’ speech is associated with language outcomes, yet little is known about the learning principles that mediate these effects. This longitudinal study ( n = 27) explores whether Spanish‐learning children's early experiences with language predict efficiency in real‐time comprehension and vocabulary learning. Measures of mothers’ speech at 18 months were examined in relation to children's speech proc…
Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers
How vocabulary size in two languages relates to efficiency in spoken word recognition by young Spanish–English bilinguals
Research using online comprehension measures with monolingual children shows that speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition are correlated with lexical development. Here we examined speech processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary development in bilingual children learning both Spanish and English ( n =26 ; 2 ; 6). Between-language associations were weak: vocabulary size in Spanish was uncorrelated with vocabulary in English, and childr…
Knowing a lot for one’s age
Grammatical gender in L2
Mastery of grammatical gender is difficult to achieve in a second language (L2). This study investigates whether persistent difficulty with grammatical gender often observed in the speech of otherwise highly proficient L2 learners is best characterized as a production-specific performance problem, or as difficulty with the retrieval of gender information in real-time language use. In an experimental design that crossed production/comprehension an…
SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months
This research revealed both similarities and striking differences in early language proficiency among infants from a broad range of advantaged and disadvantaged families. English‐learning infants ( n = 48) were followed longitudinally from 18 to 24 months, using real‐time measures of spoken language processing. The first goal was to track developmental changes in processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary learning in this diverse sample. The…
Fast mapping, slow learning
Talking to Children Matters
Infants differ substantially in their rates of language growth, and slow growth predicts later academic difficulties. In this study, we explored how the amount of speech directed to infants in Spanish-speaking families low in socioeconomic status influenced the development of children’s skill in real-time language processing and vocabulary learning. All-day recordings of parent-infant interactions at home revealed striking variability among famil…
Taxi! The Modern Taxicab as Feminist Heterotopia
The taxicab operated as a crucial transitional mode of transport for bourgeois women, allowing them maximum power as spectators when it was still brave for a woman to be a pedestrian. The writings of Virginia Woolf, which so often depict bourgeois women coping with modernity, form the chief context in which to explore the role of the taxicab in liberating the modern woman. The taxi itself, clumsy and ungendered, encases a woman's body and protect…
Twenty Years after “Meaningful Differences,” It's Time to Reframe the “Deficit” Debate about the Importance of Children's Early Language Experience
Fifty years of research have documented a sobering reality: There are substantial differences among parents in how they engage and communicate with their children, and these differences impact the development of a child's language and cognitive skills.Studies initiated during the War on Poverty first explored how parents' verbal engagement with young children varied among families differing in education and income, or socioeconomic status (SES) […
Psychology (27 obras) · Language Development and Disorders (23 obras) · Linguistics (22 obras) · Developmental psychology (18 obras) · Reading and Literacy Development (14 obras) · Language development (12 obras) · Vocabulary (11 obras) · Communication (9 obras) · Vocabulary development (9 obras) · Cognitive psychology (8 obras)