George J Annas
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 171852 |
|---|---|
| NOME | George J Annas |
| PRENOMES | George J |
| SOBRENOME | Annas |
| ASSINATURA | ANNAS G J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Boston University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5836-7831 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 163 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 70 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 163 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1972 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Planetary Ethics
This piece offers a retrospective review of a plenary speech at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association by the leading environmentalist of the Nixon administration, attorney and judge Russell Train. Train's talk, titled “Prescription for a Planet,” can be seen as an early argument for uniting environmental health and public health as the two main determinants of both individual and population health and for the inclusion…
Reflections on the 70th Anniversary of the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial
An editorial is presented which addresses the 70th anniversary of the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial, and it mentions several other articles which appear in the same issue of the journal and discuss topics such as the Nuremberg Code and Nuremberg principles human rights laws and prosecutions of Nazi physicians for human experimentation-related murder and torture. Voluntary informed consent is assessed, along with euthanasia and eugenics during the Worl…
Beyond Nazi War Crimes Experiments
The year 2017 marks both the 70th anniversary of the Nuremberg Code and the first major revisions of federal research regulations in almost 3 decades. I suggest that the informed consent provisions of the federal research regulations continue to follow the requirements of the Nuremberg Code. However, modifications are needed to the informed consent (and institutional review board) provisions to make the revised federal regulations more effective …
Hospital Ethics Committees, Consultants, and Courts
Hospital ethics committees grew out of legal controversies regarding the refusal of lifesustaining treatment. We review the fragmented history of hospital ethics committees and argue that though they were born of concerns about legal liability, they do best when they stick to clinical ethics and leave legal questions to a hospital's attorney and the courts. We also underline that procedural mechanisms, including ethics committees and advance dire…
Health and Human Rights in the Continuing Global Economic Crisis
Physicians and torture
How is it possible? What are the personal, professional and political contexts that allow physicians to use their skills to torture and kill rather than heal? What are the psychological characteristics and the social, cultural and political factors that predispose physicians to participate in human rights abuses? What can be done to recognize at-risk situations and attempt to provide corrective or preventive strategies? This article examines case…
Anthropology, IRBs, and human rights
Jacobson v Massachusetts
Jacobson v Massachusetts, a 1905 US Supreme Court decision, raised questions about the power of state government to protect the public’s health and the Constitution’s protection of personal liberty. We examined conceptions about state power and personal liberty in Jacobson and later cases that expanded, superseded, or even ignored those ideas. Public health and constitutional law have evolved to better protect both health and human rights. States…
Case Study
The Rich Have More Money
Review of Ethics, Equity and Health for All, by Z. Bankowski, J. H. Bryant, and J. Gallagher, eds. (Geneva: CIOMS, 1997)
Burden of proof
The breast implant cases alleging systemic disease would in all likelihood have been lost had recipients been properly warned of potential dangers by the manufacturer or their surgeons
Thalidomide and the Titanic
The Titanic has become a metaphor for the disastrous consequences of an unqualified belief in the safety and invincibility of new technology. Similarly, the thalidomide tragedy stands for all of the "monsters" that can be inadvertently or negligently created by modern medicine. Thalidomide, once banned, has returned to the center of controversy with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) announcement that thalidomide will be placed on the mar…
Research in Developing Countries
Leonard H. Glantz, George J. Annas, Michael A. Grodin, Wendy K. Mariner, Research in Developing Countries: Taking "Benefit" Seriously, The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 28, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 1998), pp. 38-42
Human rights and maternal-fetal HIV transmission prevention trials in Africa
The human rights issues raised by the conduct of maternal-fetal human immunodeficiency virus transmission trials in Africa are not unique to either acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or Africa, but public discussion of these trials presents an opportunity for the United States and other wealthy nations to take the rights and welfare of impoverished populations seriously. The central issue at stake when developed countries perform research on subj…
Medicine and Human Rights
1996 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the commencement of the trial of Nazi physicians at Nuremberg, a trial that has been variously designated as the "Doctors' Trial" and the "Medical Case." In addition to documenting atrocities committed by physicians and scientists during WWII, the most significant contribution of the trial has come to be known as the "Nuremberg Code," a judicial codification of 10 prerequisites for the moral and legal use of…
How We Lie
Near end of his award-winning book, How We Die, Sherwin Nuland recounts story of Hazel Welch, his ninety-two-year-old patient who lived at senior citizen's residence about five miles from Yale-new Haven Hospital. Mentally alert, Ms. Welch required nursing care because of her advanced arthritis. One day she fell and was taken by ambulance to hospital. She was found to have perforated digestive tract but refused indicated surgery, saying she had li…
Sex, Money, and Bioethics
There is a certain sadness that ER and Chicago Hope have captured the public's imagination in a way the Clinton Health Plan never did. As these TV serial dramas open their second season they have become so popular that bioethicists are at a district disadvantage in talking to the public if they do not know how medical practice is being portrayed in them. Embedded in both ER and Chicago Hope are issues regularly discussed on these pages. Although …
Will the Real Bioethics (Commission) Please Stand up
Because of how America is constituted and because of our\nConstitution, no governmental commission can define "American bioethics."\nThere are nonetheless constructive roles bioethics can play at the federal\nlevel without compromising itself. Two that have been discussed previously are\nleading candidates. First, it makes sense to have a National Human Research\nReview Board whose mission is to review "big time" human research in public\nbefore …
The Last Kevorkorium
I am writing to alert you to a secret plan of the National Health Board to eliminate the country's last remaining kevorkorium, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park's Lava Flow Rest. Until we at the National Ethics Action Tabernacle (NEAT) learned of it, the president was to have announced the closing in her annual State of Health address to Congress. Lava Flow Rest is a unique and sustainable technological wonder that embodies all six primary American …
Medicine and Human Rights A Proposal for International Action
An international medical tribunal should be established with power to\nimpose criminal sanctions against physicians who are guilty of crimes against\nhumanity
The Human Genome Project
Will the Human Genome Project'S (HGP) social policy research program function as an “enhancer” and “promoter” for the entire “sequence,” or will it result in missense and nonsense mutations? The jury, of course, is still out, but we believe it is more properly viewed as a key promoter that is integral to the proper functioning of the HGP itself
At Law
At Law
Annas discusses the legal and public policy aspects of two 1990 in vitro fertilization cases. In Davis v. Davis, a Tennessee case involving disputed custody of frozen embryos in a divorce, an appellate court reversed a trial judge and ruled that the couple, not just the woman, should decide the disposition of the embryos. In Johnson v. Calvert, a surrogate mother in California failed to gain custody of the child she bore after gestating an embryo…
At Law
Fifteen years ago, my first column was entitled re Quinlan: Legal Comfort for Doctors. [1] The subtitle referred to New Jersey Supreme Court's suggestion that instead of bringing cases like Quinlan to court, families and physicians should rely on a hospital committee. The court based this recommendation on suggestion of a Texas pediatrician, Karen Teel, that a committee composed of physicians, social workers, attorneys and theologians could help …
[Treating the Troops]
The prostitute, the playboy, and the poet
The author describes four general approaches to choosing among potential candidates for heart and liver transplants: the market approach, the committee selection process, a lottery scheme, and the "customary" approach of leaving the decision to the physician. Annas maintains that a socially acceptable approach must be fair, efficient, and based on the values of human equality and respect for life. He proposes a combination scheme in which there w…
Your money or your life
Annas argues that current public policy that emphasizes cost\ncontainment over quality of care and equity of access is an effort to\ntransform medical care from a social good to an economic good. This trend\nthreatens to erode the community ethic of providing emergency care to all\nregardless of ability to pay. The author cites statistics and cases that\nreveal a trend by hospitals to deny emergency care or to transfer medically\nunstable patient…
Jacobson v Massachusetts
Jacobson v Massachusetts, a 1905 US Supreme Court decision, raised questions about the power of state government to protect the public’s health and the Constitution’s protection of personal liberty. We examined conceptions about state power and personal liberty in Jacobson and later cases that expanded, superseded, or even ignored those ideas. Public health and constitutional law have evolved to better protect both health and human rights. States…
Human rights and maternal-fetal HIV transmission prevention trials in Africa
The human rights issues raised by the conduct of maternal-fetal human immunodeficiency virus transmission trials in Africa are not unique to either acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or Africa, but public discussion of these trials presents an opportunity for the United States and other wealthy nations to take the rights and welfare of impoverished populations seriously. The central issue at stake when developed countries perform research on subj…
Anthropology, IRBs, and human rights
Burden of proof
The breast implant cases alleging systemic disease would in all likelihood have been lost had recipients been properly warned of potential dangers by the manufacturer or their surgeons
Back to the future
Back to the future: the IOM report reconsidered. G J Annas, L H Glantz, and N A ScotchCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.81.7.835 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Regulating the introduction of heart and liver transplantation
Recommendations for state policy regarding heart and liver\ntransplants by the Massachusetts Task Force on Organ Transplantation are\npresented and discussed. The Task Force, a broad-based group established to\nexamine the social issues involved in organ transplantation, proposed a phased\napproach of limited transplantation for 2 or 3 years during which data would\nbe collected on the program's clinical, social, economic, and ethical aspects. \n…
Chinese health care
Chinese health care: determinants of the system. M H Liang, P S Eichling, L J Fine, and G J AnnasCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.63.2.102 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Beyond Nazi War Crimes Experiments
The year 2017 marks both the 70th anniversary of the Nuremberg Code and the first major revisions of federal research regulations in almost 3 decades. I suggest that the informed consent provisions of the federal research regulations continue to follow the requirements of the Nuremberg Code. However, modifications are needed to the informed consent (and institutional review board) provisions to make the revised federal regulations more effective …
Thalidomide and the Titanic
The Titanic has become a metaphor for the disastrous consequences of an unqualified belief in the safety and invincibility of new technology. Similarly, the thalidomide tragedy stands for all of the "monsters" that can be inadvertently or negligently created by modern medicine. Thalidomide, once banned, has returned to the center of controversy with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) announcement that thalidomide will be placed on the mar…
Medicine and Human Rights
1996 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the commencement of the trial of Nazi physicians at Nuremberg, a trial that has been variously designated as the "Doctors' Trial" and the "Medical Case." In addition to documenting atrocities committed by physicians and scientists during WWII, the most significant contribution of the trial has come to be known as the "Nuremberg Code," a judicial codification of 10 prerequisites for the moral and legal use of…
At Law
On April 26, 1990, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals vacated\ndecisions that had allowed an emergency cesarean to be performed on A.C., who\nwas 26-1/2 weeks pregnant and near death from cancer. The hospital had\nrequested legal intervention despite agreement among A.C.'s family and\nphysicians to honor her wishes to be made comfortable as she died. Annas\nsummarizes the court decision that found that the lower court erred in\nweighing A.…
The Baby Doe regulations
This first of three articles on federal regulation involving the\ntreatment of handicapped newborns focuses on the two versions of Department of\nHealth and Human Services rules issued in March and July 1983 and known as the\n"Baby Doe" regulations. Annas reviews events leading up to the first set of\nrules; the resulting suit by the American Academy of Pediatrics and others;\nthe differences between the original and reissued regulations; and the…
Nuclear power
Nuclear power: safety and economics. G J AnnasCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.73.9.1099 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Mandatory PKU screening
The challenge that PKU screening programs face is to be effective without sacrificing individual liberty. Most states have assumed that this is impossible, and have enacted mandatory PKU screening tests. It now appears that in fact voluntary screening for PKU can be effective. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to reexamine existing mandatory screening statutes to determine if we can replace government coercion with voluntary informed consent. Foc…
The paradoxes of organ transplantation
The paradoxes of organ transplantation. G J AnnasCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.78.6.621 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Killing with kindness
In 1977, Texas and Oklahoma became the first states to legalize\nadministration of the death penalty by lethal injection; by late 1985, 14\nother states had followed suit. Opponents of the death penalty petitioned the\nFood and Drug Administration in 1980 to declare drugs specified for use in\nexecutions as "not approved," and to prevent their use for that purpose. When\nthe FDA denied their request, the petitioners took legal action against the\…
Fashion and freedom
Appellate courts in three states have now ruled that there is no\nlegal difference between artificial feeding and any other medical treatment\nand that therefore feeding may be refused by a competent patient or, in\nappropriate circumstances, by the family or guardian of an incompetent\npatient. Annas discusses the ethical and legal problems presented by these\ncases--California's
Why the British courts rejected the American doctrine of informed consent (and what British physicians should do about it)
In 1984 the English Civil Court of Appeals in Sidaway v. Bethlem Royal Hospital rejected the American doctrine of informed consent, in which the measure of disclosure is based on the patient's need to know, and reasserted the British paternalistic concept based on standard medical practice. Annas analyzes the justices' reasoning and concludes that it was based primarily on misinformation concerning the effect of informed consent on the incidence …
The case of Baby Jane Doe
The case of Baby Jane Doe: child abuse or unlawful Federal intervention? G J AnnasCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.74.7.727 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Making babies without sex
The author reviews scientific and societal developments in artificial\nreproductive technologies during the past year in the U.S., the United\nKingdom, and Australia. Successful births resulted from surrogate embryo\ntransfer and from transfer of an embryo following in vivo fertilization. \nRecommendations on social policy were made by Australia's Waller Committee,\nBritain's Warnock Committee, and U.S. congressional hearings. Annas stresses\nthe…
Ethics committees in neonatal care
The federal government, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the\nPresident's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and\nBiomedical and Behavioral Research have all proposed the establishment of\nhospital ethics committees to solve decision making dilemmas in neonatal as\nwell as other critical care areas. Annas argues that education, consultation,\nand policy making are inappropriate committee functions and identifies\nindi…
XYY and the Law
The Patient Has Rights
W ho does a patient turn to when he is refused treatment or given improper or inadequate care in an emergency room? When he is asked to sign a complicated consent form? When he is to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures and needs to know risks and alternatives involved? When he wants to see his medical records? When he doesn't want to be examined in presence of a dozen interns and medical students? When he wishes to make sure that no extraordin…
Chinese health care
Chinese health care: determinants of the system. M H Liang, P S Eichling, L J Fine, and G J AnnasCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.63.2.102 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
Special Supplement
Daniel Callahan, Leslie Dach, Harold Edgar, Willard Gaylin, Gerald Klerman, Ruth Macklin, Robert Michels, Robert C. Neville, David Rothman, Margaret Steinfels, Judith P. Swazey, George J. Annas, Larry Brown, Albert DiMascio, Daniel X. Freedman, George Hein, Hubert Jones, Melvin H. King, Ronald Lipman, Sheila Rothman, Robert L. Sprague, Special Supplement: MBD, Drug Research and the Schools, The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Jun., 1976), …
Law and the Life Sciences
The state, society and self-destruction
Law and the Life Sciences
tic. Further, allowing him to act on his desire preserves his independence. Here it is clear that the patient is not choosing death but rather avoiding the consequences of treatment. The issue is sharpened in the case of the terminally ill. If biological life is medicine's goal, then the patient should be kept alive as long as possible. If the preservation of autonomy is the goal of medicine, then one must do everything possible to maintain the i…
Psychosurgery
Computing the smallest number q such that the vertices of a given graph can be properly q-colored, known as the chromatic number, is one of the oldest and most fundamental problems in combinatorial optimization. The q-COLORING problem has been studied intensively using the framework of parameterized algorithmics, resulting in a very good understanding of the best-possible algorithms for several parameterizations based on the structure of the grap…
Law and the Life Sciences
the Commission's initial report on psychosurgery in August 1976, was anticipated. Headlines in Science noted, National Commission Issues Surprisingly Favorable Report (October 15, 1976), and in the Nation, Congress [sic] Endorses Psychosurgery (October 23, 1976). Since an endorsement of psychosurgical procedures was not what the Commissioners had in mind, the report was reconsidered at subsequent meetings, and has undergone significant revisions …
Law and the Life Sciences
In a June 1977 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that states are not required either by the Constitution or by current federal law to provide Medicaid funds for elective abortions. The Constitutional issues involved and possible Constitutional and medical consequences of the decision are discussed
Law and the Life Sciences
This paper investigates the triangular and polygonal formation control problem for mobile multi-agent systems under the constraint that each agent can only take angle measurements. For triangular formations, due to the fact that the sum of three interior angles always equals π, the desired triangular shape can be obtained when any two agents achieve desired angles for which they are the corresponding vertices of the triangle. So to achieve the de…
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
The information rates achievable with a photon-gas model of electromagnetic radiation are studied. At any\nfrequency, information rates over the photon-gas model essentially coincide with the Shannon capacity when\nthe signal-to-noise ratio is below a threshold. Only above the threshold does the photon gas incur in a\nsignificant loss in information rates; the loss can amount to half of the capacity. The threshold exceeds 40 dB\nfor radio frequen…
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
Physicians and Legal Responsibilities
Law and the Life Sciences
A monolithic 4x4 WDM cross-connect is presented comprising a broadcast select switch and four wavelength selective switches. Multi-path routing is demonstrated for both co-and counter-propagating data with under 1dB power penalty indicating negligible crosstalk
Law and the Life Sciences
Law and the Life Sciences
Patenting Life
Law and the Life Sciences
Political science (130 obras) · Law (124 obras) · Medicine (74 obras) · Psychology (73 obras) · Sociology (40 obras) · Ethics in medical practice (31 obras) · Legal Systems and Judicial Processes (31 obras) · Ethics and Legal Issues in Pediatric Healthcare (29 obras) · Reproductive Health and Technologies (22 obras) · Supreme court (20 obras)