Christopher Millett
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1737140 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Christopher Millett |
| PRENOMES | Christopher |
| SOBRENOME | Millett |
| ASSINATURA | MILLETT C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Imperial College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0793-9884 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2006 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Framing of ultra-processed foods in UK news media (2022–2023) and associations with quoted actors’ interests
Increasing attention on “ultra-processed” foods (UPFs) and their health effects has sparked policy debate. News media influences public perceptions yet understanding of UPF framing and industry influence remains limited. This study analysed UPF framing in UK news media and trade press, exploring interests of quoted individuals and organisations. We systematically searched UK media for UPF articles in 2022–23, identifying 188 articles for mixed-me…
The impacts of neighbourhood violence on mental health consultations among residents of low-income neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro
Climate, geography and socioeconomic vulnerability and emergency care accessibility in Nepal, 2022
BACKGROUND: Strengthening emergency care systems could reduce death and disability in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet many struggle to provide timely, high-quality care. LMICs also face growing risks from climate-related shocks and mass casualty events. This study identifies unmet emergency care needs in Nepal-one of the world's most climate-vulnerable countries-using high-resolution geospatial data to estimate socioeconomic and cli…
The association between china’s primary health care reform and inequalities in primary care utilisation and maternal mortality
China's PHC reforms and primary care utilisation were associated with reduction in MMR in less developed regions, suggesting contributions to lower inequalities in maternal health between regions. Community-level family physician services are likely effective for improving maternal health in high burden areas, but further system and quality improvements are needed in areas where maternal mortality is lower
Health system financing fragmentation and maternal mortality transition in Mexico, 2000–2022
The results of this study confirm the close relationship between maternal mortality and social inequalities, and suggest that affiliation with social security has ceased to be a differentiating factor in recent years. Understanding the evolution of maternal mortality between the population with and without social security in Mexico allows us to quantify the gap in maternal deaths attributed to inequalities in access to maternal health services, w…
Healthcare utilisation among low-income individuals affected by violence in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Violence was associated with short-term increases in healthcare utilisation among low-income individuals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Quantifying the environmental and food biodiversity impacts of ultra-processed foods
Objective: While associations of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with adverse health outcomes are accruing, its environmental and food biodiversity impacts remain underexplored. This study examines associations between UPF consumption and dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), land use and food biodiversity. Design: Prospective cohort study. Linear mixed models estimated associations between UPF intake (g/d and kcal/d) and GHGe (kg CO 2 …
Effects of city design on transport mode choice and exposure to health risks during and after a crisis
Future-proofing cities against negative city mobility and public health impacts of impending natural hazards
Reducing non-communicable diseases among Palestinian populations in Gaza
We sought to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of potential new public health and healthcare NCD risk reduction efforts among Palestinians in Gaza. We created a microsimulation model using: (i) a cross-sectional household survey of NCD risk factors among 4,576 Palestinian adults aged ≥40 years old in Gaza; (ii) a modified Delphi process among local public health experts to identify potentially feasible new interventions; and (iii) r…
More doctors, better health? A generalised synthetic control approach to estimating impacts of increasing doctors under Brazil's Mais Medicos programme
Worldwide, there are an insufficient number of primary care physicians to provide accessible, high-quality primary care services. Better knowledge on the health impacts of policies aimed at improving access to primary care physicians is important for informing future policies. Using a generalised synthetic control estimator (GSC), we estimate the effect of the increase in primary care physicians from the Programa Mais Médicos in Brazil. The GSC a…
Natural experiments for the evaluation of place-based public health interventions
Introduction Place-based public health evaluations are increasingly making use of natural experiments. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the design and use of natural experiment evaluations (NEEs), and an assessment of the plausibility of the as-if randomization assumption. Methods A systematic search of three bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science and Ovid-Medline) was conducted in January 2020 to capture publications …
Racial inequalities in mental healthcare use and mortality
INTRODUCTION: Mental health inequalities across racial and ethnic groups are large and unjust in many countries, yet these inequalities remain under-researched, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries such as Brazil. This study investigates racial and socioeconomic inequalities in primary healthcare usage, hospitalisation and mortality for mental health disorders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: A cohort of 1.2 million low-incom…
Typology of how ‘harmful commodity industries’ interact with local governments in England
INTRODUCTION: Industries that produce and market potentially harmful commodities or services (eg, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, less healthy foods and beverages) are a major influence on the drivers of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The nature and impact of interactions between public bodies and 'harmful commodity industries' (HCIs) has been widely recognised and discussed at national and international levels, but to date l…
Association of the retail food environment, BMI, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic position in urban areas of Mexico
The retail food environment is a key modifiable driver of food choice and the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to assess the relationship between the density of food retailers, body mass index (BMI), dietary patterns, and socioeconomic position in Mexico. Cross-sectional dietary data, BMI and socioeconomic characteristics of adult participants came from the nationally representative 2012 National Health and Nutrition Sur…
Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world
There is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from low-and-middle income (n = 8) and high-income countries (n = 11). In all the cities, females are more likely than males to walk and, in most cities, more likely to use public transport. This relati…
Health and health system impacts of China’s comprehensive primary healthcare reforms
China’s comprehensive primary healthcare (PHC) reforms since 2009 aimed to deliver accessible, efficient, equitable and high-quality healthcare services. However, knowledge on the system-wide effectiveness of these reforms is limited. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the reforms’ health and health system impacts. In 13 August 2022, international databases and three Chinese databases were searched for randomized controlled trials, qu…
School meals in the UK
Recent research paints an alarming picture of the school food system in the UK. This commentary discusses the issues that undermine healthy school meals and considers the actions required to ensure the school food system can meet the challenges ahead
Dietary quality of school meals and packed lunches
Objective: School lunches represent a key opportunity to improve diets and health of schoolchildren. No recent nationally representative studies have examined the nutritional differences between school meals and packed lunches in the UK. This study aimed to characterise and compare the nutritional quality of school meals and packed lunches among primary and secondary school-age children. Design: A pooled cross-sectional analysis of the UK’s Natio…
Cigarette taxation and neonatal and infant mortality
Previous studies on the associations between cigarette taxes and infant survival have all been in high-income countries and did not examine the relative benefits of different taxation levels and structures. We evaluated longitudinal associations of cigarette taxes with neonatal and infant mortality globally. We applied country-level panel regressions using 2008–2018 annual mortality and biennial WHO tobacco taxation data. Complete data was availa…
Interpersonal violence and depression in Brazil
Depression and interpersonal violence are issues of increasing public health concern globally, especially in low-and-middle income countries. Despite the known relationship between interpersonal violence and an increased risk of depression, there is a need to further characterise the experience of depression in those who have experienced violence, to better develop screening and treatment interventions. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on…
Associations between Indonesia’s national health insurance, effective coverage in maternal health and neonatal mortality
BACKGROUND: )) on effective coverage for maternal and child health across geographical regions and population groups. METHODS: We used four waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey from 2000 to 2017, which included 38 880 women aged 15-49 years and 144 000 birth records. Key outcomes included antenatal and delivery care, caesarean section and neonatal and infant mortality. We used multilevel interrupted time-series regression to exami…
The need to reshape global food processing
In the modern, globalised food system, useful types of industrial food processing that preserve foods, enhance their sensory properties and make their culinary preparation easier and more diverse, have been and are being replaced by food ultra-processing. The main purpose of food ultra-processing is to increase profits by creating hyperpalatable and convenient food products that are grossly inferior imitations of minimally processed foods and fre…
Is the healthy start scheme associated with increased food expenditure in low-income families with young children in the United Kingdom
This study did not find evidence of an association between Healthy Start participation and FV expenditure. Moreover, inequalities in FV purchasing persist in the UK. Higher participation and increased voucher value may help to improve programme performance and counteract the harmful effects of poverty on diet
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in multimorbidity and associated healthcare utilisation and outcomes in Brazil
The prevalence of multimorbidity and associated hospital admissions and mortality are greater in individuals with black race/ethnicity and other deprived socioeconomic groups in Rio de Janeiro. Interventions to better prevent and manage multimorbidity and underlying disparities in low- and middle-income country settings are needed
Free bus passes, use of public transport and obesity among older people in England
BACKGROUND: All residents of England aged 60 years and older became entitled to free travel on local buses on 1 April 2006. This study examines the impact of this policy on public transport use, a mode of active transport and levels of obesity. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses using three waves of data (2004, 2006 and 2008) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Our main outcome measures were changes in self-reported public transport…
The Impact of a Free Older Persons’ Bus Pass on Active Travel and Regular Walking in England
Objectives. We assessed the potential public health benefit of the National Bus Pass, introduced in 2006, which permits free local bus travel for older adults (≥ 60 years) in England. Methods. We performed regression analyses with annual data from the 2005–2008 National Travel Survey. Models assessed associations between being a bus pass holder and active travel (walking, cycling, and use of public transport), use of buses, and walking 3 or more …
Free Bus Travel and Physical Activity, Gait Speed, and Adiposity in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Objectives. We investigated associations between having a bus pass, enabling free local bus travel across the United Kingdom for state pension–aged people, and physical activity, gait speed, and adiposity. Methods. We used data on 4650 bus pass–eligible people (aged ≥ 62 years) at wave 6 (2012–2013) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in regression analyses. Results. Bus pass holders were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67; …
Quantifying the impact of the Public Health Responsibility Deal on salt intake, cardiovascular disease and gastric cancer burdens
BACKGROUND: In 2011, England introduced the Public Health Responsibility Deal (RD), a public-private partnership (PPP) which gave greater freedom to the food industry to set and monitor targets for salt intakes. We estimated the impact of the RD on trends in salt intake and associated changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gastric cancer (GCa) incidence, mortality and economic costs in England from 2011-2025. METHODS: microsimulation model t…
Ethnic group differences in cardiovascular risk assessment scores
Ethnicity is an important CVD risk factor. Current scoring tools used in the UK produce significantly different estimates of CVD risk within ethnic groups, particularly in South Asian men. Work to accurately estimate CVD risk in ethnic minority groups is important if CVD prevention programmes are to address health inequalities
The economic gradient of obesity in Mexico
The inverse equity hypothesis
BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether the inverse equity hypothesis-the idea that new health interventions are initially primarily accessed by the rich, but that inequalities narrow with diffusion to the poor-holds true for cancer screening in low and middle income countries (LMICs).This study examines the relationship between overall coverage and economic inequalities in coverage of cancer screening in four middle-income countries. METHODS: Second…
Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries? Findings from the WHO-Sage surv…
BACKGROUND: The use of self-reported measures of chronic disease may substantially underestimate prevalence in low-income and middle-income country settings, especially in groups with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We sought to determine whether socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) differ if estimated by using symptom-based or criterion-based measures compared with self-reported physician dia…
Future-proofing cities against negative city mobility and public health impacts of impending natural hazards
More doctors, better health? A generalised synthetic control approach to estimating impacts of increasing doctors under Brazil's Mais Medicos programme
Worldwide, there are an insufficient number of primary care physicians to provide accessible, high-quality primary care services. Better knowledge on the health impacts of policies aimed at improving access to primary care physicians is important for informing future policies. Using a generalised synthetic control estimator (GSC), we estimate the effect of the increase in primary care physicians from the Programa Mais Médicos in Brazil. The GSC a…
Associations between Indonesia’s national health insurance, effective coverage in maternal health and neonatal mortality
BACKGROUND: )) on effective coverage for maternal and child health across geographical regions and population groups. METHODS: We used four waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey from 2000 to 2017, which included 38 880 women aged 15-49 years and 144 000 birth records. Key outcomes included antenatal and delivery care, caesarean section and neonatal and infant mortality. We used multilevel interrupted time-series regression to exami…
Smoking and erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is a significant health concern affecting around one in 10 Australian men aged 16-59 years. Current smoking is significantly associated with erectile dysfunction in Australian males. This association was strengthened as the number of cigarettes smoked increased. Health promotion programmes could use the link between smoking and erectile dysfunction to help reduce smoking levels among men
Exposure to smoking in movies among British adolescents 2001–2006
Because there is a dose-response relation between the amount of on-screen exposure to smoking and the likelihood that adolescents will begin smoking, the fact that there is substantially higher exposure to smoking in youth-rated films in the UK than in the USA suggests that the fraction of all youth smoking because of films in the UK is probably larger than in the USA. Other countries with ratings systems that are less conservative (in terms of l…
Unhealthy Competition
Objectives. We compared the quality of care received by managed care Medicaid beneficiaries in counties with a choice of health plans and counties with no choice. Methods. This cross-sectional study among California Medicaid beneficiaries was conducted during 2002. We used a multivariate Poisson model to calculate adjusted rates of hospital admissions for ambulatory care–sensitive conditions by duration of plan enrollment. Results. Among benefici…
Uptake of the NHS Health Checks programme in a deprived, culturally diverse setting
Background The National Health Service (NHS) Health Checks are an England-wide primary prevention programme designed to lower the national burden of cardiovascular disease. In order to be effective, high risk prevention strategies require a strong uptake and effective interventions. Aims Using cross-sectional data extracted from electronic medical records in primary care we aimed to examine the attendance and management of people invited for a NH…
State and socio-demographic group variation in out-of-pocket expenditure, borrowings and Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) programme use for birth deliveries in India
Our study highlights the ongoing high OOPE and impoverishing impact of institutional care for deliveries in India. Supporting families in financial planning for maternity care, additional investment in the JSY programme and strengthening state level planning are required to increase the proportion of institutional deliveries
OP36 A Cross-Sectional Assessment of the Effect of the Free Older Persons’ Bus Pass On Active Travel and Regular Walking Among Adults ≥60 Years in England Using Data from the National Travel Survey 20…
Background The benefits of physical activity for all age groups is well-documented and there is increasing interest in the promotion of incidental physical activity, such as active transport, which includes walking, cycling and use of public transport. For older adults, even small increases in activity may have significant benefits: for example, the relative risk of disability is reduced by 7% for each additional hour of relatively gentle physica…
Free bus passes, use of public transport and obesity among older people in England
BACKGROUND: All residents of England aged 60 years and older became entitled to free travel on local buses on 1 April 2006. This study examines the impact of this policy on public transport use, a mode of active transport and levels of obesity. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses using three waves of data (2004, 2006 and 2008) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Our main outcome measures were changes in self-reported public transport…
The Impact of a Free Older Persons’ Bus Pass on Active Travel and Regular Walking in England
Objectives. We assessed the potential public health benefit of the National Bus Pass, introduced in 2006, which permits free local bus travel for older adults (≥ 60 years) in England. Methods. We performed regression analyses with annual data from the 2005–2008 National Travel Survey. Models assessed associations between being a bus pass holder and active travel (walking, cycling, and use of public transport), use of buses, and walking 3 or more …
Association between smoke-free workplace and second-hand smoke exposure at home in India
Implementation of smoke-free legislation in India was associated with a higher proportion of adults reporting a smoke-free home. These findings further strengthen the case for accelerated implementation of Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in low and middle income countries
Ethnic group differences in cardiovascular risk assessment scores
Ethnicity is an important CVD risk factor. Current scoring tools used in the UK produce significantly different estimates of CVD risk within ethnic groups, particularly in South Asian men. Work to accurately estimate CVD risk in ethnic minority groups is important if CVD prevention programmes are to address health inequalities
PP23 Variation of Primary Care Quality with Contract type
Background Since 2004, policy reforms in the English NHS have allowed new contracting mechanisms for provision of general practice services. A wider variety of provider organisations were allowed under the alternative provider of medical services (APMS) contract. In addition, Primary Care Trusts have been able to directly provide general practice services via the PCTMS contract. These new contracts were introduced to challenge existing models of …
OP23 Associations between Active Travel to Work and Overweight, Hypertension and Diabetes in the United Kingdom
Background Increasing active travel (walking & cycling, including to/from public transport) is increasingly seen as integral to strategies to raise population levels of physical activity. This study examined: (1) socio-demographic correlates of active travel to work; (2) associations between active travel and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the United Kingdom. Methods Data come from Understanding Society, a nationally representative survey…
Ethnic group variations in alcohol-related hospital admissions in England
Geographical location may be an important determinant of within and between ethnic group variations in alcohol-related hospital admissions in England. While a number of factors were not examined here, this descriptive analysis suggests that this heterogeneity should be taken into account when planning interventions and services for the prevention and management of alcohol misuse
Do patients’ information requirements for choice in health care vary with their socio‐demographic characteristics
OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether the information used to inform hospital choice, and the sources of that information, varies with patients' socio-demographic characteristics. It also examines whether information used by patients to inform choice is associated with attending their local hospital. METHODS: A survey of 1033 patients who were offered a choice of hospital provider for elective treatment in England. Logistic regression was used …
Associations between active travel and adiposity in rural India and Bangladesh
Use of active travel for ≥150 min/week was associated with being male, smoking, and higher levels of work-based physical activity. It was associated with lower BMI, and lower risk of a high waist circumference or high waist-to-hip ratio. Promotion of active travel is an important component of strategies to address the growing prevalence of overweight in rural low- and middle- income country settings
The inverse equity hypothesis
BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether the inverse equity hypothesis-the idea that new health interventions are initially primarily accessed by the rich, but that inequalities narrow with diffusion to the poor-holds true for cancer screening in low and middle income countries (LMICs).This study examines the relationship between overall coverage and economic inequalities in coverage of cancer screening in four middle-income countries. METHODS: Second…
Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries? Findings from the WHO-Sage surv…
BACKGROUND: The use of self-reported measures of chronic disease may substantially underestimate prevalence in low-income and middle-income country settings, especially in groups with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We sought to determine whether socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) differ if estimated by using symptom-based or criterion-based measures compared with self-reported physician dia…
Differences in tobacco smoking prevalence and frequency between adolescent Palestine refugee and non-refugee populations in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank
Current tobacco smoking prevalence is in excess of 20 % in both adolescent Palestine refugee and non-refugee populations in Middle Eastern countries, however Palestine refugees may smoke tobacco more frequently than non-refugees. Comparison of simple prevalence estimates may therefore mask important differences in tobacco use patterns within population groups
Prevalence and correlates of achieving recommended physical activity levels among children living in rural South Asia—A multi-centre study
Only one quarter of children in these rural areas achieved RPAL in active travel, leisure and sedentary activity. Improved understanding of RPAL in rural South Asian children is important due to rapid socio-economic transition
Free Bus Travel and Physical Activity, Gait Speed, and Adiposity in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Objectives. We investigated associations between having a bus pass, enabling free local bus travel across the United Kingdom for state pension–aged people, and physical activity, gait speed, and adiposity. Methods. We used data on 4650 bus pass–eligible people (aged ≥ 62 years) at wave 6 (2012–2013) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in regression analyses. Results. Bus pass holders were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67; …
Association between expansion of primary healthcare and racial inequalities in mortality amenable to primary care in Brazil
BACKGROUND: Universal health coverage (UHC) can play an important role in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10, which addresses reducing inequalities, but little supporting evidence is available from low- and middle-income countries. Brazil's Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) (family health strategy) is a community-based primary healthcare (PHC) programme that has been expanding since the 1990s and is the main platform for deliverin…
Smoke-free legislation and paediatric hospitalisations for acute respiratory tract infections
Our prespecified ITS approach suggested that implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland was associated with an increase in paediatric RTI events. We were concerned that this result, which contradicted published evidence, was spurious. The association was indeed reversed when accounting for an unanticipated antecedent break point in the temporal trend, suggesting that the legislation may in fact be protective. ITS analyses should be subj…
Does charging different user fees for primary and secondary care affect first-contacts with primary healthcare? A systematic review
Neighborhood heterogeneity in health and well-being among the elderly in India – Evidence from Study on global AGEing and adult health (Sage)
Effect of primary health care reforms in Turkey on health service utilization and user satisfaction
Strengthening primary health care (PHC) is considered a priority for efficient and responsive health systems, but empirical evidence from low- and middle-income countries is limited. The stepwise introduction of family medicine across all 81 provinces of Turkey (a middle-income country) between 2005 and 2010, aimed at PHC strengthening, presents a natural experiment for assessing the effect of family medicine on health service utilization and use…
Medicine (50 obras) · Environmental health (43 obras) · Demography (33 obras) · Population (26 obras) · Public health (24 obras) · Internal Medicine (17 obras) · Demography (15 obras) · Gerontology (14 obras) · Economics (12 obras) · Geography (12 obras)