Neil M Davies
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1753635 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Neil M Davies |
| PRENOMES | Neil M |
| SOBRENOME | Davies |
| ASSINATURA | DAVIES N M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Bristol |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2460-0508 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 18 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 18 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2009 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socio-economic health gradient
We conducted a genome-wide association study on income among individuals of European descent ( N = 668,288) to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and health disparities. We identified 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes (the Income Factor). Our polygenic index captures 1–5% of income variance, with only one fourth due to direct genetic eff…
Genetics of monozygotic twins reveals the impact of environmental sensitivity on psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes
Individual sensitivity to environmental exposures may be genetically influenced. This genotype-by-environment interplay implies differences in phenotypic variance across genotypes, but these variants have proven challenging to detect. Genome-wide association studies of monozygotic twin differences are conducted through family-based variance analyses, which are more robust to the systemic biases that impact population-based methods. We combined da…
Implications of the genomic revolution for education research and policy
Research at the intersection of social science and genomics, ‘sociogenomics’, is transforming our understanding of the interplay between genomics, individual outcomes and society. It has interesting and maybe unexpected implications for education research and policy. Here we review the growing sociogenomics literature and discuss its implications for educational researchers and policymakers. We cover key concepts and methods in genomic research i…
How do busy hospital circumstances affect mortality and readmission within 60 days: A cohort study of 680 000 acute admissions in Norway
Estimating the causal effect of liability to disease on healthcare costs using Mendelian Randomization
Accurate measurement of the effects of disease status on healthcare costs is important in the pragmatic evaluation of interventions but is complicated by endogeneity bias. Mendelian Randomization, the use of random perturbations in germline genetic variation as instrumental variables, can avoid these limitations. We used a novel Mendelian Randomization analysis to model the causal impact on inpatient hospital costs of liability to six prevalent d…
Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: A Mendelian randomisation study
BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. However, whether and how depression exerts a causal effect on employment remains unclear. We used Mendelian randomisation (MR) to investigate whether depression affects employment and related outcomes in the UK Biobank dataset. METHODS: We selected 227 242 working-age participants (40-64 in men, 40-59 years for women) of white British ethnicity/ancestry with suitable genetic da…
Are there causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and body mass index? Evidence from multiple genetically informed designs
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and body mass index (BMI) are associated. However, it remains unclear whether this association reflects causal relationships in either direction or confounding. Here, we implemented genetically informed methods to examine bidirectional causality and potential confounding. METHODS: Three genetically informed methods were employed: (i) cross-lagged twin-differences analyses to assess bidir…
Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: A guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians
Mendelian randomisation uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to investigate the causal relations between potentially modifiable risk factors and health outcomes in observational data. As with all epidemiological approaches, findings from Mendelian randomisation studies depend on specific assumptions. We provide explanations of the information typically reported in Mendelian randomisation studies that can be used to assess the plausibili…
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of early life non-cognitive skills on academic, psychosocial, cognitive and health outcomes
Testing the validity of value‐added measures of educational progress with genetic data
Value‐added measures of educational progress have been used by education researchers and policy‐makers to assess the performance of teachers and schools, contributing to performance‐related pay and position in school league tables. They are designed to control for all underlying differences between pupils and should therefore provide unbiased measures of school and teacher influence on pupil progress, however, their effectiveness has been questio…
The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank
Information and choice of A‐level subjects: A cluster randomised controlled trial with linked administrative data
We estimated the effects of an intervention which provided information about graduate wages to 5593 students in England, using a blinded cluster randomised controlled trial in 50 schools (registration: AEARCTR ‐0000468). Our primary outcome was students’ choice of A‐level subjects at age 16. We also recorded the students’ expectations of future wages and the A‐level subjects they intended to take before and after the intervention, and linked thei…
Cultural and human capital, information and higher education choices
This study examines ways in which economic and sociological explanations of higher education (HE) choices may intersect through student’s use of information. We find substantial positive associations between intention to go to university in England and each of: (i) parents’ education; (ii) cultural capital; and (iii) expectations of the size of the graduate premium. We also find an association between beliefs about the size of the graduate premiu…
Paying for quality? Associations between private school income, performance and use of resources
Education policy in England has explicitly aimed to remodel state schools in the image of independent, private, schools. However, the body of research evidence on the operation of private schools is very small. Critics have frequently argued that, in contrast to state schools, private schools use resources efficiently because their autonomy gives them freedom to make efficient choices in response to market pressures. We investigated the resource …
Mendelian randomization in health research: Using appropriate genetic variants and avoiding biased estimates
Mendelian randomization methods, which use genetic variants as instrumental variables for exposures of interest to overcome problems of confounding and reverse causality, are becoming widespread for assessing causal relationships in epidemiological studies. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how results can be biased if researchers select genetic variants on the basis of their association with the exposure in their own dataset, as o…
O4-4.5 Associations of angiotensin-II receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors with Alzheimer's disease: A nested case-control study within the UK general practice research database
Objectives To investigate whether angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) are more strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than other anti-hypertensive drugs. Methods Nested case-control analysis within the UK general practice research database (n≈10 million), with prospectively recorded anti-hypertensive prescribing data. Cases aged ≥60 years and diagnosed between 1997 and 2008 (5797 with AD, 2186 with vascu…
Causal effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors relative to non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal bleeding and acute myocardial infarction: An instrumental variable anal…
Objective To compare ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable (IV) estimates of the effects of COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (COX-2s) relative to non-selective NSAIDs (non-selectives) on incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and acute myocardial infarction (MI). We test the validity of the IV estimates, and compare to estimates from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Design Cohort study usi…
Is accelerated postnatal growth associated with blood pressure in childhood
Objective: To investigate whether variations in growth patterns in early-life are associated with blood pressure at age 6.5 years by modelling detailed, individual growth trajectories between birth and 5 years of age. Design: Prospective cohort study nested in a large randomised trial. Setting: Belarus. Participants: 10 494 children from Belarus who were born in one of 31 hospitals that participated in a cluster randomised trial of breastfeeding …
The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank
Cultural and human capital, information and higher education choices
This study examines ways in which economic and sociological explanations of higher education (HE) choices may intersect through student’s use of information. We find substantial positive associations between intention to go to university in England and each of: (i) parents’ education; (ii) cultural capital; and (iii) expectations of the size of the graduate premium. We also find an association between beliefs about the size of the graduate premiu…
Testing the validity of value‐added measures of educational progress with genetic data
Value‐added measures of educational progress have been used by education researchers and policy‐makers to assess the performance of teachers and schools, contributing to performance‐related pay and position in school league tables. They are designed to control for all underlying differences between pupils and should therefore provide unbiased measures of school and teacher influence on pupil progress, however, their effectiveness has been questio…
Paying for quality? Associations between private school income, performance and use of resources
Education policy in England has explicitly aimed to remodel state schools in the image of independent, private, schools. However, the body of research evidence on the operation of private schools is very small. Critics have frequently argued that, in contrast to state schools, private schools use resources efficiently because their autonomy gives them freedom to make efficient choices in response to market pressures. We investigated the resource …
Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socio-economic health gradient
We conducted a genome-wide association study on income among individuals of European descent ( N = 668,288) to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and health disparities. We identified 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes (the Income Factor). Our polygenic index captures 1–5% of income variance, with only one fourth due to direct genetic eff…
Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: A Mendelian randomisation study
BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. However, whether and how depression exerts a causal effect on employment remains unclear. We used Mendelian randomisation (MR) to investigate whether depression affects employment and related outcomes in the UK Biobank dataset. METHODS: We selected 227 242 working-age participants (40-64 in men, 40-59 years for women) of white British ethnicity/ancestry with suitable genetic da…
Is accelerated postnatal growth associated with blood pressure in childhood
Objective: To investigate whether variations in growth patterns in early-life are associated with blood pressure at age 6.5 years by modelling detailed, individual growth trajectories between birth and 5 years of age. Design: Prospective cohort study nested in a large randomised trial. Setting: Belarus. Participants: 10 494 children from Belarus who were born in one of 31 hospitals that participated in a cluster randomised trial of breastfeeding …
Causal effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors relative to non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal bleeding and acute myocardial infarction: An instrumental variable anal…
Objective To compare ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variable (IV) estimates of the effects of COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (COX-2s) relative to non-selective NSAIDs (non-selectives) on incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and acute myocardial infarction (MI). We test the validity of the IV estimates, and compare to estimates from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Design Cohort study usi…
O4-4.5 Associations of angiotensin-II receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors with Alzheimer's disease: A nested case-control study within the UK general practice research database
Objectives To investigate whether angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) are more strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than other anti-hypertensive drugs. Methods Nested case-control analysis within the UK general practice research database (n≈10 million), with prospectively recorded anti-hypertensive prescribing data. Cases aged ≥60 years and diagnosed between 1997 and 2008 (5797 with AD, 2186 with vascu…
Mendelian randomization in health research: Using appropriate genetic variants and avoiding biased estimates
Mendelian randomization methods, which use genetic variants as instrumental variables for exposures of interest to overcome problems of confounding and reverse causality, are becoming widespread for assessing causal relationships in epidemiological studies. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how results can be biased if researchers select genetic variants on the basis of their association with the exposure in their own dataset, as o…
Cultural and human capital, information and higher education choices
This study examines ways in which economic and sociological explanations of higher education (HE) choices may intersect through student’s use of information. We find substantial positive associations between intention to go to university in England and each of: (i) parents’ education; (ii) cultural capital; and (iii) expectations of the size of the graduate premium. We also find an association between beliefs about the size of the graduate premiu…
Paying for quality? Associations between private school income, performance and use of resources
Education policy in England has explicitly aimed to remodel state schools in the image of independent, private, schools. However, the body of research evidence on the operation of private schools is very small. Critics have frequently argued that, in contrast to state schools, private schools use resources efficiently because their autonomy gives them freedom to make efficient choices in response to market pressures. We investigated the resource …
Information and choice of A‐level subjects: A cluster randomised controlled trial with linked administrative data
We estimated the effects of an intervention which provided information about graduate wages to 5593 students in England, using a blinded cluster randomised controlled trial in 50 schools (registration: AEARCTR ‐0000468). Our primary outcome was students’ choice of A‐level subjects at age 16. We also recorded the students’ expectations of future wages and the A‐level subjects they intended to take before and after the intervention, and linked thei…
Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: A guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians
Mendelian randomisation uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to investigate the causal relations between potentially modifiable risk factors and health outcomes in observational data. As with all epidemiological approaches, findings from Mendelian randomisation studies depend on specific assumptions. We provide explanations of the information typically reported in Mendelian randomisation studies that can be used to assess the plausibili…
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of early life non-cognitive skills on academic, psychosocial, cognitive and health outcomes
Testing the validity of value‐added measures of educational progress with genetic data
Value‐added measures of educational progress have been used by education researchers and policy‐makers to assess the performance of teachers and schools, contributing to performance‐related pay and position in school league tables. They are designed to control for all underlying differences between pupils and should therefore provide unbiased measures of school and teacher influence on pupil progress, however, their effectiveness has been questio…
The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank
Are there causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and body mass index? Evidence from multiple genetically informed designs
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and body mass index (BMI) are associated. However, it remains unclear whether this association reflects causal relationships in either direction or confounding. Here, we implemented genetically informed methods to examine bidirectional causality and potential confounding. METHODS: Three genetically informed methods were employed: (i) cross-lagged twin-differences analyses to assess bidir…
How do busy hospital circumstances affect mortality and readmission within 60 days: A cohort study of 680 000 acute admissions in Norway
Estimating the causal effect of liability to disease on healthcare costs using Mendelian Randomization
Accurate measurement of the effects of disease status on healthcare costs is important in the pragmatic evaluation of interventions but is complicated by endogeneity bias. Mendelian Randomization, the use of random perturbations in germline genetic variation as instrumental variables, can avoid these limitations. We used a novel Mendelian Randomization analysis to model the causal impact on inpatient hospital costs of liability to six prevalent d…
Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: A Mendelian randomisation study
BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. However, whether and how depression exerts a causal effect on employment remains unclear. We used Mendelian randomisation (MR) to investigate whether depression affects employment and related outcomes in the UK Biobank dataset. METHODS: We selected 227 242 working-age participants (40-64 in men, 40-59 years for women) of white British ethnicity/ancestry with suitable genetic da…
Implications of the genomic revolution for education research and policy
Research at the intersection of social science and genomics, ‘sociogenomics’, is transforming our understanding of the interplay between genomics, individual outcomes and society. It has interesting and maybe unexpected implications for education research and policy. Here we review the growing sociogenomics literature and discuss its implications for educational researchers and policymakers. We cover key concepts and methods in genomic research i…
Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socio-economic health gradient
We conducted a genome-wide association study on income among individuals of European descent ( N = 668,288) to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and health disparities. We identified 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes (the Income Factor). Our polygenic index captures 1–5% of income variance, with only one fourth due to direct genetic eff…
Genetics of monozygotic twins reveals the impact of environmental sensitivity on psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes
Individual sensitivity to environmental exposures may be genetically influenced. This genotype-by-environment interplay implies differences in phenotypic variance across genotypes, but these variants have proven challenging to detect. Genome-wide association studies of monozygotic twin differences are conducted through family-based variance analyses, which are more robust to the systemic biases that impact population-based methods. We combined da…
Medicine (11 obras) · Genetic Associations and Epidemiology (8 obras) · Psychology (8 obras) · Economics (7 obras) · Biology (6 obras) · Internal Medicine (6 obras) · Birth, Development, and Health (4 obras) · Demography (4 obras) · Genetics (4 obras) · Mendelian randomization (4 obras)