Robert G W Kirk
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 175772 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Robert G W Kirk |
| PRENOMES | Robert G W |
| SOBRENOME | Kirk |
| ASSINATURA | KIRK R G W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Manchester |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6541-5915 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 134 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1971 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Circulating bodies
The Birth of Hirudiculture
This article examines health, human–animal relationships and environments within nineteenth-century France, focusing on Hirudo medicinalis , the medicinal leech. Drawing upon medical, environmental and ‘more than human histories’, we investigate how a ‘mania’ for bloodletting in the wake of Parisian medicine and what Michel Foucault has characterised as the ‘birth of the clinic’ produced a trade in leeches that threatened to push the species to e…
The Birth of Hirudiculture
This article examines health, human–animal relationships and environments within nineteenth-century France, focusing on Hirudo medicinalis , the medicinal leech. Drawing upon medical, environmental and ‘more than human histories’, we investigate how a ‘mania’ for bloodletting in the wake of Parisian medicine and what Michel Foucault has characterised as the ‘birth of the clinic’ produced a trade in leeches that threatened to push the species to e…
Governance, expertise, and the ‘culture of care’
This article examines why early twenty-first century animal research governance in Britain foregrounds the 'culture of care' as its key problem. It adopts a historical perspective to understand why the regulation of animal research became primarily a problem of 'culture', a term firmly associated with the social relations of animal research, at this time and not before. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Sheila Jasanoff, Stephen Hilgartner an…
Havens of mercy”
This article argues that the movement of dogs from pounds to medical laboratories played a critically important role in debates over the use of animals in science and medicine in the United States in the twentieth century, not least by drawing the scientific community into every greater engagement with bureaucratic political governance. If we are to understand the unique characteristics of the American federal legislation that emerges in the 1960…
Animal research nexus
Animals used in biological research and testing have become integrated into the trajectories of modern biomedicine, generating increased expectations for and connections between human and animal health. Animal research also remains controversial and its acceptability is contingent on a complex network of relations and assurances across science and society, which are both formally constituted through law and informal or assumed. In this paper, we …
The Silver Spring monkey controversy
In September 1981 police raided the Institute for Behavioral Research (Silver Spring, Maryland, USA) seizing a number of macaque monkeys in response to accusations of animal cruelty against the neuroscientist Edward Taub. Over the following decade a volatile battle was fought as Taub, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the nascent animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), contested the claims and decided th…
Being well together? Promoting health and well-being through more than human collaboration and companionship
Being well together, an inaugural Research Forum, will critically examine the myriad ways humans have formed partnerships with non-human species to improve health across time and place. Across the humanities and social sciences, a growing body of scholarship has begun to rethink the prominence of the 'human' in our accounts of the world by exploring the category less as an individualised essence and more as a temporal process of becoming. From th…
The experimental animal
This chapter focuses on the nineteenth and twentieth century, as animal bodies were established as a basic resource for experimental research in the then emergent life sciences during this &s;modern&s; period. It reviews how the experimental animal tends to be sublimated within social history as concern for the animal is read against wider societal themes such as class, gender, and race. The chapter presents an overview of the historiography of s…
Working across species down on the farm
Seeking a scientific basis for understanding and treating mental illness, and inspired by the work of Ivan Pavlov, American physiologists, psychiatrists and psychologists in the 1920s turned to nonhuman animals. This paper examines how new constructs such as "experimental neurosis" emerged as tools to enable psychiatric comparison across species. From 1923 to 1962, the Cornell "Behavior Farm" was a leading interdisciplinary research center pionee…
Recovering The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
The 3Rs, or the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal research, are widely accepted as the best approach to maximizing high-quality science while ensuring the highest standard of ethical consideration is applied in regulating the use of animals in scientific procedures. This contrasts with the muted scientific interest in the 3Rs when they were first proposed in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959). Indeed, the relati…
Science, Culture, and Care in Laboratory Animal Research
The principles of the 3Rs-replacement, refinement, and reduction-strongly shape discussion of methods for performing more humane animal research and the regulation of this contested area of technoscience. This special issue looks back to the origins of the 3Rs principles through five papers that explore how it is enacted and challenged in practice and that develop critical considerations about its future. Three themes connect the papers in this s…
The Birth of the Laboratory Animal
Building Transnational Bodies
ArgumentThis article adopts a historical perspective to examine the development of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, an auxiliary field which formed to facilitate the work of the biomedical sciences by systematically improving laboratory animal production, provision, and maintenance in the post Second World War period. We investigate how Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine co-developed at the local level (responding to national needs and…
The Conceptual Link from Physical to Mental
How are truths about physical and mental states related? Robert Kirk articulates and defends 'redescriptive physicalism' - a fresh approach to the connection between the physical and the mental, which answers the problems that mental causation has traditionally raised for other non-reductive views.
In Dogs We Trust? Intersubjectivity, Response‐Able Relations, and the Making of Mine Detector Dogs
The utility of the dog as a mine detector has divided the mine clearance community since dogs were first used for this purpose during the Second World War. This paper adopts a historical perspective to investigate how, why, and to what consequence, the use of minedogs remains contested despite decades of research into their abilities. It explores the changing factors that have made it possible to think that dogs could, or could not, serve as reli…
"Life in a Germ-Free World"
This article examines a specific technology, the germ-free "isolator," tracing its development across three sites: (1) the laboratory for the production of standard laboratory animals, (2) agriculture for the efficient production of farm animals, and (3) the hospital for the control and prevention of cross-infection and the protection of individuals from infection. Germ-free technology traveled across the laboratory sciences, clinical and veterin…
Standardization through Mechanization
This article examines efforts to establish germ-free animals as ideal laboratory animals, tracing the development of germ-free technology by James Reyniers (1908-67) and Philip Trexler (1911-) at the University of Notre Dame. Despite capturing the scientific imagination between 1942 and the late 1950s, germ-free animals never became the generic tools that Reyniers hoped. This article shows how Reyniers failed to establish germ-free animals becaus…
Negotiating hospital infections
This paper reviews and contrasts two strategies of infection control that emerged in response to the growing use of antibiotics within British hospitals, c. 1946-1969. At this time, we argue, the hospital became an arena within which representatives of the medical sciences and clinical practices contested not so much the content of knowledge but the way that knowledge translated into practice. Key to our story are the conceptual assumptions about…
A Brave New Animal for a Brave New World
In 1947 the Medical Research Council of Britain established the Laboratory Animals Bureau in order to develop national standards of animal production that would enable commercial producers better to provide for the needs of laboratory animal users. Under the directorship of William Lane-Petter, the bureau expanded well beyond this remit, pioneering a new discipline of "laboratory animal science" and becoming internationally known as a producer of…
Wanted—standard guinea pigs’
Physicalism and strict implication
Relativism and Reality
Our thoughts about the world are clearly influenced by such things as point of view, temperament, past experience and culture. However, some thinkers go much further and argue that everything that exists depends on us, arguing that 'even reality is relative'. Can we accept such a claim in the face of events such as floods and other natural disasters or events seemingly beyond our control? 'Realists' argue that reality is independent of out thinki…
Raw Feeling
Raw Feeling
Robert Kirk attempts to answer the problem of consciousness that derives from the notorious gap beween our knowledge of ourselves as matter and our subjective knowledge of what we experience.
A Brave New Animal for a Brave New World
In 1947 the Medical Research Council of Britain established the Laboratory Animals Bureau in order to develop national standards of animal production that would enable commercial producers better to provide for the needs of laboratory animal users. Under the directorship of William Lane-Petter, the bureau expanded well beyond this remit, pioneering a new discipline of "laboratory animal science" and becoming internationally known as a producer of…
Wanted—standard guinea pigs’
Science, Culture, and Care in Laboratory Animal Research
The principles of the 3Rs-replacement, refinement, and reduction-strongly shape discussion of methods for performing more humane animal research and the regulation of this contested area of technoscience. This special issue looks back to the origins of the 3Rs principles through five papers that explore how it is enacted and challenged in practice and that develop critical considerations about its future. Three themes connect the papers in this s…
Standardization through Mechanization
This article examines efforts to establish germ-free animals as ideal laboratory animals, tracing the development of germ-free technology by James Reyniers (1908-67) and Philip Trexler (1911-) at the University of Notre Dame. Despite capturing the scientific imagination between 1942 and the late 1950s, germ-free animals never became the generic tools that Reyniers hoped. This article shows how Reyniers failed to establish germ-free animals becaus…
In Dogs We Trust? Intersubjectivity, Response‐Able Relations, and the Making of Mine Detector Dogs
The utility of the dog as a mine detector has divided the mine clearance community since dogs were first used for this purpose during the Second World War. This paper adopts a historical perspective to investigate how, why, and to what consequence, the use of minedogs remains contested despite decades of research into their abilities. It explores the changing factors that have made it possible to think that dogs could, or could not, serve as reli…
Building Transnational Bodies
ArgumentThis article adopts a historical perspective to examine the development of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, an auxiliary field which formed to facilitate the work of the biomedical sciences by systematically improving laboratory animal production, provision, and maintenance in the post Second World War period. We investigate how Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine co-developed at the local level (responding to national needs and…
Animal research nexus
Animals used in biological research and testing have become integrated into the trajectories of modern biomedicine, generating increased expectations for and connections between human and animal health. Animal research also remains controversial and its acceptability is contingent on a complex network of relations and assurances across science and society, which are both formally constituted through law and informal or assumed. In this paper, we …
Recovering The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
The 3Rs, or the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal research, are widely accepted as the best approach to maximizing high-quality science while ensuring the highest standard of ethical consideration is applied in regulating the use of animals in scientific procedures. This contrasts with the muted scientific interest in the 3Rs when they were first proposed in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959). Indeed, the relati…
The Silver Spring monkey controversy
In September 1981 police raided the Institute for Behavioral Research (Silver Spring, Maryland, USA) seizing a number of macaque monkeys in response to accusations of animal cruelty against the neuroscientist Edward Taub. Over the following decade a volatile battle was fought as Taub, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the nascent animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), contested the claims and decided th…
Being well together? Promoting health and well-being through more than human collaboration and companionship
Being well together, an inaugural Research Forum, will critically examine the myriad ways humans have formed partnerships with non-human species to improve health across time and place. Across the humanities and social sciences, a growing body of scholarship has begun to rethink the prominence of the 'human' in our accounts of the world by exploring the category less as an individualised essence and more as a temporal process of becoming. From th…
Working across species down on the farm
Seeking a scientific basis for understanding and treating mental illness, and inspired by the work of Ivan Pavlov, American physiologists, psychiatrists and psychologists in the 1920s turned to nonhuman animals. This paper examines how new constructs such as "experimental neurosis" emerged as tools to enable psychiatric comparison across species. From 1923 to 1962, the Cornell "Behavior Farm" was a leading interdisciplinary research center pionee…
From Physical Explicability to Full-Blooded Materialism
Journal Article From Physical Explicability to Full-Blooded Materialism Get access Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 116, July 1979, Pages 229–237, https://doi.org/10.2307/2218819 Published: 01 July 1979
Governance, expertise, and the ‘culture of care’
This article examines why early twenty-first century animal research governance in Britain foregrounds the 'culture of care' as its key problem. It adopts a historical perspective to understand why the regulation of animal research became primarily a problem of 'culture', a term firmly associated with the social relations of animal research, at this time and not before. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Sheila Jasanoff, Stephen Hilgartner an…
Negotiating hospital infections
This paper reviews and contrasts two strategies of infection control that emerged in response to the growing use of antibiotics within British hospitals, c. 1946-1969. At this time, we argue, the hospital became an arena within which representatives of the medical sciences and clinical practices contested not so much the content of knowledge but the way that knowledge translated into practice. Key to our story are the conceptual assumptions about…
How physicalists can avoid reductionism
Mental machinery and G del
Havens of mercy”
This article argues that the movement of dogs from pounds to medical laboratories played a critically important role in debates over the use of animals in science and medicine in the United States in the twentieth century, not least by drawing the scientific community into every greater engagement with bureaucratic political governance. If we are to understand the unique characteristics of the American federal legislation that emerges in the 1960…
Philosophy and prophecy
Armstrong's Analogue of Introspection
Armstrong’s Analogue of Introspection Get access Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 21, Issue 83, April 1971, Pages 158–162, https://doi.org/10.2307/2218338 Published: 01 April 1971
Philosophy and prophecy
From Physical Explicability to Full-Blooded Materialism
Journal Article From Physical Explicability to Full-Blooded Materialism Get access Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 116, July 1979, Pages 229–237, https://doi.org/10.2307/2218819 Published: 01 July 1979
Engineering and the First World War
Machine manufacture in a colonial economy
Mental machinery and G del
Translation Determined
Quine
Preface. Introduction. Part I: The Evolution of Empiricism. 1. Language and the World. 2. Rules and Rationality. 3. Naturalism, Realism and Pragmatism. Part II: Logic and Reality. 4. Physicalism and Objectivity. 5. Logic: Canonical Notation and Extensionality. 6. Intensionality. 7. Necessity: Logic and Metaphysics. Part III: Mind and Meaning. 8. Indeterminacy of Translation. 9. Translation and Explanation. 10. Holism, Interpretation and the Auton…
The Best Set of Tools'? Dennett's Metaphors and the Mind-Body Problem
Journal Article ‘The Best Set of Tools’? Dennett’s Metaphors and the Mind-Body Problem Get access Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 43, Issue 172, July 1993, Pages 335–343, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219898 Published: 01 July 1993
Belief and Meaning
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Belief and Meaning: the Unity and Locality of Mental Content. By Akeel Bilgrami. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992. Pp. x + 301. Price £40.00.) Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 44, Issue 174, January 1994, Pages 115–117, https://doi.org/10.2307/2220154 Published: 01 January 1994
Raw Feeling
Robert Kirk attempts to answer the problem of consciousness that derives from the notorious gap beween our knowledge of ourselves as matter and our subjective knowledge of what we experience.
How physicalists can avoid reductionism
Raw Feeling
Physicalism
Part 1 The problem of formulation: preliminaries core ideas and values gratuitous associations criteria for assessing physicalism. Part 2 Review of past formulations: reductionist approaches non-reductionist approaches diagnosis and conclusions. Part 3 Identification of the physical bases: bases for ontology, ideology and doctrine presupposition 1 - divisions between branches of science presupposition 2 - determinacy of the bases presupposition 3…
Problems in Philosophy
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Problems in Philosophy: the Limits of Inquiry. By Colin Mcginn. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1993. Pp. viii + 163. Price £10.99.) Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 46, Issue 182, January 1996, Pages 117–119, https://doi.org/10.2307/2956314 Published: 01 January 1996
Making it Explicit
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment. By Robert B. Brandom. (Harvard UP, 1994. Pp. xxv + 741. Price £39.95. Robert Kirk Robert Kirk University of Nottingha Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 46, Issue 183, April 1996, Pages 238–241, https://doi.org/10.2307/2956391 Published: 01 April 1996
Consciousness Reconsidered
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Consciousness Reconsidered. By Owen Flanagan. (MIT Press, 1992. Pp. xiv + 234. Price £ 22.50.) Lynn Stephens Lynn Stephens University of Alabama at Birmingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 46, Issue 184, July 1996, Pages 417–421, https://doi.org/10.2307/2956462 Published: 01 July 1996
Raw Feeling
Relativism and Reality
Our thoughts about the world are clearly influenced by such things as point of view, temperament, past experience and culture. However, some thinkers go much further and argue that everything that exists depends on us, arguing that 'even reality is relative'. Can we accept such a claim in the face of events such as floods and other natural disasters or events seemingly beyond our control? 'Realists' argue that reality is independent of out thinki…
Physicalism and strict implication
Wanted—standard guinea pigs’
A Brave New Animal for a Brave New World
In 1947 the Medical Research Council of Britain established the Laboratory Animals Bureau in order to develop national standards of animal production that would enable commercial producers better to provide for the needs of laboratory animal users. Under the directorship of William Lane-Petter, the bureau expanded well beyond this remit, pioneering a new discipline of "laboratory animal science" and becoming internationally known as a producer of…
Negotiating hospital infections
This paper reviews and contrasts two strategies of infection control that emerged in response to the growing use of antibiotics within British hospitals, c. 1946-1969. At this time, we argue, the hospital became an arena within which representatives of the medical sciences and clinical practices contested not so much the content of knowledge but the way that knowledge translated into practice. Key to our story are the conceptual assumptions about…
"Life in a Germ-Free World"
This article examines a specific technology, the germ-free "isolator," tracing its development across three sites: (1) the laboratory for the production of standard laboratory animals, (2) agriculture for the efficient production of farm animals, and (3) the hospital for the control and prevention of cross-infection and the protection of individuals from infection. Germ-free technology traveled across the laboratory sciences, clinical and veterin…
Standardization through Mechanization
This article examines efforts to establish germ-free animals as ideal laboratory animals, tracing the development of germ-free technology by James Reyniers (1908-67) and Philip Trexler (1911-) at the University of Notre Dame. Despite capturing the scientific imagination between 1942 and the late 1950s, germ-free animals never became the generic tools that Reyniers hoped. This article shows how Reyniers failed to establish germ-free animals becaus…
Philosophy (23 obras) · Epistemology (21 obras) · Sociology (16 obras) · Political science (15 obras) · Law (10 obras) · Law (10 obras) · Psychology (10 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Environmental ethics (9 obras) · Geographies of human-animal interactions (9 obras)