Stephen D Krashen

• The Role of Voluntary Factors in Heritage Language Development

  Grace Cho, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•2000

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• Seeking a Role for Grammar. A Review of Some Recent Studies

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1999

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  Studies of the impact of formal instruction consistently show that more instruction results in, at best, modest increases in consciously‐learned competence, a conclusion that is consistent with the claims of the Monitor hypothesis

• The Effect of Reading on the Acquisition of English Relative Clauses

  Yon Ok Lee, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1996

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  49 adult acquirers of English as a second language took two tests probing restrictive relative clause competence. The amount of reported pleasure reading done by subjects were the only significant predictor of both measures. Neither years of formal study nor length of residence in the United States was a significant predictor. These results are consistent with the input hypothesis

• Conversational Language Proficiency among International Students at the University Level

  Christy Lao, Christy Y Lao et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1996

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  A common assumption is that international students in English-speaking countries have well-developed competence in academic language, but have deficiencies in conversational language. This assumption is in contrast to the situation among limited English speaking children (CUMMINS, 1989). If true, this lack of conversational language is a problem; even if international students do not plan to reside in an English-speaking country after their studi…

• The case for narrow listening

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•System•1996•Citada por: 6

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• "Comments on Stephen D. Krashen's "Teaching Issues

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1993

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  In my view, the data from White et al. does not tell us whether direct instruction resulted in acquired or learned competence. To show that learned knowledge becomes acquired or underlying competence, one must demonstrate an impact on tests that tap only acquired competence. Lightbown and Pienemann maintain that evidence from Spada and Lightbown (1993) shows that the oral test was indeed a test of acquired competence because children showed no ev…

• The input hypothesis

  Stephen D Krashen•BOOK•The input hypothesis•1992•Citada por: 226

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• Formal Grammar Instruction. Another Educator Comments

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1992•Citada por: 4

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• Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902)

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1991

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• How much comprehensible input did Heinrich Schliemann get

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•System•1991•Citada por: 2•Referências: 1

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• Developing communicative competence in a second language

  Elaine S Andersen, Robin C Scarcella et al.•BOOK•Developing communicative…•1990

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• The Input Hypothesis

  John W Oller, Stephen D Krashen•ARTICLE•Language•1988•Citada por: 1

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• Principles and practice in second language acquisition

  Stephen D Krashen•BOOK•Principles and practice in second…•1987

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• Involuntary rehearsal of second languages in beginning and advanced performers

  Open Access•Patricia Chapman Parr, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•System•1986•Citada por: 2•Referências: 2

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• The Natural Approach

  Karl J Krahnke, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1985

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• Response to Ioup

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1984

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• A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1984•Citada por: 5•Referências: 14

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• The Natural Approach

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•BOOK•The Natural Approach•1983•Citada por: 95

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• The Din in the Head, Input, and the Language Acquisition Device

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1983•Citada por: 7

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  A bstract This paper discusses a phenomenon familiar to many language acquirers, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words, sounds, and phrases. Current second language acquisition theory as well as case history reports of the “din” are consistent with the hypothesis that the din in the head is a result of stimulation of the language acquisition device, and is “set off” when the acquirer receives significant amounts of comprehensible inpu…

• Research in Second Language Acqusition

  Uwe Reichenbach, Robin C Scarcella et al.•ARTICLE•The German Quarterly•1982

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• Acquiring a Second Language

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•World Englishes•1982•Citada por: 2

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  Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second-language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of 'knowing the rules'. Real second-language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second-language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are p…

• Adult Second Language Acquisition as Post-Critical Period Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1979

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• Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1979•Citada por: 25

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  (1) Adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant). (2) Older children acquire faster than younger children (again, in early stages of morphological and syntactic development where time and exposure are held constant). (3) Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency tha…

• The Human Brain

  Rosemarie H Kraft, R Harter Kraft et al.•ARTICLE•American Educational Research…•1979

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• Language Development in the Mature (minor) Right Hemisphere

  Susan Curtiss, Victoria A Fromkin et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1978

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• The input hypothesis

  Stephen D Krashen•BOOK•The input hypothesis•1992•Citada por: 226

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• The Natural Approach

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•BOOK•The Natural Approach•1983•Citada por: 95

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• Is There a "Natural Sequence" in Adult Second Language Learning

  Open Access•Nathalie Bailey, Carolyn Madden et al.•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1974•Citada por: 47•Referências: 8

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  The Bilingual Syntax Measure (Burt, Dulay, and Hernandez 1973) was administered to 73 adult learners of English as a second language in order to investigate accuracy of usage for eight English functors. It was found that there is a highly consistent order of relative difficulty in the use of the functors across different language backgrounds, indicating that learners are experiencing intra-language difficulties. Also, the adult results agreed wit…

• Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in Language Acquisition and Language Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1976•Citada por: 26

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  While some studies indicate that adults can efficiently utilize informal linguistic environments for second language acquisition, other studies suggest that the classroom is of greater benefit. This conflict is resolved in three ways. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that informal and formal environments contribute to different aspects of second language competence, the former affecting acquired competence and the latter affecting …

• Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1979•Citada por: 25

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  (1) Adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant). (2) Older children acquire faster than younger children (again, in early stages of morphological and syntactic development where time and exposure are held constant). (3) Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency tha…

• Lateralization, Language Learning, and the Critical Period

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1973•Citada por: 25•Referências: 22

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  New evidence is presented that modifies Lenneberg's (1967) proposed critical period of language acquisition. The development of lateralization is complete much earlier than puberty and is thus not a barrier to accent free second language learning by adults. Rather, the development of lateralization may correspond to normal first language acquisition. Also, the case of Genie, a girl who endured 11 years of enforced isolation, shows that some first…

• Adult Performance on the Slope Test

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1976•Citada por: 12•Referências: 7

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  Sixty-six adult speakers of English as a second language were tested on the SLOPE test, a measure of oral production covering 20 structures in English. The difficulty order found was not significantly different from that found in children learning English as a second language in previous studies (Fathman 1975b), and no significant difference was found between speakers of different first languages. These results confirm and extend Bailey, Madden, …

• The Essential Contributions of Formal Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1975•Citada por: 10

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  One way of investigating what happens to the language learning capacity at puberty is to examine what the essential contributions of formal instruction are: since formal instruction is so useful for the adult and non-essential for the child language learner, it is probably the case that the main contributions formal instruction makes are in just those areas where the LAD is affected at puberty. A feature-type comparison of language teaching metho…

• The Din in the Head, Input, and the Language Acquisition Device

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1983•Citada por: 7

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  A bstract This paper discusses a phenomenon familiar to many language acquirers, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words, sounds, and phrases. Current second language acquisition theory as well as case history reports of the “din” are consistent with the hypothesis that the din in the head is a result of stimulation of the language acquisition device, and is “set off” when the acquirer receives significant amounts of comprehensible inpu…

• The case for narrow listening

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•System•1996•Citada por: 6

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• A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1984•Citada por: 5•Referências: 14

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• Formal Grammar Instruction. Another Educator Comments

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1992•Citada por: 4

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• How much comprehensible input did Heinrich Schliemann get

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•System•1991•Citada por: 2•Referências: 1

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• Involuntary rehearsal of second languages in beginning and advanced performers

  Open Access•Patricia Chapman Parr, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•System•1986•Citada por: 2•Referências: 2

  Incluir item

• Acquiring a Second Language

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•World Englishes•1982•Citada por: 2

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  Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second-language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of 'knowing the rules'. Real second-language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second-language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are p…

• Is the "Natural Order" an Artifact of the Bilingual Syntax Measure

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1978•Citada por: 2•Referências: 6

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  In a recent study, Porter (1977) reported that the rank order for grammatical morphemes in obligatory contexts between child first language acquirers using the BSM was "moderately dissimilar" to that found for child second language acquirers using the BSM. Also, correlations between the L1 BSM order and child L1 orders obtained from spontaneous speech are "highly dissimilar". He suggests that the order obtained with the BSM could be "an artifact …

• The Input Hypothesis

  John W Oller, Stephen D Krashen•ARTICLE•Language•1988•Citada por: 1

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• Mental Abilities Underlying Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Functions

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Linguistics•1973•Citada por: 1

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• Lateralization, Language Learning, and the Critical Period

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1973•Citada por: 25•Referências: 22

  Incluir item

  New evidence is presented that modifies Lenneberg's (1967) proposed critical period of language acquisition. The development of lateralization is complete much earlier than puberty and is thus not a barrier to accent free second language learning by adults. Rather, the development of lateralization may correspond to normal first language acquisition. Also, the case of Genie, a girl who endured 11 years of enforced isolation, shows that some first…

• Mental Abilities Underlying Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Functions

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Linguistics•1973•Citada por: 1

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• Is There a "Natural Sequence" in Adult Second Language Learning

  Open Access•Nathalie Bailey, Carolyn Madden et al.•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1974•Citada por: 47•Referências: 8

  Incluir item

  The Bilingual Syntax Measure (Burt, Dulay, and Hernandez 1973) was administered to 73 adult learners of English as a second language in order to investigate accuracy of usage for eight English functors. It was found that there is a highly consistent order of relative difficulty in the use of the functors across different language backgrounds, indicating that learners are experiencing intra-language difficulties. Also, the adult results agreed wit…

• The Essential Contributions of Formal Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1975•Citada por: 10

  Incluir item

  One way of investigating what happens to the language learning capacity at puberty is to examine what the essential contributions of formal instruction are: since formal instruction is so useful for the adult and non-essential for the child language learner, it is probably the case that the main contributions formal instruction makes are in just those areas where the LAD is affected at puberty. A feature-type comparison of language teaching metho…

• Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in Language Acquisition and Language Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1976•Citada por: 26

  Incluir item

  While some studies indicate that adults can efficiently utilize informal linguistic environments for second language acquisition, other studies suggest that the classroom is of greater benefit. This conflict is resolved in three ways. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that informal and formal environments contribute to different aspects of second language competence, the former affecting acquired competence and the latter affecting …

• The Role of Formal and Informal Environments in Second Language Learning

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Linguistics•1976

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• Adult Performance on the Slope Test

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1976•Citada por: 12•Referências: 7

  Incluir item

  Sixty-six adult speakers of English as a second language were tested on the SLOPE test, a measure of oral production covering 20 structures in English. The difficulty order found was not significantly different from that found in children learning English as a second language in previous studies (Fathman 1975b), and no significant difference was found between speakers of different first languages. These results confirm and extend Bailey, Madden, …

• Language Development in the Mature (minor) Right Hemisphere

  Susan Curtiss, Victoria A Fromkin et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1978

  Incluir item

  Preview this article: Language Development in the Mature (minor) Right Hemisphere, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/itl.39-40.02cur-1.gif

• Two Studies in Language Acquisition and Language Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1978

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  Preview this article: Two Studies in Language Acquisition and Language Learning, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/itl.39-40.05kra-1.gif

• Is the "Natural Order" an Artifact of the Bilingual Syntax Measure

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Language Learning•1978•Citada por: 2•Referências: 6

  Incluir item

  In a recent study, Porter (1977) reported that the rank order for grammatical morphemes in obligatory contexts between child first language acquirers using the BSM was "moderately dissimilar" to that found for child second language acquirers using the BSM. Also, correlations between the L1 BSM order and child L1 orders obtained from spontaneous speech are "highly dissimilar". He suggests that the order obtained with the BSM could be "an artifact …

• Adult Second Language Acquisition as Post-Critical Period Learning

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1979

  Incluir item

  Preview this article: Adult Second Language Acquisition as Post-Critical Period Learning, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/itl.43.03kra-1.gif

• Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1979•Citada por: 25

  Incluir item

  (1) Adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant). (2) Older children acquire faster than younger children (again, in early stages of morphological and syntactic development where time and exposure are held constant). (3) Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency tha…

• The Human Brain

  Rosemarie H Kraft, R Harter Kraft et al.•ARTICLE•American Educational Research…•1979

  Incluir item

• Research in Second Language Acqusition

  Uwe Reichenbach, Robin C Scarcella et al.•ARTICLE•The German Quarterly•1982

  Incluir item

• Acquiring a Second Language

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•World Englishes•1982•Citada por: 2

  Incluir item

  Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second-language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of 'knowing the rules'. Real second-language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second-language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are p…

• The Natural Approach

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•BOOK•The Natural Approach•1983•Citada por: 95

  Incluir item

• The Din in the Head, Input, and the Language Acquisition Device

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1983•Citada por: 7

  Incluir item

  A bstract This paper discusses a phenomenon familiar to many language acquirers, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words, sounds, and phrases. Current second language acquisition theory as well as case history reports of the “din” are consistent with the hypothesis that the din in the head is a result of stimulation of the language acquisition device, and is “set off” when the acquirer receives significant amounts of comprehensible inpu…

• Response to Ioup

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1984

  Incluir item

• A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills

  Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Language Annals•1984•Citada por: 5•Referências: 14

  Incluir item

• The Natural Approach

  Karl J Krahnke, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•TESOL Quarterly•1985

  Incluir item

• Involuntary rehearsal of second languages in beginning and advanced performers

  Open Access•Patricia Chapman Parr, Stephen D Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•System•1986•Citada por: 2•Referências: 2

  Incluir item

• Principles and practice in second language acquisition

  Stephen D Krashen•BOOK•Principles and practice in second…•1987

  Incluir item

• The Input Hypothesis

  John W Oller, Stephen D Krashen•ARTICLE•Language•1988•Citada por: 1

  Incluir item

• Developing communicative competence in a second language

  Elaine S Andersen, Robin C Scarcella et al.•BOOK•Developing communicative…•1990

  Incluir item

• Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902)

  Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen et al.•ARTICLE•ITL - International Journal of…•1991

  Incluir item

  Preview this article: Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902), Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/itl.91-92.01kra-1.gif

Linguistics (28 obras) · Psychology (24 obras) · Philosophy (21 obras) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (20 obras) · Computer Science (17 obras) · Language acquisition (11 obras) · Second Language Learning and Teaching (11 obras) · Mathematics education (10 obras) · Second-language acquisition (10 obras) · Multilingual Education and Policy (9 obras)