David P Mackinnon
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 180704 |
|---|---|
| NOME | David P Mackinnon |
| PRENOMES | David P |
| SOBRENOME | Mackinnon |
| ASSINATURA | MACKINNON D P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Arizona State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0866-6010 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 81 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 234 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 81 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1985 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Why You Should Not Estimate Mediated Effects Using the Difference-in-Coefficients Method When the Outcome is Binary
Despite previous warnings against the use of the difference-in-coefficients method for estimating the indirect effect when the outcome in the mediation model is binary, the difference-in-coefficients method remains readily used in a variety of fields. The continued use of this method is presumably because of the lack of awareness that this method conflates the indirect effect estimate and non-collapsibility. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate t…
Three Approaches to Testing for Statistical Suppression
Suppression effects are important for theoretical and applied research because these effects occur when there is an unexpected increase in an effect when it is adjusted for a third variable. This paper investigates three approaches to testing for statistical suppression. The first test was proposed in 1978 and is based on the relationship between the zero-order and semi-partial correlations. The second test comes from a condition that is necessar…
Morality of Mentality and Culture
Previous work has established that religious groups vary in the perceived moral status of “thought” versus behavior, with Protestants negatively evaluating people who entertain immoral thoughts more harshly than Jews. This work provided early evidence that religion is important in evaluating moral status. However, in the decades since this work, methodological and theoretical advances have suggested that a second glance might be necessary. In thi…
Correcting Regression Coefficients for Collider Bias in Psychological Research
Collider bias is a statistical phenomenon that occurs when a researcher adjusts for a common outcome variable that is shared between a predictor and its criterion. This biased adjustment can happen
Alternative Approaches to Estimate Causal Mediated Effects in the Single-Mediator Model
Causal mediation analysis, based on the potential outcomes framework (Holland, 1986; Rubin, 1974), provides a general definition of the causal effects and clarifies the assumptions to enhance a cau
Is Religion Special
Religion makes unique claims (e.g., the existence of supernatural agents) not found in other belief systems, but is religion itself psychologically special? Furthermore, religion is related to many domains of psychological interest, such as morality, health and well-being, self-control, meaning, and death anxiety. Does religion act on these domains via special mechanisms that are unlike secular mechanisms? These could include mechanisms such as b…
An R Shiny App for Sensitivity Analysis for Latent Growth Curve Mediation
Mechanisms of behavior change are the processes through which interventions are hypothesized to cause changes in outcomes. Latent growth curve mediation models (LGCMM) are recommended for investigating the mechanisms of behavior change because LGCMM models establish temporal precedence of change from the mediator to the outcome variable. The Correlated Augmented Mediation Sensitivity Analyses (CAMSA) App implements sensitivity analysis for LGCMM …
The Importance of Time Metric Precision When Implementing Bivariate Latent Change Score Models
The literature on latent change score models does not discuss the importance of using a precise time metric when structuring the data. This study examined the influence of time metric precision on model estimation, model interpretation, and parameter estimate accuracy in bivariate LCS (BLCS) models through simulation. Longitudinal data were generated with a panel study where assessments took place during a given time window with variation in star…
The Use of Traditional and Causal Estimators for Mediation Models with a Binary Outcome and Exposure-Mediator Interaction
An important recent development in mediation analysis is the use of causal mediation analysis. Causal mediation analysis decomposes the total exposure effect into causal direct and indirect effects in the presence of exposure-mediator interaction. However, in practice, traditional mediation analysis is still most widely used. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the causal and traditional estimators for…
Measurement in Intensive Longitudinal Data
Technological advances have increased the prevalence of intensive longitudinal data as well as statistical techniques appropriate for these data, such as dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). Intensive longitudinal designs often investigate constructs related to affect or mood and do so with multiple item scales. However, applications of intensive longitudinal methods often rely on simple sums or averages of the administered items rather t…
Correlation Database of 60 Cross-Disciplinary Surveys and Cognitive Tasks Assessing Self-Regulation
Self-regulation is studied across various disciplines, including personality, social, cognitive, health, developmental, and clinical psychology; psychiatry; neuroscience; medicine; pharmacology; and economics. Widespread interest in self-regulation has led to confusion regarding both the constructs within the nomological network of self-regulation and the measures used to assess these constructs. To facilitate the integration of cross-disciplinar…
Latent Class Mediation
Latent class mediation modeling is designed to estimate the mediation effect when both the mediator and the outcome are latent class variables. We suggest using an adjusted one-step approach in which the latent class models for the mediator and the outcome are estimated first to decide on the number of classes, then the latent class models and the mediation model are jointly estimated. We present both an empirical demonstration and a simulation s…
Extrinsic Convergent Validity Evidence to Prevent Jingle and Jangle Fallacies
In psychology, there have been vast creative efforts in proposing new constructs and developing measures to assess them. Less effort has been spent in investigating construct overlap to prevent bifurcated literatures, wasted research efforts, and jingle-jangle fallacies. For example, researchers could gather validity evidence to evaluate if two measures with the same label actually assess different constructs (jingle fallacy), or if two measures …
A Tribute to the Mind, Methodology and Mentoring of Wayne Velicer
Wayne Velicer is remembered for a mind where mathematical concepts and calculations intrigued him, behavioral science beckoned him, and people fascinated him. Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on March 4, 1944, he was raised on a farm, although early influences extended far beyond that beginning. His Mathematics BS and Psychology minor at Wisconsin State University in Oshkosh, and his PhD in Quantitative Psychology from Purdue led him to a fruitful an…
Different Roles of Prior Distributions in the Single Mediator Model with Latent Variables
50 and 100. Consequences of a small amount of inaccuracy in priors for loadings can be alleviated by making the prior less informative, whereas the same is not always true of inaccuracy in priors for structural paths. Finally, the consequences of using informative priors depend on the inferential goals of the analysis: inaccurate priors are more detrimental for accurately estimating the mediated effect than for evaluating whether the mediated eff…
Assessing Potential Outcomes Mediation in HIV Interventions
Statistical Evaluation of Person-Oriented Mediation Using Configural Frequency Analysis
Causal Mediation Programs in R, M plus , SAS, SPSS, and Stata
Mediation analysis is a methodology used to understand how and why an independent variable (X) transmits its effect to an outcome (Y) through a mediator (M). New causal mediation methods based on the potential outcomes framework and counterfactual framework are a seminal advancement for mediation analysis, because they focus on the causal basis of mediation analysis. There are several programs available to estimate causal mediation effects, but t…
A Viable Alternative When Propensity Scores Fail
Two methods from the potential outcomes framework - inverse propensity weighting (IPW) and sequential G-estimation - were evaluated and compared to linear regression for estimating the mediated effect in a two-wave design with a randomized intervention and continuous mediator and outcome. Baseline measures of the mediator and outcome can be considered confounders of the follow-up mediator - outcome relation for which adjustment is necessary to el…
Large-scale analysis of test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures
The ability to regulate behavior in service of long-term goals is a widely studied psychological construct known as self-regulation. This wide interest is in part due to the putative relations between self-regulation and a range of real-world behaviors. Self-regulation is generally viewed as a trait, and individual differences are quantified using a diverse set of measures, including self-report surveys and behavioral tasks. Accurate characteriza…
Reasons for Testing Mediation in the Absence of an Intervention Effect
OBJECTIVE: Mediation models are used in prevention and intervention research to assess the mechanisms by which interventions influence outcomes. However, researchers may not investigate mediators in the absence of intervention effects on the primary outcome variable. There is emerging evidence that in some situations, tests of mediated effects can be statistically significant when the total intervention effect is not statistically significant. In…
Bias, Type I Error Rates, and Statistical Power of a Latent Mediation Model in the Presence of Violations of Invariance
When testing a statistical mediation model, it is assumed that factorial measurement invariance holds for the mediating construct across levels of the independent variable X. The consequences of failing to address the violations of measurement invariance in mediation models are largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to systematically examine the impact of mediator noninvariance on the Type I error rates, statistical power, and rela…
A Bifactor Approach to Model Multifaceted Constructs in Statistical Mediation Analysis
Statistical mediation analysis allows researchers to identify the most important mediating constructs in the causal process studied. Identifying specific mediators is especially relevant when the hypothesized mediating construct consists of multiple related facets. The general definition of the construct and its facets might relate differently to an outcome. However, current methods do not allow researchers to study the relationships between gene…
Prediction of Postpartum Weight in Low-Income Mexican-Origin Women From Childhood Experiences of Abuse and Family Conflict
OBJECTIVES: The postpartum period represents a crucial transition period in which weight gain or loss can affect lifetime obesity risk. This study examined the prevalence of obesity and the influence of childhood abuse and family conflict on postpartum weight among low-income Mexican-origin women. Depressive symptoms and partner support were evaluated as mediators. METHODS: At a prenatal assessment, low-income Mexican-origin women (N = 322; mean …
The Combined Effects of Measurement Error and Omitting Confounders in the Single-Mediator Model
Mediation analysis requires a number of strong assumptions be met in order to make valid causal inferences. Failing to account for violations of these assumptions, such as not modeling measurement error or omitting a common cause of the effects in the model, can bias the parameter estimates of the mediated effect. When the independent variable is perfectly reliable, for example when participants are randomly assigned to levels of treatment, measu…
Design approaches to experimental mediation
The risk of assaultive violence and alcohol availability in Los Angeles County
OBJECTIVES. Although there is considerable evidence that alcohol consumption facilitates assaultive violence, the extent to which alcohol outlets in a community influence assaultive violence remains controversial. METHODS. To assess the geographic association between city-specific rates of assaultive violence and alcohol-outlet density, an ecologic analysis of the 74 larger cities in Los Angeles County was conducted for the 1990 reporting year. R…
Inhibitory control effects in adolescent binge eating and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks
Integrating Mediators and Moderators in Research Design
The purpose of this article is to describe mediating variables and moderating variables and provide reasons for integrating them in outcome studies. Separate sections describe examples of moderating and mediating variables and the simplest statistical model for investigating each variable. The strengths and limitations of incorporating mediating and moderating variables in a research study are discussed as well as approaches to routinely includin…
Sweetened drink and snacking cues in adolescents. A study using ecological momentary assessment
The power of policy
This study examined the effects of smoking policy on 4,807 adolescents in 23 schools over a two-county area in California. Amounts and prevalence rates of adolescent smoking were measured with a self-report survey and a biochemical measure; school smoking policy was measured with two independent surveys of school staff. Policy effects were evaluated with multiple and logistic regression analyses controlling for school-level socioeconomic status a…
Condom skills education and sexually transmitted disease reinfection
A condom skills educational program emphasizing how to use a condom was presented to groups of patients waiting to be seen in a public health sexually transmitted disease clinic. Compared to controls, patients exposed to the intervention were approximately half as likely to return within the subsequent 12 months with a new sexually transmitted disease. Other predictors of reinfection included previous infection and age less than 25
An assessment of the California Child Passenger Restraint Requirement
To evaluate the California Child Passenger Restraint Law requiring children under four years of age to be transported in car seats, we examined monthly injury and fatality levels from January 1978 to December 1983 for children 0-3 and 4-7 years of age using Box-Jenkins time series models. A significant 8.36 per cent reduction in injuries was found for the 0-3 year old age group, but no significant reduction in injuries was found for 4-7 year olds…
Social Support and Social-ecological Resources as Mediators of Lifestyle Intervention Effects for Type 2 Diabetes
A study was conducted to determine if an intervention could change social support and social-ecological resources of post-menopausal women diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and if those changes mediated the intervention's effects on health behaviors and outcomes. Women ( N = 279) were randomly assigned to receive a comprehensive 6-month Mediterranean Lifestyle Program (MLP) or usual care from their physicians (UC). MLP was successful in changing so…
Effects of a community-based prevention program on decreasing drug use in high-risk adolescents
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the secondary prevention effects of a substance abuse primary prevention program. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were conducted on 4 waves of follow-up data from sixth- and seventh-grade baseline users of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana taking part in a school-based program in Indianapolis. RESULTS: The program demonstrated significant reductions in cigarette use at the initial follow-up (6 months) an…
Self-regulation interventions to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in adolescents
A Comparison Between Mexican American Youth Who Are in Gangs and Those Who Are Not
This exploratory study compares the differences between 43 Mexican American gang members and 43 Mexican American adolescents who are not members of a gang on several demographic, educational, familial, cultural, and psychological variables. Differences were analyzed using t tests and chi-square analyses. Discussion focuses on implications for counseling.Este estudio de exploración compara las diferencias entre 43 Mexicoamericanos pertenecientes a…
The alcohol warning label and adolescents
Awareness of the alcohol labeling law and exposure to, beliefs about, and memory for the government-mandated alcohol warning label were measured in a sample of adolescents immediately before the label was required to appear (in the fall of 1989) and 1 year after the label was required. After the label was required, there were increases in awareness, exposure, and recognition memory, but there were not substantial changes in alcohol use or beliefs…
A Qualitative Mediation Study to Evaluate a School-Based Tobacco Prevention Program in India (Project Mytri)
Causal mediating processes were examined using qualitative methods to evaluate a tobacco-use prevention program for adolescents in India, Project MYTRI (Mobilizing Youth for Tobacco-Related Initiatives in India). Interviews were conducted with Project MYTRI leaders and staff persons. The focus of the interviews was to learn about the program implementation and to characterize how Project MYTRI classroom sessions altered student-level psychosocial…
Drug Abuse Prevention Programming
This article summarizes the theoretical underpinnings, substantive contents, and limitations of comprehensive social-influences-based drug abuse prevention programming. This type of programming has produced the most consistently successful preventive effects. There is some evidence that one major part of these programs, changing social norms, is an essential ingredient for successful drug abuse prevention programming. Research suggests that these…
Breadth of Program and Outcome Effectiveness in Drug Abuse Prevention
The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to targe…
Statistical Evaluation of Person-Oriented Mediation Using Configural Frequency Analysis
Quality of Social Relationships and the Development of Depression in Parentally-Bereaved Youth
An assessment of the California Child Passenger Restraint Requirement
To evaluate the California Child Passenger Restraint Law requiring children under four years of age to be transported in car seats, we examined monthly injury and fatality levels from January 1978 to December 1983 for children 0-3 and 4-7 years of age using Box-Jenkins time series models. A significant 8.36 per cent reduction in injuries was found for the 0-3 year old age group, but no significant reduction in injuries was found for 4-7 year olds…
The power of policy
This study examined the effects of smoking policy on 4,807 adolescents in 23 schools over a two-county area in California. Amounts and prevalence rates of adolescent smoking were measured with a self-report survey and a biochemical measure; school smoking policy was measured with two independent surveys of school staff. Policy effects were evaluated with multiple and logistic regression analyses controlling for school-level socioeconomic status a…
Condom skills education and sexually transmitted disease reinfection
A condom skills educational program emphasizing how to use a condom was presented to groups of patients waiting to be seen in a public health sexually transmitted disease clinic. Compared to controls, patients exposed to the intervention were approximately half as likely to return within the subsequent 12 months with a new sexually transmitted disease. Other predictors of reinfection included previous infection and age less than 25
Estimating Mediated Effects in Prevention Studies
The purpose of this article is to describe statistical procedures to assess how prevention and intervention programs achieve their effects. The analyses require the measurement of intervening or mediating variables hypothesized to represent the causal mechanism by which the prevention program achieves its effects. Methods to estimate mediation are illustrated in the evaluation of a health promotion program designed to reduce dietary cholesterol a…
The alcohol warning label and adolescents
Awareness of the alcohol labeling law and exposure to, beliefs about, and memory for the government-mandated alcohol warning label were measured in a sample of adolescents immediately before the label was required to appear (in the fall of 1989) and 1 year after the label was required. After the label was required, there were increases in awareness, exposure, and recognition memory, but there were not substantial changes in alcohol use or beliefs…
A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures
Analytical solutions for point and variance estimators of the mediated effect, the ratio of the mediated to the direct effect, and the proportion of the total effect that is mediated were studied with statistical simulations. We compared several approximate solutions based on the multivariate delta method and second order Taylor series expansions to the empirical standard deviation of each estimator and theoretical standard error when available. …
The risk of assaultive violence and alcohol availability in Los Angeles County
OBJECTIVES. Although there is considerable evidence that alcohol consumption facilitates assaultive violence, the extent to which alcohol outlets in a community influence assaultive violence remains controversial. METHODS. To assess the geographic association between city-specific rates of assaultive violence and alcohol-outlet density, an ecologic analysis of the 74 larger cities in Los Angeles County was conducted for the 1990 reporting year. R…
Maximizing the Usefulness of Data Obtained with Planned Missing Value Patterns
Researchers often face a dilemma: Should they collect little data and emphasize quality, or much data at the expense of quality? The utility of the 3-form design coupled with maximum likelihood methods for estimation of missing values was evaluated. In 3-form design surveys, four sets of items. X, A, B, and C are administered: Each third of the subjects receives X and one combination of two other item sets - AB, BC, or AC. Variances and covarianc…
Drug Abuse Prevention Programming
This article summarizes the theoretical underpinnings, substantive contents, and limitations of comprehensive social-influences-based drug abuse prevention programming. This type of programming has produced the most consistently successful preventive effects. There is some evidence that one major part of these programs, changing social norms, is an essential ingredient for successful drug abuse prevention programming. Research suggests that these…
Breadth of Program and Outcome Effectiveness in Drug Abuse Prevention
The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to targe…
Teacher Activism in the 1990s
Effects of a community-based prevention program on decreasing drug use in high-risk adolescents
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the secondary prevention effects of a substance abuse primary prevention program. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were conducted on 4 waves of follow-up data from sixth- and seventh-grade baseline users of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana taking part in a school-based program in Indianapolis. RESULTS: The program demonstrated significant reductions in cigarette use at the initial follow-up (6 months) an…
Multilevel Mediation Modeling in Group-Based Intervention Studies
This article proposes and evaluates a method to test for mediation in multilevel data sets formed when an intervention administered to intact groups is designed to produce change in individual mediator and outcome variables. Simulated data of this form were used to compare ordinary least squares (OLS) and two multilevel estimators of the mediated effect. OLS and multilevel standard error approximations were also evaluated and recommendations give…
Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
So Many Bricks in the Wall
Adolescents are sexual beings, and many are sexually active. They are very often able to develop the knowledge and skills required to protect their sexual health, and to take the action required for doing so. Unfortunately, many experience barriers to accessing information through school-based sexual health education. The research outlined here represents an effort to better understand the origins of barriers which prevent young women from receiv…
Multilevel Modeling of Individual and Group Level Mediated Effects
This article combines procedures for single-level mediational analysis with multilevel modeling techniques in order to appropriately test mediational effects in clustered data. A simulation study compared the performance of these multilevel mediational models with that of single-level mediational models in clustered data with individual- or group-level initial independent variables, individual- or group-level mediators, and individual level outco…
Preadolescent Girls and the Presentation of Self
The purpose of this study was to examine how five preadolescent girls constructed and presented their social identities and the perceived influence of the media in this process. A series of individual and focus group interviews were held with five 9- and 10-year-old girls. Goffman's (1959) interactionist perspective of the theatrical performance provided the framework for the inquiry. The participants in the study offered testimonials that clearl…
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.
A Monte Carlo study compared 14 methods to test the statistical significance of the intervening variable effect. An intervening variable (mediator) transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable. The commonly used R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) approach has low statistical power. Two methods based on the distribution of the product and 2 difference-in-coefficients methods have the most accurate Type I error rates and …
Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling
This study investigated a method to evaluate mediational processes using latent growth curve modeling. The mediator and the outcome measured across multiple time points were viewed as 2 separate parallel processes. The mediational process was defined as the independent variable influencing the growth of the mediator, which, in turn, affected the growth of the outcome. To illustrate modeling procedures, empirical data from a longitudinal drug prev…
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect
The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because …
Social Support and Social-ecological Resources as Mediators of Lifestyle Intervention Effects for Type 2 Diabetes
A study was conducted to determine if an intervention could change social support and social-ecological resources of post-menopausal women diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and if those changes mediated the intervention's effects on health behaviors and outcomes. Women ( N = 279) were randomly assigned to receive a comprehensive 6-month Mediterranean Lifestyle Program (MLP) or usual care from their physicians (UC). MLP was successful in changing so…
Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect
Mediation Analysis
Mediating variables are prominent in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Differences between mediating variables and confounders, moderators, and covariates are outlined. Statistical methods to assess mediation and modern comprehensive approaches are described. Future directions for mediation analysis are discussed.
Required Sample Size to Detect the Mediated Effect
Mediation models are widely used, and there are many tests of the mediated effect. One of the most common questions that researchers have when planning mediation studies is, "How many subjects do I need to achieve adequate power when testing for mediation?" This article presents the necessary sample sizes for six of the most common and the most recommended tests of mediation for various combinations of parameters, to provide a guide for researche…
Resampling and Distribution of the Product Methods for Testing Indirect Effects in Complex Models
Recent advances in testing mediation have found that certain resampling methods and tests based on the mathematical distribution of 2 normal random variables substantially outperform the traditional z test. However, these studies have primarily focused only on models with a single mediator and 2 component paths. To address this limitation, a simulation was conducted to evaluate these alternative methods in a more complex path model with multiple …
Psychology (59 obras) · Mathematics (46 obras) · Statistics (46 obras) · Econometrics (39 obras) · Computer Science (38 obras) · Mediation (33 obras) · Medicine (32 obras) · Advanced Causal Inference Techniques (22 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Psychometric Methodologies and Testing (17 obras)