B Ray
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 18156 |
|---|---|
| NOME | B Ray |
| PRENOMES | B |
| SOBRENOME | Ray |
| ASSINATURA | RAY B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | RTI International |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3643-775X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 42 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 48 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2003 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Police drug market disruptions and number of drug sources among people who use drugs in San Francisco
Overdose mortality in the United States remains high. Law enforcement-based efforts to suppress the illicit drug supply may destabilize markets, prompting people who use drugs to seek alternative sources with uncertain potency, a response that may elevate overdose risk. We tested whether geographical exposure to drug distribution enforcement is associated with number of drug sources among people who use drugs. We analyzed cross-sectional survey d…
Workforce outcomes among substance use peer supports
Introduction: Peer recovery support services (PRSS), an expanding component in SUD treatment, are delivered by individuals with lived experience of substance use disorder (SUD). Despite the growing importance of these peers and the unique challenges they face in a developing health profession, limited research has focused on their workforce outcomes. This review aims to map the literature on (a) workforce outcomes among peers and (b) the individu…
Implementation of harm reduction strategies in criminal-legal systems
BACKGROUND: Harm reduction is a public health approach that emphasizes strategies to reduce the negative consequences of drug use. Rising overdose deaths in the United States have prompted integration of harm reduction strategies within criminal-legal systems (CLS), which have historically emphasized deterrence. However, the scope and nature of these strategies across the CLS remain poorly understood. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review, in ac…
State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug markets
Cannabis legalization was associated with reduced drug seizures overall, driven by a large reduction in cannabis seizures. There was also a significant reduction in the Black-white risk ratio for cannabis seizures, though Black individuals remained at higher risk for all drug seizure types compared to white individuals. While expected to decrease without cannabis smell to prompt seizures, non-cannabis drug seizures were unchanged except for an in…
The Police Opioid Seizure Temporal Risk (PosteR) model of increased exposure to fatal overdose
Strategies that emphasize police opioid seizures as an acceptable way to reduce the prevalence of illicit drugs in a community without accounting for the elevated risk of fatal overdose that results can worsen one of the most significant problems they are meant to address
Journey mapping drug seizures among police, public health and local nonprofit professionals, and community members who use drugs
Overdose as a complex contagion
BACKGROUND: The opioid overdose mortality crisis in the USA is an ongoing public health epidemic. Ongoing law enforcement strategies to disrupt local unregulated drug markets can have an iatrogenic effect of increasing overdose by driving consumers towards new suppliers with unpredictable drug products of unknown potency. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using point-level information on law enforcement opioid-related drug seizures from property roo…
Treatment Court Staffs’ Perceptions in Support of the Use of Virtual Services in Court Post-Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted traditional courthouse operations, resulting in the abrupt and extensive adoption of virtual court proceedings. To date, limited empirical research has evaluated virtual treatment courts. Utilizing a novel national survey administered to 358 treatment court team members, we examine support for and barriers to virtual courts. Tested barriers include (a) access to technology, (b) Wi-Fi/internet, (c) private space to …
Disparities in the accuracy of reporting opioid overdoses to 9-1-1 by race and sex of overdose victim, Marion County, Indiana, 2011–2020
Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies
Outcomes of a Court-Based Substance Use Disorder Diversion Pilot Program
This research presents the outcomes of a substance use diversion program in a Midwestern county. Specifically, this work assesses the efficacy (operationalized through re-arrest) and cost-efficacy (operationalized through cost per 1% reduction in re-arrest likelihood) of the program across varying levels of American Society of Addiction Medicine levels of care (ASAM LOC). Using a sample of 430 program participants, findings illustrate that the pr…
Evaluating oxygen monitoring and administration during overdose responses at a sanctioned overdose prevention site in San Francisco, California
Spatiotemporal Analysis Exploring the Effect of Law Enforcement Drug Market Disruptions on Overdose, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2020–2021
Objectives. To test the hypothesis that law enforcement efforts to disrupt local drug markets by seizing opioids or stimulants are associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering of overdose events in the surrounding geographic area. Methods. We performed a retrospective (January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021), population-based cohort study using administrative data from Marion County, Indiana. We compared frequency and characteristics of drug…
Assessing County-Level Behavioral Health and Justice Systems with the Sequential Intercept Model Practices, Leadership, and Expertise Scorecard
Buprenorphine Treatment Intake and Critical Encounters following a Nonfatal Opioid Overdose
Background Individuals with prior opioid-related overdose events have an increased risk for opioid-related mortality. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist that has shown to be an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Yet, few studies have investigated whether buprenorphine reduces the risk of opioid-related mortality following a nonfatal opioid-related overdose.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on all overdose cases in Indi…
Can touch this
Misinformation about overdose risk from accidentally inhaling or touching fentanyl is widespread among police in the United States. This may aggravate already elevated burdens of officer stress and burnout, while chilling lifesaving overdose response. Police education has shown promise in reducing false beliefs about fentanyl. To better understand the potential of training interventions in correcting officer knowledge, we administered a 10-min on…
Willingness to use syringe service programs and safe consumption sites among methadone patients with histories of injection drug use in a small Midwest community
Syringe service programs (SSPs) and safe consumption sites (SCSs) are evidence-based strategies to reduce harm associated with injection drug use. However, little is known about the acceptability of these programs outside large urban areas. This study assesses willingness to use SSPs and SCSs among people receiving methadone and with history of injection drug use in a small Midwest community, and identifies factors associated with likely use of e…
Effects of pretrial risk assessments on release decisions and misconduct outcomes relative to practice as usual
Five-County Validation of the Indiana Risk Assessment System – Pretrial Assessment Tool (Iras-PAT) using a Local Validation Approach
Local jurisdictions are increasingly using pretrial risk assessment instruments to assess risk of pretrial misconduct and inform release decisions. We adopted a local validation approach to examine the predictive validity of Indiana Risk Assessment System – Pretrial Assessment Tool (IRAS-PAT) assessments in 3,739 unique pretrial defendants across five Indiana counties. Jail, court, and pretrial risk assessment records were matched within each jur…
Arrest and emergency medical services events among participants from one of the first mental health courts
Two‐year outcomes following naloxone administration by police officers or emergency medical services personnel
Research Summary We conducted a retrospective, quasi‐experimental study of a police naloxone program to examine individual outcomes following nonfatal overdose where either police ( n = 111) or emergency medical services ( n = 1,229) provided a first response and administered naloxone. Individuals who received a police response were more likely to be arrested immediately following initial dispatch and had more instances of repeat nonfatal overdos…
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Drug Overdoses in Indianapolis
Individual and county-level variation in outcomes following non-fatal opioid-involved overdose
BACKGROUND: A lack of large-scale, individually linked data often has impeded efforts to disentangle individual-level variability in outcomes from area-level variability in studies of many diseases and conditions. This study investigated individual and county-level variability in outcomes following non-fatal overdose in a state-wide cohort of opioid overdose patients. METHODS: Participants were 24 031 patients treated by emergency medical service…
Bridging mental health and criminal justice systems
Does Reentry Court Completion Affect Recidivism Three Years after Exit? Results from a Retrospective Cohort Study
Reentry courts are a strategy to assist individuals subjected to post-release supervision in the reintegration process, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these practices. The current study presents the results of a retrospective cohort study for a sample of 340 participants who exited a reentry court. Specifically, survival analyses were employed to evaluate whether participants’ reentry court completion status affects their l…
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Drug Overdoses in Indianapolis
Spatiotemporal Analysis Exploring the Effect of Law Enforcement Drug Market Disruptions on Overdose, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2020–2021
Objectives. To test the hypothesis that law enforcement efforts to disrupt local drug markets by seizing opioids or stimulants are associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering of overdose events in the surrounding geographic area. Methods. We performed a retrospective (January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021), population-based cohort study using administrative data from Marion County, Indiana. We compared frequency and characteristics of drug…
Firearm Legislation and Fatal Police Shootings in the United States
Objectives. To examine whether stricter firearm legislation is associated with rates of fatal police shootings. Methods. We used a cross-sectional, state-level design to evaluate the effect of state-level firearm legislation on rates of fatal police shootings from January 1, 2015, through October 31, 2016. We measured state-level variation in firearm laws with legislative scorecards from the Brady Center, and for fatal police shootings we used Th…
Adult Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use
Using data from the 2010 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this research examines the extent to which social bonds predict nonmedical prescription drug use among adults. Logistic regression analyses reveal that marital bonds are consistently and negatively related to various types of nonmedical drug use net other social and medical factors; however, employment bonds are only significant and negative in models predicting nonmedical p…
Anticipated Stigma and Defensive Individualism During Postincarceration Job Searching
Obtaining employment is one of the most difficult challenges for individuals released from prison. This research explores the strategies recently released male parolees employ in attempting to find work, with specific attention to the role of anticipated stigma from their ex-convict status. Through the use of in-depth longitudinal interviews, this research contributes to our understanding of returning prisoner's experiences in job searching. We f…
Predictors of mental health court graduation
Mental health courts (MHCs), nontraditional problem-solving courts designed to address underlying causes of offending rather than apportion guilt and punishment, have been reported to reduce offending among persons with mental illness and consequently have been spreading. Graduation from a MHC has been found to be a major predictor of reduced recidivism; yet few studies have examined factors affecting MHC graduation. This study examines what part…
Exploring Stigmatization and Stigma Management in Mental Health Court
Drawing on Link and colleagues' modified labeling theory, this article examines whether the stigma management strategies defendants anticipate using after mental health court exit are associated with their reported experiences during court. Using survey data from 34 mental health court graduates, we find that respondents generally perceive the mental health court as procedurally just, did not experience stigmatizing shame, and anticipate using th…
Observed Patterns of Illicit Opiate Overdose Deaths in Chicago, 1999–2003
Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies
Two‐year outcomes following naloxone administration by police officers or emergency medical services personnel
Research Summary We conducted a retrospective, quasi‐experimental study of a police naloxone program to examine individual outcomes following nonfatal overdose where either police ( n = 111) or emergency medical services ( n = 1,229) provided a first response and administered naloxone. Individuals who received a police response were more likely to be arrested immediately following initial dispatch and had more instances of repeat nonfatal overdos…
Effectiveness 2 Years Postexit of a Recently Established Mental Health Court
There are now more than 300 mental health courts in the United States; yet studies on their effectiveness in reducing criminal recidivism are relatively few, and most follow defendants after entry into the court, during their participation, and sometimes, for a short period following exit. Using a preenrollment-postexit design that follows participants of one mental health court for 2 years after exit, this article examines criminal recidivism of…
Effects of pretrial risk assessments on release decisions and misconduct outcomes relative to practice as usual
Does Reentry Court Completion Affect Recidivism Three Years after Exit? Results from a Retrospective Cohort Study
Reentry courts are a strategy to assist individuals subjected to post-release supervision in the reintegration process, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these practices. The current study presents the results of a retrospective cohort study for a sample of 340 participants who exited a reentry court. Specifically, survival analyses were employed to evaluate whether participants’ reentry court completion status affects their l…
Criminal Justice Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Mental Illness and Substance Use
Sandra Liebenberg. Socio-Economic Rights. Adjudication under a Transformative Constitution
Writing in 2001 shortly after the South African Constitutional Court decided the celebrated housing-rights case Grootboom, Cass Sunstein hailed the Court's decision as establishing novel and promising approach to judicial protection . . . for each person whose socio-economic needs are at risk. Sunstein referring to the Court's application of what it called reasonableness review to issue an order requiring future modification of the challenged hou…
Salem Witch Trials
Journal Article Salem Witch Trials Get access Benjamin Ray Benjamin Ray Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar OAH Magazine of History, Volume 17, Issue 4, July 2003, Pages 32–36, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/17.4.32 Published: 01 July 2003
Observed Patterns of Illicit Opiate Overdose Deaths in Chicago, 1999–2003
Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road v City of Johannesburg
On 19 February 2008, the South African Constitutional Court handed down an important new socioeconomic rights decision, Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road v City of Johannesburg ('City of Johannesburg'). City of Johannesburg approved a landmark settlement between the City of Johannesburg and residents of several informal communities in Johannesburg who had sought to prevent the City from evicting them as part of an inner-city regeneration project. Rathe…
Residents of Joe Slovo Community v Thubelisha Homes and Others
The Constitutional Court of South Africa's "engagement remedy," at its core, is a simple requirement that government consult with residents before evicting them, as engagement offers a creative and flexible tool for advocates of socio-economic rights to enforce these provisions through both political and legal channels. Absent adequate court oversight, engagement can easily turn into nothing more than a requirement that government inform resident…
Examining Mental Health Court Completion
Sociologists have long-raised concern about disparate treatment in the justice system. Focal concerns have become the dominant perspective in explaining these disparities in legal processing decisions. Despite the growth of problem-solving courts, little research has examined how this perspective operates in nontraditional court settings. This article used a mixed-method approach to examine focal concerns in a mental health court (MHC). Observati…
Sandra Liebenberg. Socio-Economic Rights. Adjudication under a Transformative Constitution
Writing in 2001 shortly after the South African Constitutional Court decided the celebrated housing-rights case Grootboom, Cass Sunstein hailed the Court's decision as establishing novel and promising approach to judicial protection . . . for each person whose socio-economic needs are at risk. Sunstein referring to the Court's application of what it called reasonableness review to issue an order requiring future modification of the challenged hou…
Effectiveness 2 Years Postexit of a Recently Established Mental Health Court
There are now more than 300 mental health courts in the United States; yet studies on their effectiveness in reducing criminal recidivism are relatively few, and most follow defendants after entry into the court, during their participation, and sometimes, for a short period following exit. Using a preenrollment-postexit design that follows participants of one mental health court for 2 years after exit, this article examines criminal recidivism of…
Adult Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use
Using data from the 2010 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this research examines the extent to which social bonds predict nonmedical prescription drug use among adults. Logistic regression analyses reveal that marital bonds are consistently and negatively related to various types of nonmedical drug use net other social and medical factors; however, employment bonds are only significant and negative in models predicting nonmedical p…
Predictors of mental health court graduation
Mental health courts (MHCs), nontraditional problem-solving courts designed to address underlying causes of offending rather than apportion guilt and punishment, have been reported to reduce offending among persons with mental illness and consequently have been spreading. Graduation from a MHC has been found to be a major predictor of reduced recidivism; yet few studies have examined factors affecting MHC graduation. This study examines what part…
Exploring Stigmatization and Stigma Management in Mental Health Court
Drawing on Link and colleagues' modified labeling theory, this article examines whether the stigma management strategies defendants anticipate using after mental health court exit are associated with their reported experiences during court. Using survey data from 34 mental health court graduates, we find that respondents generally perceive the mental health court as procedurally just, did not experience stigmatizing shame, and anticipate using th…
Instructional Motivations
Some educational theorists have believed that the beneficial aspects of home education will eventually find their way into mainstream educational contexts. The purpose of this paper was to extract the motivations behind homeschooling instructional decisions. This study was built on surveys and interviews from over 1000 homeschooling parents across the United States. Participants were asked about the reason for their instructional routines. Instru…
Anticipated Stigma and Defensive Individualism During Postincarceration Job Searching
Obtaining employment is one of the most difficult challenges for individuals released from prison. This research explores the strategies recently released male parolees employ in attempting to find work, with specific attention to the role of anticipated stigma from their ex-convict status. Through the use of in-depth longitudinal interviews, this research contributes to our understanding of returning prisoner's experiences in job searching. We f…
Examining Fatal Opioid Overdoses in Marion County, Indiana
Firearm Legislation and Fatal Police Shootings in the United States
Objectives. To examine whether stricter firearm legislation is associated with rates of fatal police shootings. Methods. We used a cross-sectional, state-level design to evaluate the effect of state-level firearm legislation on rates of fatal police shootings from January 1, 2015, through October 31, 2016. We measured state-level variation in firearm laws with legislative scorecards from the Brady Center, and for fatal police shootings we used Th…
Barriers and facilitators to implementing an urban co-responding police-mental health team
BACKGROUND: In an effort to reduce the increasing number of persons with mental illness (PMI) experiencing incarceration, co-responding police-mental health teams are being utilized as a way to divert PMI from the criminal justice system. Co-response teams are typically an inter-agency collaboration between police and mental health professionals, and in some cases include emergency medical personnel. These teams are intended to facilitate emergen…
Identifying Unreported Opioid Deaths Through Toxicology Data and Vital Records Linkage
Objectives. To demonstrate the severity of undercounting opioid-involved deaths in a local jurisdiction with a high proportion of unspecified accidental poisoning deaths. Methods. We matched toxicology data to vital records for all accidental poisoning deaths (n = 1238) in Marion County, Indiana, from January 2011 to December 2016. From vital records, we coded cases as opioid involved, specified other substance, or unspecified. We extracted toxic…
Bridging mental health and criminal justice systems
Does Reentry Court Completion Affect Recidivism Three Years after Exit? Results from a Retrospective Cohort Study
Reentry courts are a strategy to assist individuals subjected to post-release supervision in the reintegration process, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these practices. The current study presents the results of a retrospective cohort study for a sample of 340 participants who exited a reentry court. Specifically, survival analyses were employed to evaluate whether participants’ reentry court completion status affects their l…
Criminal Justice Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Mental Illness and Substance Use
Five-County Validation of the Indiana Risk Assessment System – Pretrial Assessment Tool (Iras-PAT) using a Local Validation Approach
Local jurisdictions are increasingly using pretrial risk assessment instruments to assess risk of pretrial misconduct and inform release decisions. We adopted a local validation approach to examine the predictive validity of Indiana Risk Assessment System – Pretrial Assessment Tool (IRAS-PAT) assessments in 3,739 unique pretrial defendants across five Indiana counties. Jail, court, and pretrial risk assessment records were matched within each jur…
Arrest and emergency medical services events among participants from one of the first mental health courts
Two‐year outcomes following naloxone administration by police officers or emergency medical services personnel
Research Summary We conducted a retrospective, quasi‐experimental study of a police naloxone program to examine individual outcomes following nonfatal overdose where either police ( n = 111) or emergency medical services ( n = 1,229) provided a first response and administered naloxone. Individuals who received a police response were more likely to be arrested immediately following initial dispatch and had more instances of repeat nonfatal overdos…
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Drug Overdoses in Indianapolis
Individual and county-level variation in outcomes following non-fatal opioid-involved overdose
BACKGROUND: A lack of large-scale, individually linked data often has impeded efforts to disentangle individual-level variability in outcomes from area-level variability in studies of many diseases and conditions. This study investigated individual and county-level variability in outcomes following non-fatal overdose in a state-wide cohort of opioid overdose patients. METHODS: Participants were 24 031 patients treated by emergency medical service…
Buprenorphine Treatment Intake and Critical Encounters following a Nonfatal Opioid Overdose
Background Individuals with prior opioid-related overdose events have an increased risk for opioid-related mortality. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist that has shown to be an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Yet, few studies have investigated whether buprenorphine reduces the risk of opioid-related mortality following a nonfatal opioid-related overdose.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on all overdose cases in Indi…
Medicine (29 obras) · Psychology (23 obras) · Psychiatry (21 obras) · Political science (20 obras) · Opioid Use Disorder Treatment (18 obras) · Law (14 obras) · Criminology (12 obras) · Poison control (12 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (11 obras) · HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk (11 obras)