Lawrence J Walker
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 188191 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Lawrence J Walker |
| PRENOMES | Lawrence J |
| SOBRENOME | Walker |
| ASSINATURA | WALKER L J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of British Columbia |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7789-6130 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 214 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1979 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
The character of character
A crisis we face is that moral character seems to be declining in significance in everyday life and is not particularly relevant in evaluations of current political leaders. A case for character, however, can be mounted through the study of moral exemplars; in demonstrating that character is a viable construct and not an artifact of situational factors, that it explains more of moral functioning than cognition alone, and that it is causally opera…
Cross-Cultural Variability in Self-Continuity Warranting Strategies
Previous research has shown that (a) when individuals are pressed to justify their persistence through time (i.e., their self-continuity), they do so by constructing autobiographical life stories or by recognizing temporally stable personal attributes and (b) the prevalence in the endorsement of these strategies varies across cultural groups. Here we prompted for both life stories and temporally stable personal attributes among immigrant Asian Ca…
The chronic disease concept of addiction
In contemporary culture, socially deviant behaviour is increasingly being conceptualised as the result of a disease; most salient perhaps, in regards to addiction. This chronic disease model of alcoholism has its roots in early assumptions that have recently been discredited or at least challenged. This study employs an experimental method to examine whether telling individuals with a mild to moderate alcohol addiction that they have a chronic br…
Moral identity as moral ideal self
The purposes of this study were to conceptualize moral identity as moral ideal self, to develop a measure of this construct, to test for age and gender differences, to examine links between moral ideal self and adolescent outcomes, and to assess purpose and social responsibility as mediators of the relations between moral ideal self and outcomes. Data came from a local school sample (Data Set 1: N = 510 adolescents; 10-18 years of age) and a nati…
What Do We Know When We Know a Person Across Contexts ? Examining Self‐Concept Differentiation at the Three Levels of Personality
OBJECTIVE: Previous research examining self-concept differentiation (SCD) has been characterized by (a) a focus on behavioral traits and (b) the conflation of mean-level and inter-contextual differentiation. In two studies, we considered non-conflated measures of SCD at the three levels of personality description in relation to adjustment. METHOD: In Study 1, participants completed measures of adjustment, rated their behavioral tendencies (dispos…
Exemplars’ Moral Behavior Is Self-Regarding
What fundamentally motivates moral behavior? What is the nature and source of moral motivation? The argument developed in this chapter is that moral action is not merely other-regarding; it also can, and should be, self-regarding. When there is something significant for the self in the moral enterprise, it can legitimately be self-enhancing and, thus, powerfully motivating. The empirical warrant for this argument is found in the study of the psyc…
The personality profile of brave exemplars
Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people
Do liberals and conservatives have qualitatively different moral points of view? Specifically, do liberals and conservatives rely on the same or different sets of moral foundations-care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (Haidt, 2012)-when making moral judgments about influential people? In Study 1, 100 experts evaluated the impact that 40 influential figures had on each moral foundation, yielding stimulus materials for the remaining studi…
Religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression
The mechanism by which adolescent religiosity might yield positive interactions with others remains unclear. This study examined moral identity as a mediator between adolescent religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression. Participants were 502 adolescents (10 –18 years) who completed an online survey. Structural equation models assessed links between religiosity (commitment and involvement) and interpersonal relationships (aggression and em…
Hierarchical Integration of Agency and Communion
The purpose of this research is to (a) identify which of recent history's influential figures did and which did not personify moral excellence, and (b) to examine the motives that drove these individuals along such divergent paths. In Study 1, 102 social scientists evaluated the moral qualities of influential figures from T ime Magazine's lists. In Study 2, we selected the 15 top ranking of these figures to comprise a moral exemplar group and the…
Hierarchical Integration of Agency and Communion
Adolescent Naturalistic Conceptions of Moral Maturity
Understanding lay conceptions of morality is important not only because they can guide moral psychology theory but also because they may play a role in everyday moral functioning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine adolescent conceptions of moral maturity. Study 1 (200 adolescents 12–18 years) involved a free‐listing procedure to generate traits descriptive of a moral person. In Study 2, involving 100 early (11–14 years) and 99 late (…
The integration of agency and communion in moral personality
Agency and communion are fundamental human motives, often conceptualized as being in tension. This study examines the notion that moral exemplars overcome this tension and adaptively integrate these 2 motives within their personality. Participants were 25 moral exemplars-recipients of a national award for extraordinary volunteerism-and 25 demographically matched comparison participants. Each participant responded to a life review interview and pr…
Varieties of Moral Personality
Four perspectives dominate thinking about moral heroism: One contends that moral action is primarily instigated by situational pressures, another holds that moral excellence entails the full complement of virtues, the third asserts a single superintending principle, and the fourth posits different varieties of moral personality. This research addresses these competing perspectives by examining the personalities of moral heroes. Participants were …
Implications of Cultural Diversity for the Universality Claims of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s claim that his theory of moral reasoning development has universal validity and that the evidence is consistent with a position of ethical nonrelativity is evaluated. The available data indicate that the cognitive-developmental criteria for a strict moral stage model do hold universally and that the theory does reflect much of what is morally relevant in diverse cultures. However, the theory’s universal applicability is challenged by e…
Experiential and Cognitive Sources of Moral Development in Adulthood
This study examined three issues in adult moral development: (a) the relationship between cognitive and moral development; (b) the relationship between social experiences and rate of moral development; and (c) sex differences in moral orientations. Participants were university employees and their spouses. These 62 adults completed a questionnaire regarding social experiences in various areas of their lives. Later they were interviewed to determin…
Reconciling the self and morality
Self-interest and moral sensibilities generally compete with one another, but for moral exemplars, this tension appears to not be in play. This study advances the reconciliation model, which explains this anomaly within a developmental framework by positing that the relationship between the self's interests and moral concerns ideally transforms from one of mutual competition to one of synergy. The degree to which morality is central to an individ…
The darker side of accommodating others
Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars
Two contrasting types of moral exemplars were examined so as to identify personality variables associated with moral action. The sample comprised 50 Canadian awardees for either exceptional bravery or caring, as well as 50 comparison participants. Participants responded to a set of personality questionnaires and a life-review interview. Personality variables were found to substantially augment moral cognition in the prediction of exemplary action…
Young Adult Moral Exemplars
The purpose of our research was to explore the differences between young adult moral exemplars and comparison individuals by studying their life stories. Moral exemplars were nominated for their extraordinary moral commitment to the social organizations where they volunteered or worked. Forty moral exemplars, along with 40 matched comparison individuals (total N =80), participated in a life narrative interview. These interviews were coded for spe…
Extraordinary Moral Commitment
The personality of exemplary young adults was studied in an effort to paint a portrait of moral excellence that expanded upon the traditional emphasis on moral reasoning maturity. These young adults were nominated based on their extraordinary moral commitment towards various social organizations. The sample included 40 moral exemplars and 40 matched comparison individuals who responded to a battery of questionnaires and participated in a semistru…
Differing Conceptions of Moral Exemplarity
People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augment the current emphasis on moral rationality with a fuller understanding of moral personality. In Study 1 (with 805 adults), a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of 3 types of moral exemplars (just, brave, and caring). In Study 2 (with 401 undergraduates), prototypicality- and personality-rating procedures were used to generate…
Transcendence and the Moral Self
Although moral reasoning is able to account for some of the variability in moral behavior, much remains unexplained. Recently, a number of components of personality have been proposed as bridging the gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. The present study investigates the role that identity integration (the extent to which one's moral values have become integrated into identity) and religious orientation (one's motivation for engaging i…
The consolidation/transition model in moral reasoning development
The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of alternating consolidation and transition phases and posits that stage advance is predicted by a specific distribution of reasoning across stages indicative of disequilibrium (more reasoning above than below the mode, with a high degree of mixture). The validity of this model was examined in the context of moral reasoning development with the use of st…
Data can inform the theoretical skew in moral psychology
Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity
By examining folk conceptions of moral maturity, this project sought a more comprehensive understanding of moral excellence than Kohlberg's emphasis on principled justice reasoning.Study 1 and 2 involved different samples of 120 adults (17-25, 35-55, and 65+ years).Study 3 involved a sample of 180 undergraduates.In Study 1, a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of a "highly moral person," as well as those for two related pe…
Moral identity as moral ideal self
The purposes of this study were to conceptualize moral identity as moral ideal self, to develop a measure of this construct, to test for age and gender differences, to examine links between moral ideal self and adolescent outcomes, and to assess purpose and social responsibility as mediators of the relations between moral ideal self and outcomes. Data came from a local school sample (Data Set 1: N = 510 adolescents; 10-18 years of age) and a nati…
Differing Conceptions of Moral Exemplarity
People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augment the current emphasis on moral rationality with a fuller understanding of moral personality. In Study 1 (with 805 adults), a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of 3 types of moral exemplars (just, brave, and caring). In Study 2 (with 401 undergraduates), prototypicality- and personality-rating procedures were used to generate…
Reconciling the self and morality
Self-interest and moral sensibilities generally compete with one another, but for moral exemplars, this tension appears to not be in play. This study advances the reconciliation model, which explains this anomaly within a developmental framework by positing that the relationship between the self's interests and moral concerns ideally transforms from one of mutual competition to one of synergy. The degree to which morality is central to an individ…
Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars
Two contrasting types of moral exemplars were examined so as to identify personality variables associated with moral action. The sample comprised 50 Canadian awardees for either exceptional bravery or caring, as well as 50 comparison participants. Participants responded to a set of personality questionnaires and a life-review interview. Personality variables were found to substantially augment moral cognition in the prediction of exemplary action…
The integration of agency and communion in moral personality
Agency and communion are fundamental human motives, often conceptualized as being in tension. This study examines the notion that moral exemplars overcome this tension and adaptively integrate these 2 motives within their personality. Participants were 25 moral exemplars-recipients of a national award for extraordinary volunteerism-and 25 demographically matched comparison participants. Each participant responded to a life review interview and pr…
Transcendence and the Moral Self
Although moral reasoning is able to account for some of the variability in moral behavior, much remains unexplained. Recently, a number of components of personality have been proposed as bridging the gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. The present study investigates the role that identity integration (the extent to which one's moral values have become integrated into identity) and religious orientation (one's motivation for engaging i…
Moral reasoning and attitudes toward capital punishment
Liberals and conservatives rely on common moral foundations when making moral judgments about influential people
Do liberals and conservatives have qualitatively different moral points of view? Specifically, do liberals and conservatives rely on the same or different sets of moral foundations-care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (Haidt, 2012)-when making moral judgments about influential people? In Study 1, 100 experts evaluated the impact that 40 influential figures had on each moral foundation, yielding stimulus materials for the remaining studi…
Young Adult Moral Exemplars
The purpose of our research was to explore the differences between young adult moral exemplars and comparison individuals by studying their life stories. Moral exemplars were nominated for their extraordinary moral commitment to the social organizations where they volunteered or worked. Forty moral exemplars, along with 40 matched comparison individuals (total N =80), participated in a life narrative interview. These interviews were coded for spe…
Moral reasoning and leadership among men in a Papua New Guinea society
Sources of cognitive conflict for stage transition in moral development
Stage transitions in moral reasoning
The study examined the internal organizational aspects of disequilibrium that are held to be responsible for moral stage transitions and, in doing so, compared the predictions of the consolidation/transition and gradual-transformation models. A sample of 227 children, adolescents, and adults responded to a moral judgment interview twice over a 2-year interval. The distribution of subjects' reasoning across stages at the initial interview was used…
Data can inform the theoretical skew in moral psychology
Stimulating transitions in moral reasoning as a function of stage of cognitive development
The personality profile of brave exemplars
Adolescent Naturalistic Conceptions of Moral Maturity
Understanding lay conceptions of morality is important not only because they can guide moral psychology theory but also because they may play a role in everyday moral functioning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine adolescent conceptions of moral maturity. Study 1 (200 adolescents 12–18 years) involved a free‐listing procedure to generate traits descriptive of a moral person. In Study 2, involving 100 early (11–14 years) and 99 late (…
The consolidation/transition model in moral reasoning development
The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of alternating consolidation and transition phases and posits that stage advance is predicted by a specific distribution of reasoning across stages indicative of disequilibrium (more reasoning above than below the mode, with a high degree of mixture). The validity of this model was examined in the context of moral reasoning development with the use of st…
Cross-Cultural Variability in Self-Continuity Warranting Strategies
Previous research has shown that (a) when individuals are pressed to justify their persistence through time (i.e., their self-continuity), they do so by constructing autobiographical life stories or by recognizing temporally stable personal attributes and (b) the prevalence in the endorsement of these strategies varies across cultural groups. Here we prompted for both life stories and temporally stable personal attributes among immigrant Asian Ca…
The hierarchical nature of stages of moral development
Stimulating transitions in moral reasoning as a function of stage of cognitive development
Development in Judging Moral Issues . James R. Rest
Sources of cognitive conflict for stage transition in moral development
Sex Differences in the Development of Moral Reasoning
WALKER, LAWRENCE J. Sex Differences in the Development of Moral Reasoning: A Critical Review. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 677-691. In this article the bases for recent allegations of sex bias in Kohlberg's theory of moral development are discussed. Studies comparing the development of moral reasoning between the sexes are then reviewed. Only a few inconsistent sex differences have been found in childhood and adolescence. Some studies indicate th…
The hierarchical nature of stages of moral development
Moral reasoning and leadership among men in a Papua New Guinea society
Moral reasoning and attitudes toward capital punishment
Stage transitions in moral reasoning
The study examined the internal organizational aspects of disequilibrium that are held to be responsible for moral stage transitions and, in doing so, compared the predictions of the consolidation/transition and gradual-transformation models. A sample of 227 children, adolescents, and adults responded to a moral judgment interview twice over a 2-year interval. The distribution of subjects' reasoning across stages at the initial interview was used…
Data can inform the theoretical skew in moral psychology
Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity
By examining folk conceptions of moral maturity, this project sought a more comprehensive understanding of moral excellence than Kohlberg's emphasis on principled justice reasoning.Study 1 and 2 involved different samples of 120 adults (17-25, 35-55, and 65+ years).Study 3 involved a sample of 180 undergraduates.In Study 1, a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of a "highly moral person," as well as those for two related pe…
The consolidation/transition model in moral reasoning development
The consolidation/transition model conceptualizes development as entailing a cyclical pattern of alternating consolidation and transition phases and posits that stage advance is predicted by a specific distribution of reasoning across stages indicative of disequilibrium (more reasoning above than below the mode, with a high degree of mixture). The validity of this model was examined in the context of moral reasoning development with the use of st…
Extraordinary Moral Commitment
The personality of exemplary young adults was studied in an effort to paint a portrait of moral excellence that expanded upon the traditional emphasis on moral reasoning maturity. These young adults were nominated based on their extraordinary moral commitment towards various social organizations. The sample included 40 moral exemplars and 40 matched comparison individuals who responded to a battery of questionnaires and participated in a semistru…
Differing Conceptions of Moral Exemplarity
People's conceptions of different types of moral exemplarity were examined in an attempt to augment the current emphasis on moral rationality with a fuller understanding of moral personality. In Study 1 (with 805 adults), a free-listing procedure was used to generate the attributes of 3 types of moral exemplars (just, brave, and caring). In Study 2 (with 401 undergraduates), prototypicality- and personality-rating procedures were used to generate…
Transcendence and the Moral Self
Although moral reasoning is able to account for some of the variability in moral behavior, much remains unexplained. Recently, a number of components of personality have been proposed as bridging the gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. The present study investigates the role that identity integration (the extent to which one's moral values have become integrated into identity) and religious orientation (one's motivation for engaging i…
Young Adult Moral Exemplars
The purpose of our research was to explore the differences between young adult moral exemplars and comparison individuals by studying their life stories. Moral exemplars were nominated for their extraordinary moral commitment to the social organizations where they volunteered or worked. Forty moral exemplars, along with 40 matched comparison individuals (total N =80), participated in a life narrative interview. These interviews were coded for spe…
Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars
Two contrasting types of moral exemplars were examined so as to identify personality variables associated with moral action. The sample comprised 50 Canadian awardees for either exceptional bravery or caring, as well as 50 comparison participants. Participants responded to a set of personality questionnaires and a life-review interview. Personality variables were found to substantially augment moral cognition in the prediction of exemplary action…
The darker side of accommodating others
Implications of Cultural Diversity for the Universality Claims of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s claim that his theory of moral reasoning development has universal validity and that the evidence is consistent with a position of ethical nonrelativity is evaluated. The available data indicate that the cognitive-developmental criteria for a strict moral stage model do hold universally and that the theory does reflect much of what is morally relevant in diverse cultures. However, the theory’s universal applicability is challenged by e…
Experiential and Cognitive Sources of Moral Development in Adulthood
This study examined three issues in adult moral development: (a) the relationship between cognitive and moral development; (b) the relationship between social experiences and rate of moral development; and (c) sex differences in moral orientations. Participants were university employees and their spouses. These 62 adults completed a questionnaire regarding social experiences in various areas of their lives. Later they were interviewed to determin…
Reconciling the self and morality
Self-interest and moral sensibilities generally compete with one another, but for moral exemplars, this tension appears to not be in play. This study advances the reconciliation model, which explains this anomaly within a developmental framework by positing that the relationship between the self's interests and moral concerns ideally transforms from one of mutual competition to one of synergy. The degree to which morality is central to an individ…
Varieties of Moral Personality
Four perspectives dominate thinking about moral heroism: One contends that moral action is primarily instigated by situational pressures, another holds that moral excellence entails the full complement of virtues, the third asserts a single superintending principle, and the fourth posits different varieties of moral personality. This research addresses these competing perspectives by examining the personalities of moral heroes. Participants were …
Hierarchical Integration of Agency and Communion
Adolescent Naturalistic Conceptions of Moral Maturity
Understanding lay conceptions of morality is important not only because they can guide moral psychology theory but also because they may play a role in everyday moral functioning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine adolescent conceptions of moral maturity. Study 1 (200 adolescents 12–18 years) involved a free‐listing procedure to generate traits descriptive of a moral person. In Study 2, involving 100 early (11–14 years) and 99 late (…
The integration of agency and communion in moral personality
Agency and communion are fundamental human motives, often conceptualized as being in tension. This study examines the notion that moral exemplars overcome this tension and adaptively integrate these 2 motives within their personality. Participants were 25 moral exemplars-recipients of a national award for extraordinary volunteerism-and 25 demographically matched comparison participants. Each participant responded to a life review interview and pr…
Religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression
The mechanism by which adolescent religiosity might yield positive interactions with others remains unclear. This study examined moral identity as a mediator between adolescent religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression. Participants were 502 adolescents (10 –18 years) who completed an online survey. Structural equation models assessed links between religiosity (commitment and involvement) and interpersonal relationships (aggression and em…
Psychology (33 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Moral development (23 obras) · Developmental psychology (21 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras) · Moral reasoning (15 obras) · Moral disengagement (13 obras) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (13 obras) · Social cognitive theory of morality (13 obras) · Epistemology (12 obras)