Pål Kolstø
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 196924 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Pål Kolstø |
| PRENOMES | Pål |
| SOBRENOME | Kolstø |
| ASSINATURA | KOLSTØ P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Oslo |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2745-4198 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 73 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 527 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 71 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1993 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
Political Legitimacy and Traditional Values in Putin's Russia
The first book to discuss regime legitimation in contemporary Russia after the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine Provides new insights into state–society relations in contemporary Russia Draws on a large-scale survey of 1,500 respondents in a nationally representative sample, plus 600 respondents each in six regional surveys Demonstrates how a conservative values-based rhetoric is being mobilised and implemented by the Putin regime. Discu…
Political Legitimacy and Traditional Values in Putin's Russia
Increasingly, non-democratic regimes seek legitimation by presenting themselves as carriers and protectors of values – typically, values which they perceive as being ‘not properly respected’ in democratic regimes. Values-based legitimation of authoritarianism is frequently framed in terms of nationalist revival and moral rebirth, rejecting today’s permissive liberal society where ‘everything goes’ in favour of a return to ‘traditional’ values. Si…
Steering Towards a Permanent Schism? The Establishment of the Russian Orthodox Exarchate in Africa
When the Ecumenical Patriarch granted the Orthodox Church of Ukraine autocephalous status in 2019, in what was hitherto recognized as the the canonical territory the Moscow patriarchate (MP), the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) retaliated two years later by establishing an Exarchate in the territory of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, one of the churches which sided with the Ecumenical Patriarch. In a few years’ time ROC had recruited more than 200 …
Exchange on David Laitin’s Identity in Formation
In 2018, David Laitin and Pål Kolstø engaged in a discussion at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Nationalities held at Columbia University, New York. The panel was a 20-year retrospective on Identity in Formation: the Russian-speaking populations in the Near Abroad (Laitin 1998)
Holding Back the End of the World
While the vast majority of Russian Orthodox believers have not uttered any opinion publicly on Russia’s war in Ukraine, a phalanx of Orthodox “empire supporters” ( impertsy ) have vociferously supported the invasion, using metaphysical and eschatological language. They link the myth of Moscow as the Third Rome to another, less known idea that Russia is “the Restrainer” ( Katechon , Uderzhivaiushchii ) which St. Paul talked about in the Second Let…
Does recognition matter? Exploring patron penetration of de-facto state structures
De facto states seek international recognition. But do patron states that extend such recognition to their de-facto state clients treat them differently than they would have done otherwise? Will patrons, having extended official recognition, be more inclined to treat their clients as ‘regular’ states? Or does recognition only make the client more beholden to the patron? To investigate this, we explore whether granting recognition affects the degr…
Eurasia’s de Facto States after Russia’s Attack on Ukraine
The Religious Component in Contemporary Russian Imperialism
Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, various voices in the Russian public sphere have been trying to make sense of Russia's new place in the world, its geopolitical horizons, and the identity of its people. One of the dominant trends that have emerged is Orthodox imperialism, which combines religious symbols and narratives with a geopolitical vision of Russian expansion and "reunification". This article provides an overview of the Russ…
Ukrainians and Russians as ‘One People’
Vladimir Putin has numerous times claimed that ‘Ukrainians and Russians are one people’; this was part of the legitimation for the attack on Ukraine in February 2022. This article examines the prehistory of this claim in Russian nationalist thinking both in recent times and in the tsarist era. It is argued that the claim differs from and is more sinister than the pre-revolutionary idea of a ‘triune Russian nation’ consisting of Great Russians, Li…
The Russian Orthodox Church and its fight against abortion
During Vladimir Putin’s presidency, and in particular since the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill (2009), the Russian Orthodox Church has invested considerable energy and prestige in its fight against abortion. Nevertheless, the strategy adopted by the ROC seems ill-conceived and in many ways has proved counterproductive in terms of the goals which the ROC has set itself. While certain restrictions on the right to abortion have been introduced und…
A Specter from the Past
Drawing on a long career of research into the history of nationalism and ethnic politics in Europe, Stefano Bianchini has written an erudite book on how the nationality factor affects European politics – state formation and state partition in particular. He presents a wide-ranging survey over la longue durée, and also argues a case: that state partitioning should be avoided whenever possible, as it creates many more problems than it solves
Heretical Orthodoxy
Lev Tolstoi was not only one of the world's most famous writers, he was also a deeply concerned thinker and hugely influential critic of the Church whose impact was felt long after his death. For an entire generation, Tolstoi set the agenda for ethical and religious thought, in Russia and beyond. Most of Tolstoi's main ideas drew on his Christian heritage – selected and creatively combined. While he claimed that his life's work consisted of redis…
Russia’s Neighborhood Policy and Its Eurasian Client States
Do authoritarian regimes engage in active export of their political systems? Or are they primarily concerned about their geopolitical interests? This article explores these questions by examining Russia’s policy towards Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. In all three de facto states, Moscow is fully able to dictate election outcomes should it desire to, but, we argue, has increasingly refrained from doing so. These client states are unlik…
Years After the USSR
From the standpoint of world history, the collapse of the Soviet Union is unremarkable. That this event took the world by surprise suggests that political analysts, their attention focused on current affairs, can overlook underlying trends and countertrends that eventually make even dramatic events seem secondary. When trends and countertrends are in equilibrium, they generate an illusion of stability. But in the long run, the possibility of dise…
Victimhood Olympics
In January 2020, the Russian-language bimonthly “Russia in Global Affairs” published an article on “memory politics” and related conflicts, following a roundtable hosted by the magazine (Rossiya, 2020). To our amazement, the discussion caused a very keen reaction, especially in Europe. Our modest publication was immediately dubbed as nearly a forge of Kremlin ideas regarding “memory wars,” which, of course, is flattering, but, alas, is not true. …
Navigating de facto statehood
What opportunities and trade-offs do de facto states encounter in developing economic ties with the outside world? This article explores the complex relationship between trade and trust in the context of contested statehood. Most de facto states are heavily dependent on an external patron for economic aid and investment. However, we challenge the widespread assumption that de facto states are merely hapless pawns in the power-play of their patron…
Authoritarian Diffusion, or the Geopolitics of Self-Interest? Evidence from Russia’s Patron–Client Relations with Eurasia’s De Facto States
It is claimed that authoritarian regimes actively export their political systems. An alternative explanation maintains that authoritarian states are primarily concerned with geopolitical interests. Both explanations can produce coherent narratives. This article adjudicates among them by looking at Russia’s relations with Transnistria, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In all three unrecognised states Moscow could dictate the outcome of elections but ha…
Biting the hand that feeds them? Abkhazia–Russia client–patron relations
The article discusses the post-Soviet de facto state of Abkhazia, and its relationship to its main patron, Russia. All patron–client nexuses are marked by a high degree of asymmetrical power – especially with de facto states, which depend upon the patron for their very survival. Thus, it is surprising to see how de facto client states repeatedly show that they are both willing and able to defy the wishes of their patrons and pursue their own agen…
Antemurale Thinking as Historical Myth and Ethnic Boundary Mechanism
Iver Neumann og utenriksdebatten i Norge
Iver Neumann begynte sin akademiske karriere som Russland-forsker, og selv om han senere har utvidet sitt repertoar av studieområder kraftig har han hele tiden beholdt også en interesse for Russland, både landets historie og dets aktuelle politikk. Han tok med seg sin brede teoretiske skolering inn i russlandstudiet, og tilførte dermed norsk russlandforskning viktige nye perspektiver. Særlig verdifulle er hans identitetsstudier, basert på blant a…
Dmitrii Medvedev's Commission Against the Falsification of History
In spring 2009, three initiatives were taken in Moscow to control public presentation of Russian history: two bills were prepared for the Duma that would criminalize ‘the rehabilitation of Nazism’ and shortly afterwards President Dmitrii Medvedev established a commission, mandated to ‘counteract attempts to falsify history to the detriment of the interests of Russia.’ The article examines why President Medvedev felt it necessary to establish such…
Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron
According to Ernest Gellner's celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that ‘nationalism and imperialism are polar types’. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a…
‘Restore Moscow to the Muscovites’
Russia encompasses the world’s second-largest migrant population in absolute numbers. This chapter explores the role migrants play in contemporary Russian identity discourse, focusing on the topic that ordinary Muscovites identified as most important during the 2013 Moscow mayoral election campaign: the large number of labour migrants in the capital. It explores how the decision to open up the elections into a more genuine contest compelled the r…
Anti-migrant, but not nationalist
Despite increasingly securitized anti-migrant policies in Russia, President Vladimir Putin has been extremely cautious in his rhetoric about international migrants, avoiding overtly ethno-nationalist frames. By repeatedly emphasizing the role of migrants in development and their potential for integration, Putin has charted out a statist agenda, outlining how immigration can contribute to the state’s goals. This chapter analyses a series of Putin’…
Stavropol as “Russia’s Kosovo”? Nationalist mobilization and public response in a Russian region
Russian nationalism after Crimea is commonly depicted as aggressive and expansionist – but few Russian ethno-nationalists would accept this description. Quite the contrary: they would argue that ethnic Russians as the majority population find themselves under “under siege” from ethnic minorities. A case in point, they hold, is Stavropol Krai in the North Caucasus. In local ethno-nationalist circles this region is depicted as “Russia’s Kosovo, ” a…
Living with Non-recognition
The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the establishment of several non-recognised statelets, three of which—Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh—are located in the South Caucasus. This article sets aside the question of whether these quasi-states ought to be internationally recognised, and focuses on whether they exist as functioning state entities. To what extent are the authorities in these would-be states able to provide the popul…
From Secessionist Conflict Toward a Functioning State
How have the Transnistrian authorities sought to consolidate de facto statehood in the absence of international recognition? Starting from the idea that the time factor will eventually transform secessionists into state-builders, this article traces how the processes of state- and nation-building promoted by the Transnistrian de facto authorities have evolved since the early 1990s. Drawing on official sources, interviews, journalism, and the poli…
The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States
The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition. The aut…
The new Russian diaspora - an identity of its own? Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the former Soviet republic
The collapse of the unitary Soviet state has plunged its former citizens into a profound identity crisis. Particularly hard hit are the twenty-five million Russians living in the non-Russian successor states. Formerly members of the dominant nationality of a multinational state they have been turned into a new Russian diaspora. Whether in time they should come to regard themselves as Latvians (Ukrainians, Georgians, etc.) of Russian extraction or…
Biting the hand that feeds them? Abkhazia–Russia client–patron relations
The article discusses the post-Soviet de facto state of Abkhazia, and its relationship to its main patron, Russia. All patron–client nexuses are marked by a high degree of asymmetrical power – especially with de facto states, which depend upon the patron for their very survival. Thus, it is surprising to see how de facto client states repeatedly show that they are both willing and able to defy the wishes of their patrons and pursue their own agen…
Somaliland
De facto states and democracy
De facto states are often dismissed as ‘failing states’. However, in Freedom House rankings of political rights and civil liberties, they sometimes perform better than their parent states – as has been the case with Nagorno-Karabakh. This article examines the development of democracy in Nagorno-Karabakh against a checklist of factors assumed to be relevant: cultural homogeneity, size, existential threats, role of the diaspora, and the consequence…
Anticipating demographic superiority
In order to understand and to forecast what kind of nations will take shape in the new states of the former Soviet Union it is important to focus on the express objectives and actual strategies of the nation builders.... In this article I will concentrate on the ideological aspect, that is, on official and semi-official statements outlining the idea of ¿the Kazakhstani nation', as Kazakhstani nation builders would like to see it develop." Particu…
Territorialising Diasporas
Diasporas are usually defined as ethnic groups which lack a territorial base within a given polity. Territoriality, however, is not a given. It is determined not only by such objective factors as geography, demography, and history, but also by perceptions and ideas. The degree to which a certain group is attached to the territory on which it lives is, up to a point, a political, not an empirical question. The members of a minority group may see t…
The Dniester conflict
FROM A FORMAL POINT OF VIEW, the Soviet Union was a confederation of independent states rather than a federal state: in the constitution, all the Union republics were granted a right to secede. As a result of this structure, no new borders were drawn on the map when the state collapsed in 1991. Instead, what used to be the internal borders, delineating its constituent parts, were elevated to the status of international boundaries. This invested t…
Crimea vs. Donbas
The article analyzes how the nationalist segment of the Russian public has engaged in attempts to interpret and evaluate the Crimean annexation and the war in Donbass. The Crimean annexation was justifi ed in the Kremlin by a novel use of nationalist rhetoric. Initially, this rhetoric paid off particularly well—boosting Putin’s popularity ratings and endearing him to virtually all Russian nationalists. He could present himself as the foremost def…
Yielding to the sons of the soil
Among the post-Soviet de facto states, Abkhazia is unique in that the secessionists pursued self-determination in the name of a minority group. Today the ethnic Abkhaz enjoy a virtual monopoly on political power. Simultaneously, Abkhazia has developed a reasonably democratic political system. How has it been possible for the ethnic Abkhaz to monopolize power within a political system that exhibits most of the trappings of democratic rule? We disc…
Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron
According to Ernest Gellner's celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that ‘nationalism and imperialism are polar types’. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a…
Nation-Building in the Former USSR
With the sole exception of Russia, all successor states of the Soviet Union have been proclaimed as 'national states' or 'nation-states'. A period of intense nation-building has commenced. In order to keep a state together in the modern world, it is essential that its population have a common identity and a shared feeling of common destiny. The citizens must be bound together by loyalty towards the same institutions, symbols and values. This does…
Russia’s Nationalists Flirt with Democracy
In the 1990s, the concept of democracy was thoroughly discredited in Russia. It is therefore surprising to find positive assessments of democracy in recent Russian political discourse in an unexpected place: among anti-regime professed nationalists. The most well-known exponent of this is Alexei Navalny, but he represents a broader current. The article surveys the larger landscape within which “the Navalny phenomenon” unfolds, and assesses its in…
The Transnistrian Republic
The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union has opened up a Pandora's box of communal conflicts. In most Western analyses the majority of these conflicts are subsumed under the heading “ethnic.” This is often the case also with the conflict in Moldova between the national regime in Chišinàu and the insurgent regime in Tiraspol that controls the left bank of the Dnestr river. To be sure, there is an ethnic component to this conflict, but ethnici…
Symbol of the War — But Which One? The St George Ribbon in Russian Nation-Building
The article examines the short but eventful history of the St. George ribbon which since 2005 has been used in Russia as a symbol of the Soviet victory in the Great Fatherland War. The ribbon ‘action’ has become a major societal and political event, involving millions of participants in various activities in the weeks leading up to Victory Day, 9 May. Since the main purpose of state-sponsored national symbols is to provide nodal points around whi…
Navigating de facto statehood
What opportunities and trade-offs do de facto states encounter in developing economic ties with the outside world? This article explores the complex relationship between trade and trust in the context of contested statehood. Most de facto states are heavily dependent on an external patron for economic aid and investment. However, we challenge the widespread assumption that de facto states are merely hapless pawns in the power-play of their patron…
Bleiburg
The Short and Brutish Life of Republika Srpska Krajina
It is extremely difficult for a state to survive without international recognition; even so, some de facto states have been established and continue to exist. Others do not, and have been wiped off the face of the earth again. This article looks at one failed de facto state, the breakaway Serb Republic of Krajina (RSK) that existed for five years (1991–1995), before it was overrun by Croatian armed forces in Operation Storm. What did RSK do wrong…
Power differentials and identity formation
This article looks at how Russia places herself in relation to one of her southern neighbours, Georgia, and vice versa. Russia and Georgia have recently been engaged in a short but full-fledged war, hence their interrelationship has been intensely debated in both countries. Both Russia and Georgia are, as it were, poised ‘between East and West’. As a starting point, therefore, we hypothesized that Russians would present themselves as a European n…
The Russian Orthodox Church and its fight against abortion
During Vladimir Putin’s presidency, and in particular since the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill (2009), the Russian Orthodox Church has invested considerable energy and prestige in its fight against abortion. Nevertheless, the strategy adopted by the ROC seems ill-conceived and in many ways has proved counterproductive in terms of the goals which the ROC has set itself. While certain restrictions on the right to abortion have been introduced und…
Authoritarian Diffusion, or the Geopolitics of Self-Interest? Evidence from Russia’s Patron–Client Relations with Eurasia’s De Facto States
It is claimed that authoritarian regimes actively export their political systems. An alternative explanation maintains that authoritarian states are primarily concerned with geopolitical interests. Both explanations can produce coherent narratives. This article adjudicates among them by looking at Russia’s relations with Transnistria, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In all three unrecognised states Moscow could dictate the outcome of elections but ha…
The New Russian Diaspora
The dissolution of the Soviet Union has transformed the 25 million ethnic Russians living outside the Russian Federation into a new Russian diaspora. This situation represents a potential threat to political stability among and within the Soviet successor states. Right-wing political groups in Russia pose as defenders of the national rights of the diaspora. If they were able to induce the Russian Army to intervene in the non-Russian states on beh…
Ukrainians and Russians as ‘One People’
Vladimir Putin has numerous times claimed that ‘Ukrainians and Russians are one people’; this was part of the legitimation for the attack on Ukraine in February 2022. This article examines the prehistory of this claim in Russian nationalist thinking both in recent times and in the tsarist era. It is argued that the claim differs from and is more sinister than the pre-revolutionary idea of a ‘triune Russian nation’ consisting of Great Russians, Li…
The Dniester conflict
FROM A FORMAL POINT OF VIEW, the Soviet Union was a confederation of independent states rather than a federal state: in the constitution, all the Union republics were granted a right to secede. As a result of this structure, no new borders were drawn on the map when the state collapsed in 1991. Instead, what used to be the internal borders, delineating its constituent parts, were elevated to the status of international boundaries. This invested t…
The New Russian Diaspora
The dissolution of the Soviet Union has transformed the 25 million ethnic Russians living outside the Russian Federation into a new Russian diaspora. This situation represents a potential threat to political stability among and within the Soviet successor states. Right-wing political groups in Russia pose as defenders of the national rights of the diaspora. If they were able to induce the Russian Army to intervene in the non-Russian states on beh…
Nation-Building in the Former USSR
With the sole exception of Russia, all successor states of the Soviet Union have been proclaimed as 'national states' or 'nation-states'. A period of intense nation-building has commenced. In order to keep a state together in the modern world, it is essential that its population have a common identity and a shared feeling of common destiny. The citizens must be bound together by loyalty towards the same institutions, symbols and values. This does…
The new Russian diaspora - an identity of its own? Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the former Soviet republic
The collapse of the unitary Soviet state has plunged its former citizens into a profound identity crisis. Particularly hard hit are the twenty-five million Russians living in the non-Russian successor states. Formerly members of the dominant nationality of a multinational state they have been turned into a new Russian diaspora. Whether in time they should come to regard themselves as Latvians (Ukrainians, Georgians, etc.) of Russian extraction or…
Bulletin of Electoral Statistics and Public Opinion Research Data
Anticipating demographic superiority
In order to understand and to forecast what kind of nations will take shape in the new states of the former Soviet Union it is important to focus on the express objectives and actual strategies of the nation builders.... In this article I will concentrate on the ideological aspect, that is, on official and semi-official statements outlining the idea of ¿the Kazakhstani nation', as Kazakhstani nation builders would like to see it develop." Particu…
The Transnistrian Republic
The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union has opened up a Pandora's box of communal conflicts. In most Western analyses the majority of these conflicts are subsumed under the heading “ethnic.” This is often the case also with the conflict in Moldova between the national regime in Chišinàu and the insurgent regime in Tiraspol that controls the left bank of the Dnestr river. To be sure, there is an ethnic component to this conflict, but ethnici…
Territorialising Diasporas
Diasporas are usually defined as ethnic groups which lack a territorial base within a given polity. Territoriality, however, is not a given. It is determined not only by such objective factors as geography, demography, and history, but also by perceptions and ideas. The degree to which a certain group is attached to the territory on which it lives is, up to a point, a political, not an empirical question. The members of a minority group may see t…
A Mass for a Heretic? The Controversy over Lev Tolstoi's Burial
When Lev Tolstoi emerged as a religious teacher in the 1880s, taking a sharply polemical stance against the Orthodox faith, the leadership of the Russian church groped for ways and means to stem the spread of the pernicious new heresy among the Russian public. The most ambitious but also the most disastrous attempt was made in 1901 when the synod promulgated an official pronouncement (poslanie) against him. This document, which created a worldwid…
"Russian Diasporas in the "Near Abroad
The collapse of the Soviet Union removed the most important threat to international peace—the confrontation of two nucleararmed superpowers—but, in the process, created some new ones. One of the new sources of interstate instability identified by political analysts was the presence of a Russian population, numbering in the millions, who, without having moved, now found themselves living in non-Russian Soviet successor states. Some feared that mis…
Book Notes
Kvasistater i internasjonal politikk
Elisabeth Bakke (red.)
Bokspalte
Identitetsgrenser og myter på Balkan
Power as Burden
Slavophilism was one of the most original and important intellectual currents in Russia in the 19th century. In the great philosophical debate in the 1840s and 1850s, however, the Slavophiles were on the losing side: their direct influence on the next generation of Russians was far less than that of their opponents, the Westernizers or Zapadniks. The increasingly radicalized Russian intelligenty in the second half the 19th century were, as Ivan T…
The Demonized Double
As Pål Kolstø explores in this article, attitudes towards Lev Tolstoi's religious teaching differed wildly among Russian Orthodox believers at the turn of the last century. Some felt that his philosophical notions were remarkably congenial to church doctrine, while others saw Tolstoianism as the radical negation of everything the church stood for. An image often conjured up was Tolstoi as the Antichrist. To some, it was precisely the features tha…
The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States
The study of quasi-states has been marred by an unfortunate terminological confusion. Sometimes, this term is taken to mean recognized states that fail to develop the necessary state structures to function as fully fledged, 'real' states. At other times, 'quasi-states' is a designation given to regions that secede from another state, gain de facto control over the territory they lay claim to, but fail to achieve international recognition. The aut…
The "narcissism of minor differences" theory
In many ethnic conflicts and civil wars in the 20th century the cultural differences between the warring groups were very small. The bloody conflicts between Serbs, Croatians, and Bosnians during the breakup of Yugoslavia are a case in point. This observation has led some commentators to conclude that a lack of objective cultural markers between groups may itself be conducive to violence: When the members of two groups are difficult to tell apart…
Living with Non-recognition
The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the establishment of several non-recognised statelets, three of which—Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh—are located in the South Caucasus. This article sets aside the question of whether these quasi-states ought to be internationally recognised, and focuses on whether they exist as functioning state entities. To what extent are the authorities in these would-be states able to provide the popul…
Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and job competition
The article examines the effects of job competition on ethnic relations within a multinational state. It argues that demographic increase leads to competition for blue‐collar jobs while an increase in the number of graduates from higher education leads to competition over elite jobs. In the first case, people risk unemployment, in the second, blocked career opportunities. Mass‐level unemployment may lead to anger‐driven mass riots, while an intel…
Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts
Contents: Introduction: discourse and violent conflict: representation of 'self-other' in Yugoslav successor states, PA[yen]l KolstA, Media discourse and the politics of ethnic conflict: the case of Yugoslavia, Tarik Jusic Reorganizing the identification matrix: televisual construction of collective identities in the early phase of Yugoslav disintegration, Sabina Mihelj, Veronika Bajt and MiloA! Pankov Foreclosing the other, building the war: a c…
The Crimea Question
Bleiburg
For here we do not have an enduring city”
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