Anthony H Winefield
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 199186 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Anthony H Winefield |
| PRENOMES | Anthony H |
| SOBRENOME | Winefield |
| ASSINATURA | WINEFIELD A H |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The University of Adelaide |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5027-6687 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 54 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 95 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 54 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1968 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2018 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
A Qualitative Study of HR/OHS Stress Interventions in Australian Universities
To enhance the understanding of psychosocial factors and extend research on work stress interventions, we investigated the key human resource (HR)/occupational health and safety (OHS) stress interventions implemented at five Australian universities over a three-year period. Five senior HR Directors completed an online survey to identify the intervention strategies taken at their university in order to reduce stress and enhance employee well-being…
Who is doing well
ObjectiveAccording to Diener (1984), wellbeing is a multi‐faceted concept reflecting satisfaction with life, good physical health, and fewer negative psychological symptoms. Using data from a 10‐year longitudinal study of school leavers (n = 390), we examine whether people aged 25 can be differentiated into clusters based on indicators of wellbeing, then whether membership in the healthy as opposed to the less healthy cluster can be predicted by …
Factors Associated With Attrition in a 10‐year Longitudinal Study of Young People
ObjectivesThe aim of this methodological evaluation study is to examine the likely effects of sample attrition on the social and psychological outcomes variables often examined in studies of school leavers and which have been included in many studies of employment.MethodsWe examine the effects of sample attrition based on analysis of a recently completed 10‐year longitudinal study of school leavers.ResultsThe results showed that the dropouts diff…
Is resilience relevant to smoking abstinence for Indigenous Australians?
The prevalence rate of tobacco smoking remains high for Australian Indigenous people despite declining rates in other Australian populations. Given many Indigenous Australians continue to experience a range of social and economic structural problems, stress could be a significant contributing factor to preventing smoking abstinence. The reasons why some Indigenous people have remained resilient to stressful adverse conditions, and not rely on smo…
Student Perspectives on the Reasons for Physical Violence in a Thai Vocational College
Physical violence in Bangkok schools has been the subject of considerable public concern in recent years and yet relatively little is known about the nature of violence perpetrated by vocational college students. This study sought to understand the reasons for such violence through a series of semi-structured interviews with 32 male students. The analysis identified revenge from previous fights as a key motivation for violence. Students described…
Unemployment and mental health scarring during the life course
BACKGROUND: There has been little research on the long-term relationship between unemployment experiences and mental health over the life course. This article investigates the relationship between youth unemployment as well as that of unemployment experiences during later periods and mental health at ages 16, 21, 30 and 42 years. METHODS: The study makes use of the 'Northern Swedish Cohort' (NSC), a 27-year prospective cohort study. The cohort, i…
Assessing Effectiveness of Aggression Replacement Training at a Technical College in Thailand
Youth violence is a significant public health issue in Thailand where most people who are injured are vocational college students. There is a need to identify methods whereby such violence can be prevented. We trialed a group program in a technical college in Thailand with 23 students who received a modified version of aggression replacement training. We then compared their results with those of 24 students who did not receive any intervention or…
A Trial of Mindfulness Meditation to Reduce Anger and Violence in Thai Youth
Validation of the Four-Dimensional Connectedness Scale in a Multisample Volunteer Study
This study examines the psychometric properties of a new self-report instrument to measure organisational connectedness (The Four-Dimensional Connectedness Scale; 4DCS) in two volunteer samples: state emergency service volunteers and volunteer ambulance workers. Confirmatory factor analyses in both studies supported the proposed four-factor structure of the 4DCS (other workers, recipients, task and values). In addition, confirmatory factor analys…
Engaged or Connected? A Perspective of the Motivational Pathway of the Job Demands-Resources Model in Volunteers Working for Nonprofit Organizations
There is a paucity of research on volunteers compared with paid workers. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating roles of work engagement and connectedness simultaneously in the motivational pathway of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Survey data were collected from 471 volunteer participants and analysed using structural equation modelling methods. Contrary to expectation, the findings did not show that engagement mediates the r…
Additive and subtractive resilience strategies as enablers of biographical reinvention
Leisure activities and adolescent psychological well‐being
We examined the validity of the reported link between well‐being and leisure participation in adolescents. Nine hundred and forty‐seven, Year 10 students from 19 schools in Adelaide, South Australia, were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire concerning participation in social, non‐social and unstructured leisure activities as well as measures of personality. As expected, personality variables were better predictors of adolescent well…
Work‐family conflict in East vs Western countries
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of both directions of work‐family conflict (WFC), work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW) in an Eastern culture. Findings are compared with those of 14 other Western studies and the relationships among WIF, FIW and job, family, community and life satisfaction are explored. Design/methodology/approach This study is conducted in Malaysia, a country…
Lay theory explanations of occupational stress
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes and consequences of job stress in Malaysia and make a comparison between Western and Eastern perspectives. Design/methodology/approach A grounded theory approach was used to develop a lay representation of Malay people's descriptions of their experiences at work, including job stress. Interviews were conducted with 48 employees in Malaysia, using six semi‐structured interview questions ad…
The importance of resilience and stress to maintaining smoking abstinence and cessation
This study explored stress in relation to smoking and how non-smokers (never-smoked and ex-smokers) are 'resilient' to smoking in a population where there is a high prevalence of smoking (people diagnosed with depression). In-depth oral history interviews were conducted with 34 adult participants from metropolitan Adelaide, and who were medically diagnosed with depression. Participants were recruited according to their smoking status (currently s…
Peer and teacher bullying/victimization of South Australian secondary school students
This study examined the nature and prevalence of bullying/victimization by peers and teachers reported by 1,284 students (mean age = 15.2 years) drawn from a representative sample of 25 South Australian government and private schools. Students completed a self-report survey containing questions relating to teacher and peer-related bullying, measures of psychosocial adjustment, and personality. The results showed that students could be clearly dif…
Growing Up With Unemployment
The transition from school to work is a major developmental stage for young people. Yet in recent years this rite of passage has been hindered by the lack of jobs for school leavers. Growing Up with Unemployment describes a major long-term study of the psychological impact of unemployment. It broadly surveys the theories and methods of studying the problem and will have key implications for policy. Importantly, the authors show how leaving school…
Fear of dogs in a community sample
An investigation was conducted into human fear of dogs and experiences of canine aggression in an adult community sample (n = 292). Consistent with expectations, it was found that, while fear of dogs was relatively common (present in almost half the respondents), fear of dog attacks was less so, and extreme fear of dog attacks was very rare. Women, middle-aged and older adults were more likely to fear dogs than men and younger adults, while older…
Occupational stress in Australian university staff
This article presents results from a study of occupational stress in Australian university staff. The authors report data on psychological strain and job satisfaction from nearly 9,000 respondents at 17 universities. Academic staff were generally worse off than general staff, and staff in newer universities were worse off than those in older universities. At the aggregate level, self-report measures of psychological well-being were highly correla…
Changes in Clinically Relevant Metabolites with Psychological Stress Parameters
Psychological stress is associated with increased oxidative stress, a pro-inflammatory state, increased rate of infection, and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease also is associated with increased stress, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. In this study, the authors measured various markers of psychological stress and correlated with homocysteine, CRP, salivary IgA, and oxidative stress. The results of the study showed …
Unique aspects of stress in human service work
Two unique stressors associated with human service work are emotional dissonance, particularly the need to hide negative emotions (emotion work), and client/customer-related social stressors. The latter may involve disproportionate or ambiguous client/customer expectations and/or verbally aggressive customers. These stressors affect all human service workers, even though they may vary in the extent to which their work involves lasting relationshi…
The psychology of work and unemployment in Australia today
This paper reviews recent literature on psychological aspects of work, unemployment, and underemployment in Australia at the beginning of the 21st century. It examines different notions of “work”, including paid employment and unpaid work (e.g., emotional work, volunteer work). It draws attention to the fact that, in our society, most of the important emotional work is carried out by women (caring for children, disabled relatives, and elderly dep…
Perceptual Learning in the Rat
Preexposure to an unreinforced stimulus facilitates learning (perceptual learning) under some conditions, but it can have the opposite effect (latent inhibition) under other conditions. Researchers have suggested that perceptual learning depends on a change of context, whereas latent inhibition is usually context specific. The associative theory explains both phenomena within a single framework. The authors report 4 experiments that show that per…
Occupational stress in universities
In recent years, the Australian university sector has undergone large-scale organizational change, including restructuring, downsizing and government funding cuts. At the same time, research from across the globe reports an alarming increase in the occupational stress experienced by university staff. We report on the first phase of a longitudinal investigation of occupational stress. A total of 22 focus groups were conducted with a representative…
The danger of over‐explanation in psychological research
According to Griffiths (1999), monetary rewards may only play a limited role in the maintenance of gambling behaviour. Many other factors, including near‐misses, excitement, and social rewards should be taken into account when trying to explain persistent gambling. In this paper, it is argued that this eclectic (biopsychosocial) approach needs to be applied with caution. This is because of the absence of clear operational definitions of these oth…
Growing Up With Unemployment
The transition from school to work is a major developmental stage for young people. Yet in recent years this rite of passage has been hindered by the lack of jobs for school leavers. Growing Up with Unemployment describes a major long-term study of the psychological impact of unemployment. It broadly surveys the theories and methods of studying the problem and will have key implications for policy. Importantly, the authors show how leaving school…
Unique aspects of stress in human service work
Two unique stressors associated with human service work are emotional dissonance, particularly the need to hide negative emotions (emotion work), and client/customer-related social stressors. The latter may involve disproportionate or ambiguous client/customer expectations and/or verbally aggressive customers. These stressors affect all human service workers, even though they may vary in the extent to which their work involves lasting relationshi…
Engaged or Connected? A Perspective of the Motivational Pathway of the Job Demands-Resources Model in Volunteers Working for Nonprofit Organizations
There is a paucity of research on volunteers compared with paid workers. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating roles of work engagement and connectedness simultaneously in the motivational pathway of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Survey data were collected from 471 volunteer participants and analysed using structural equation modelling methods. Contrary to expectation, the findings did not show that engagement mediates the r…
Length of unemployment and psychological distress
Peer and teacher bullying/victimization of South Australian secondary school students
This study examined the nature and prevalence of bullying/victimization by peers and teachers reported by 1,284 students (mean age = 15.2 years) drawn from a representative sample of 25 South Australian government and private schools. Students completed a self-report survey containing questions relating to teacher and peer-related bullying, measures of psychosocial adjustment, and personality. The results showed that students could be clearly dif…
The psychology of work and unemployment in Australia today
This paper reviews recent literature on psychological aspects of work, unemployment, and underemployment in Australia at the beginning of the 21st century. It examines different notions of “work”, including paid employment and unpaid work (e.g., emotional work, volunteer work). It draws attention to the fact that, in our society, most of the important emotional work is carried out by women (caring for children, disabled relatives, and elderly dep…
The psychological impact of unemployment and unsatisfactory employment in young men and women
Data are presented from the seventh wave of a longitudinal study of school-leavers that commenced in 1980. Four groups were compared: satisfied employed, dissatisfied employed, unemployed and full-time tertiary students. The groups differed initially with respect to only one background variable, teacher-rated academic potential, and did not differ on any of the psychological measures of well-being. In general, the unemployed and dissatisfied empl…
A comparison of the affective well‐being of young and middle‐aged unemployed men matched for length of unemployment
A sample of young unemployed men (mean age: 21.7 years) was compared with a sample of middle‐aged unemployed men (mean age: 47.8 years) on a range of psychological and demographic/background variables. The groups were fortuitously matched for length of unemployment, with the average duration of current unemployment being 20.0 months for the young group and 17.9 months for the middle‐aged group. The middle‐aged group displayed poorer mental health…
Additive and subtractive resilience strategies as enablers of biographical reinvention
Some Psychological Effects of Unemployment in School Leavers
The purpose of this study was to investigate some psychological effects of unemployment on young people. Questionnaires requesting attitudes, expectations and experience of employment and unemployment, and containing a variety of psychological measures were administered to 118 intending school leavers when they were still at school and seven months later. In general it was found that attitudes to work differed little between the unemployed and th…
Validation of the Four-Dimensional Connectedness Scale in a Multisample Volunteer Study
This study examines the psychometric properties of a new self-report instrument to measure organisational connectedness (The Four-Dimensional Connectedness Scale; 4DCS) in two volunteer samples: state emergency service volunteers and volunteer ambulance workers. Confirmatory factor analyses in both studies supported the proposed four-factor structure of the 4DCS (other workers, recipients, task and values). In addition, confirmatory factor analys…
Factors Associated With Attrition in a 10‐year Longitudinal Study of Young People
ObjectivesThe aim of this methodological evaluation study is to examine the likely effects of sample attrition on the social and psychological outcomes variables often examined in studies of school leavers and which have been included in many studies of employment.MethodsWe examine the effects of sample attrition based on analysis of a recently completed 10‐year longitudinal study of school leavers.ResultsThe results showed that the dropouts diff…
Student Perspectives on the Reasons for Physical Violence in a Thai Vocational College
Physical violence in Bangkok schools has been the subject of considerable public concern in recent years and yet relatively little is known about the nature of violence perpetrated by vocational college students. This study sought to understand the reasons for such violence through a series of semi-structured interviews with 32 male students. The analysis identified revenge from previous fights as a key motivation for violence. Students described…
The importance of resilience and stress to maintaining smoking abstinence and cessation
This study explored stress in relation to smoking and how non-smokers (never-smoked and ex-smokers) are 'resilient' to smoking in a population where there is a high prevalence of smoking (people diagnosed with depression). In-depth oral history interviews were conducted with 34 adult participants from metropolitan Adelaide, and who were medically diagnosed with depression. Participants were recruited according to their smoking status (currently s…
Fear of dogs in a community sample
An investigation was conducted into human fear of dogs and experiences of canine aggression in an adult community sample (n = 292). Consistent with expectations, it was found that, while fear of dogs was relatively common (present in almost half the respondents), fear of dog attacks was less so, and extreme fear of dog attacks was very rare. Women, middle-aged and older adults were more likely to fear dogs than men and younger adults, while older…
Poker-machine gambling
The aim of this study was to examine the nature of poker-machine gambling (the Australian equivalent of British fruit machines and American slot-machines) in an ecologically valid setting. Eighteen regular and 21 occasional poker-machine players were observed, using a methodology that allowed simultaneous recording of machine events, behaviour and cognitions. The results supported previous research by Dickerson et al. (1991, 1992) showing that ga…
The Effect of Depression in an Animal Model on 5′-Ectonucleotidase, Antibody Production, and Tissue Ascorbate Stores
The learned helplessness model of depression in rats was tested. It was hypothesized that 5'-ectonucleotidase (NT), ascorbate, and antibody to sheeps' red blood cells (SRBC) are significantly reduced in rats who experienced uncontrollable shock, compared with rats who did not receive shock or could control it. During a learned-helplessness manipulation, antibody response to SRBC and NT values were unaffected. However, tissue ascorbate stores fell…
Socio‐Economic Status and Changing Work Attitudes in High School Students
Two samples of South Australian high school students were surveyed, one in 1980 and one in 1986. The 1986 students displayed greater optimism about their prospects of obtaining satisfactory employment despite the fact that official statistics show that the rate of youth unemployment did not decline between 1980 and 1986. The increased optimism, along with a greater willingness to stay longer at secondary school, to undertake tertiary study and to…
Learned helplessness in high school students following experience of noncontingent rewards
Methodological Difficulties in Demonstrating Learned Helplessness in Humans
This paper outlines methodological difficulties in experimentally demonstrating the learned helplessness effect in humans. It is argued that most of the reported attempts to do so have failed to overcome these difficulties although a new experimental paradigm is described which appears to avoid most of them. It is concluded that the effect is a genuine one, although dependent on a variety of situational and individual difference variables which n…
Use of Criterial Measures in Animal Discrimination Learning Experiments
Findings from 2 experiments are described in which rats were overtrained on black/white and conditional discriminations. on the former, performance improved up to criterion and thereafter was maintained at a high level. on the latter, more difficult task, behaviour was less consistent and performance deteriorated with overtraining. A relation between elimination of position responses and task difficulty is suggested, and implications for the use …
Relation between Perseveration and Position Responding in Reversal Learning
In order to test an interpretation of the overlearning reversal effect, 2 groups of rats were given acquisition and reversal training on a simultaneous discrimination using 50% or 100% reinforcement. No difference in position responding was observed during reversal, and this result was construed as disconfirming the hypothesis
On Having the Teeth Set on Edge
385 undergraduates filled out a questionnaire about the experience of “having the teeth set on edge.” Analysis indicated a clear split between Ss interpreting the phrase as applying to sensation-based as opposed to emotion-based experiences, about two-thirds of Ss falling into the former category and about one third into the latter. This finding may have implications about the process of learning terms to describe one's psychological state and al…
Questionnaire Study of the Teeth on Edge Phenomenon
This study followed up a previous one which showed that subjects interpret the phrase “having the teeth set on edge” either as a sensation-based or as an emotion-based experience. The present study showed that most (372 students) have had both kinds of experience, can distinguish between them, and can recognize and comprehend the phrase “having the teeth set on edge.” However, the most striking finding was that, despite this general comprehension…
Preference for Noncontingent Reinforcement by Children in Work and Play Situations
A group of 7- to 9-yr.-old children were given the choice between contingent reward (“work”) and noncontingent reward (“play”). For half the subjects the activity involved resembled work (doing sums) and for half the activity resembled play (playing with toy building blocks). Over-all, subjects preferred noncontingent reward particularly when the activity involved playing with building blocks. It was concluded that any activity which permits inte…
Some Psychological Effects of Unemployment in School Leavers
The purpose of this study was to investigate some psychological effects of unemployment on young people. Questionnaires requesting attitudes, expectations and experience of employment and unemployment, and containing a variety of psychological measures were administered to 118 intending school leavers when they were still at school and seven months later. In general it was found that attitudes to work differed little between the unemployed and th…
Learned helplessness in high school students following experience of noncontingent rewards
Effect of Regular Noncontingent Sensory Changes on Responding for Sensory Change
Two experiments are reported in which responding for sensory change was studied in a situation in which regular sensory changes also occurred in the absence of responding. In Experiment 1 these regular changes depended on responses being withheld for a specified period but in Experiment 2 they occurred noncontingently. In both experiments responses produced immediate simultaneous light and sound changes. Finding from an earlier experiment in whic…
Methodological Difficulties in Demonstrating Learned Helplessness in Humans
This paper outlines methodological difficulties in experimentally demonstrating the learned helplessness effect in humans. It is argued that most of the reported attempts to do so have failed to overcome these difficulties although a new experimental paradigm is described which appears to avoid most of them. It is concluded that the effect is a genuine one, although dependent on a variety of situational and individual difference variables which n…
Responding for Sensory Change in a Causally Structured Environment
Earlier experiments have shown that responding for sensory change may be enhanced in a causally structured environment. In the present study further complexity was introduced but this did not produce increased responding. In addition, different environments and sensory changes were compared. It was found that the level of responding for an initial sensory change was determined by the stimulation level of the ongoing sensory environment rather tha…
The effects of unemployment on the mood, self‐esteem, locus of control, and depressive affect of school‐leavers
The purpose of this study was to investigate some psychological effects of unemployment in school‐leavers using a longitudinal research design. Questionnaires which included mood questions and scales measuring self‐esteem, locus of control and depressive affect, were administered twice to 761 students, once while they were at school, and then again one year later. Comparisons between the unemployed and employed groups revealed that the unemployed…
Performance differences following exposure to predictable and unpredictable noncontingent outcomes in high and low achievers
Psychological correlates of employment and unemployment
A longitudinal study is described in which 1636 young people were studied while they were at school and again, two years later. Four groups were defined by their employment/occupational status on the second occasion: at school, employed, unemployed, or engaged in full‐time tertiary education. The purpose of the study was to distinguish those psychological correlates of status that could be classified as predisposing factors (antecedents), those t…
Changing Attitudes toward Unemployment in School Leavers
Unemployment among 15to 19-yr.-olds in South Australia has been consistently high since 1980. The unemployment rate for this age group each February over the years 1980-1986 has been 22.296, 22.596, 20.796, 27.196, 25.396, 23.196, and 23.S%, respectively (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1986). To see whether the continuing high unemployment rate would be reflected in growing pessimism in the attitudes of yoilng people, two samples of school leav…
Predictors of employment, unemployment and further study among school‐leavers
Data from a prospective study of Australian school‐leavers were analysed by hierarchical discriminant function analyses in order to determine the extent to which future occupational status could be predicted from measures obtained while students were still at school. Future involvement in tertiary education could be predicted up to five years later on the basis of current rated academic potential. Future unemployment could be predicted up to thre…
Job loss vs. failure to find work as psychological stressors in the young unemployed
Longitudinal observations are reported on three samples of unemployed school‐leavers who were followed up after one, two and three years respectively following an initial survey taken while they were still at school. In each case interest focused on possible differences between those who had been continuously unemployed since leaving school and those who had become unemployed following job loss. The two unemployed groups did not differ consistent…
Unemployment duration and affective well‐being in the young
Data are presented from an Australian longitudinal study of school‐leavers. In each of three successive years after leaving school, three main target groups, defined by their current occupational status, were compared in terms of self‐esteem, depressive affect and mood using their at‐school measures as a baseline. The three target groups were employed, or full‐time students, or unemployed. The unemployed were further divided into five subgroups b…
Socio‐Economic Status and Changing Work Attitudes in High School Students
Two samples of South Australian high school students were surveyed, one in 1980 and one in 1986. The 1986 students displayed greater optimism about their prospects of obtaining satisfactory employment despite the fact that official statistics show that the rate of youth unemployment did not decline between 1980 and 1986. The increased optimism, along with a greater willingness to stay longer at secondary school, to undertake tertiary study and to…
A comparison of the affective well‐being of young and middle‐aged unemployed men matched for length of unemployment
A sample of young unemployed men (mean age: 21.7 years) was compared with a sample of middle‐aged unemployed men (mean age: 47.8 years) on a range of psychological and demographic/background variables. The groups were fortuitously matched for length of unemployment, with the average duration of current unemployment being 20.0 months for the young group and 17.9 months for the middle‐aged group. The middle‐aged group displayed poorer mental health…
Length of unemployment and psychological distress
Social alienation and employment status in young adults
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal observations are reported from a questionnaire survey of more than 3000 South Australian school leavers. Questionnaires were administered before the participants had left school and again four years later when they had all left. We were interested in whether there is evidence of a causal connection between unsatisfactory workforce experience and social alienation. On a range of measures related to alienation, we f…
The psychological impact of unemployment and unsatisfactory employment in young men and women
Data are presented from the seventh wave of a longitudinal study of school-leavers that commenced in 1980. Four groups were compared: satisfied employed, dissatisfied employed, unemployed and full-time tertiary students. The groups differed initially with respect to only one background variable, teacher-rated academic potential, and did not differ on any of the psychological measures of well-being. In general, the unemployed and dissatisfied empl…
Psychological Attributes of Young Adult Smokers
To study the psychological aspects of cigarette-smoking in community adults, we examined longitudinal data from a sample of young people (from age 15 to 23 years). Questions on smoking behavior had been asked during the last five years of the study, and information on self-esteem, depressive affect, negative mood, hopelessness, psychological disturbance, locus of control, social alienation and health was also available. Current smokers in the las…
Employment Status Transitions in a Longitudinal Study of Young People
We report the workforce status, one year later, of four annual waves of respondents in a longitudinal study. The satisfied employed were the most stable group, with an average of 90% remaining in the same category after one year. The dissatisfied employed had often (55% on average) become satisfied a year later, and the unemployed were the group most likely (at 18% on average) to undertake further study
Predictors and Consequences of Tertiary Education
S ummary . South Australian adults of average age 24.6 years, who had been recruited into a longitudinal study of the school to work transition in 1980 while they were in the final years of secondary school, were followed up in 1989. In 1980 all had been rated by their school teachers as definitely capable of tertiary study; in 1989 they were current tertiary students ( N =24), or past tertiary students ( N =95), or had never been tertiary studen…
Psychology (53 obras) · Social Psychology (32 obras) · Developmental psychology (21 obras) · Medicine (20 obras) · Clinical Psychology (19 obras) · Social Psychology (19 obras) · Employment and Welfare Studies (18 obras) · Unemployment (17 obras) · Economics (14 obras) · Economic growth (12 obras)