Eddie M W Tong
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 200594 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Eddie M W Tong |
| PRENOMES | Eddie M W |
| SOBRENOME | Tong |
| ASSINATURA | TONG E M W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | National University of Singapore |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8724-650X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 52 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 20 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 52 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2001 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
Log off to Level Up
Concerns are growing that social media, with its constant notifications and attention-grabbing content, may distract individuals and hinder progress toward important goals. Despite its pervasive presence in our lives, the impact of social media on goal achievement has not been thoroughly studied. This within-subject experimental study aims to investigate the effects of social media hiatus (SMH), a short abstinence from social media usage, on goal…
Dispositional Religiosity Predicts Increased Incidence of Mixed Emotions
Across five studies (total N = 8,414), we examined whether religious individuals experienced more mixed emotions. Studies 1 and 2 examined associations between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions, while Study 3 provided a pre-registered replication. Study 4 provided a pre-registered exploratory examination of three potential mediators of the relationship between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions: trait dialecticism, cognitive …
How Intellectual Humility Enhances Affective Well‐Being
OBJECTIVE: While intellectual humility has gained increasing prominence as a cognitive construct, its implications for affective well-being remain less understood. METHOD: = 3218) to examine how trait intellectual humility relates to daily positive and negative affect during uplifting and stressful events. We also tested potential mechanisms underlying the link between intellectual humility and affective well-being by examining whether intellectu…
Mixed evidence concerning the effects of the hopeful mindset among mother and child in low-income families in Singapore
Gratitude and Self-Benefiting Obedience
There is robust evidence that gratitude encourages virtuous conduct. However, this research reveals that gratitude may also increase the likelihood of cheating for personal gain through a heightened tendency toward obedience. Across two studies, participants engaged in a performance-based task offering a monetary reward. Those induced to feel grateful toward the experimenter were more likely to obey a command to disregard their actual score and r…
“The many faces of sorrow”
Sadness has typically been associated with failure, defeat and loss, but it has also been suggested that sadness facilitates positive and restructuring emotional changes. This suggests that sadness is a multi-faceted emotion. This supports the idea that there might in fact be different facets of sadness that can be distinguished psychologically and physiologically. In the current set of studies, we explored this hypothesis. In a first stage, part…
Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization
The increasing prevalence of cyberbullying victimization has become a commonplace issue globally. Although research has explored various predictors and consequences of cyberbullying victimization, most focus on a narrow range of variables or contexts, highlighting the need to comprehensively review and synthesize the wealth of empirical findings. We conducted a systematic review of meta-analyses on cyberbullying victimization, incorporating 56 me…
Trajectories of emotional disclosure with parents during the college transition among Asian first-year students
The college transition is a time of great emotional lability, and sharing emotional experiences with parents can be beneficial for first-year students. Guided by the social sharing of emotions framework and the cultural theory on self-construal, this study investigated the developmental course of freshmen's emotional disclosure with parents during the first semester and the mediating role of independence-orientation in two Asian contexts-Beijing …
Relationship between contentment and working memory capacity
Does volunteering improve the psychosocial well-being of volunteers
Mixed emotional variants of gratitude
This research provides an exploratory investigation of whether gift/help-receiving contexts that elicit mixed emotional variants of gratitude can be distinguished from typical gratitude-eliciting situations in their associated appraisals, action tendencies, and psychosocial effects. We examined 473 participants (159 males, 312 females, 2 others; Mage = 31.07) using a one-way four-conditions between-subjects experiment. Participants were randomly …
Moral Expansiveness Around the World
What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found …
A longitudinal investigation of religious prosociality
Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country‐level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed …
A 32‐society investigation of the influence of perceived economic inequality on social class stereotyping
There is a growing body of work suggesting that social class stereotypes are amplified when people perceive higher levels of economic inequality—that is, the wealthy are perceived as more competent and assertive and the poor as more incompetent and unassertive. The present study tested this prediction in 32 societies and also examines the role of wealth‐based categorization in explaining this relationship. We found that people who perceived highe…
“Speak of the Devil… and he Shall Appear”
Self-transcendence through self-inhibition
This article reports 7 studies showing that God primes inhibit self-concept accessibility. Study 1A provided the first supportive evidence using undergraduate samples. Study 1B replicated the findings using working adult participants. Study 2A to 2C showed that the inhibitory effect of the God concept on implicit self-concepts was not due to concepts related to love, power, hope, religion, devil, and father. Study 3 found the same inhibitory effe…
Objective Income But Not Subjective Social Status Predicts Short-Term and Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes
Gratitude and Adaptive Coping Among Chinese Singaporeans During the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic
We report results of a cross-sectional survey conducted during March-April 2020 which marked the start and escalation of the COVID-19 crisis in Singapore. Our purpose was to examine whether reported feelings of gratitude among Chinese Singaporeans ( N = 371; 124 males, 247 females; M age = 22.54, SD age = 3.63, age range: 18-53 years) could be linked to adaptive responses to the pandemic. The results revealed that gratitude was associated with st…
Income robustly predicts self-regard emotions
There is robust evidence that higher income makes people evaluate their lives more favorably, but there is no consistent evidence on whether it makes people feel better. Analyzing data from five large surveys spanning 162 countries, we predicted and found the most comprehensive evidence to date that income reliably predicted greater positive self-regard emotions (e.g., pride) and lower negative self-regard emotions (e.g., anxiety). In contrast, i…
Outgroup threat and the emergence of cohesive groups
Evolutionary models and empirical evidence suggest that outgroup threat is one of the strongest factors inducing group cohesion; however, little is known about the process of forming such cohesive groups. We investigated how outgroup threat galvanizes individuals to affiliate with others to form engaged units that are willing to act on behalf of their in-group. A total of 864 participants from six countries were randomly assigned to an outgroup t…
Sadness, but not anger or fear, mediates the long-term leisure-cognition link
Past research has provided some evidence of positive relationships between leisure and cognitive functioning, but questions remain regarding their mechanisms. We argue that specific negative emotions may provide promising theoretical mechanisms for the leisure-cognition link. Guided by theories of leisure and emotion-specificity, we used a large-sample, longitudinal dataset of adult participants (N = 3536; 1940 females; Mage = 56.16) to examine t…
Gratitude facilitates obedience
We report four studies that tested the hypothesis that gratitude increases obedience. Four experimental studies ( N = 623) found that participants who were induced to feel gratitude obeyed to a greater extent a command to grind worms in a grinder than those feeling neutral. These novel findings demonstrate that gratitude can encourage obeying instructions to exact physical harm, violating moral principles of care. Grateful participants obeyed bot…
When the camera eats first
Teleological explanation and positive emotion serially mediate the effect of religion on well‐being
OBJECTIVE: Previous research has demonstrated a robust relationship between religion and well-being, and it has been proposed that positive emotions are important mediators of this effect. Yet the mechanism via which religion promotes positive emotions has not been widely studied. We sought to examine whether teleological explanations of daily events and resulting positive emotions serially mediated the effects of religion on well-being. METHOD: …
Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country‐level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed …
Outgroup threat and the emergence of cohesive groups
Evolutionary models and empirical evidence suggest that outgroup threat is one of the strongest factors inducing group cohesion; however, little is known about the process of forming such cohesive groups. We investigated how outgroup threat galvanizes individuals to affiliate with others to form engaged units that are willing to act on behalf of their in-group. A total of 864 participants from six countries were randomly assigned to an outgroup t…
Objective Income But Not Subjective Social Status Predicts Short-Term and Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes
The Relationship between Coping and Personality among Police Officers in Singapore
Humility facilitates higher self-control
Nudging you behind your back
Research has shown that people tend to take more risks when in the presence of their friends than when they are alone. The current research examined whether mere and nonconscious activation of friendship concepts is sufficient to increase risk taking. In Experiment 1, participants who were subliminally primed with their friend's name showed higher risk-taking responses in a modified longshot paradigm. Experiments 2 and 3 conceptually replicated t…
Conformity
This study examined the hypotheses that positive mood enhances conformity and that negative mood reduces it. Participants were induced to feel positive, neutral, or negative moods and then answered, in private, six mathematical questions. They observed that wrong answers were unanimously given by five bogus participants for three of the questions. Conformity was measured by whether they indicated the erroneous answers given by these bogus partici…
The Relationship between Coping and Personality among Police Officers in Singapore
The Use of Ecological Momentary Assessment to Test Appraisal Theories of Emotion
Although appraisal theories have received strong empirical support, there are methodological concerns about the research, including biased recall, heuristic responding, ethical issues, and weak and unrealistic induction of emotions in laboratories. To provide a more ecologically valid test of appraisal theories, the authors used ecological momentary assessment, in which the emotions and appraisals of Singaporean police officers were measured onli…
What does it mean to be angry at yourself? Categories, appraisals, and the problem of language
According to appraisal theorists, anger involves a negative event, usually blocking a goal, caused by another person. Critics argue that other-agency is unnecessary, since people can be angry at themselves, and thus that appraisal theory is wrong about anger. In two studies, we compared anger, self-anger, shame, and guilt, and found that self-anger shared some appraisals, action tendencies, and associated emotions with anger, others with shame an…
Multiple processes associated with self-esteem as a function of attribute types
Group Entity Belief
Drawing from the implicit theories framework of Dweck (1986) , we propose a new construct called Group Entity Belief (GEB), which is an individual difference construct reflecting the extent to which social identities are perceived as fixed and lasting aspects of the self. In this research, we tested the overarching hypothesis that high GEB is associated with stronger social identity effects. First, we examined the relationships between GEB and cl…
Conformity
This study examined the hypotheses that positive mood enhances conformity and that negative mood reduces it. Participants were induced to feel positive, neutral, or negative moods and then answered, in private, six mathematical questions. They observed that wrong answers were unanimously given by five bogus participants for three of the questions. Conformity was measured by whether they indicated the erroneous answers given by these bogus partici…
Appraisal Underpinnings of Affective Chronometry
In light of the lack of studies examining the cognitive components of affective chronometry, this research examined the appraisals associated with emotion habituation, using anger as the emotion of focus. Anger and its appraisals were assessed repeatedly over a day in the participants' naturalistic contexts. The trajectory of decline in anger over time after its first appearance was found to be a function of chronic coping styles. More importantl…
An S-shaped relationship between changes in appraisals and changes in emotions
Previous research on appraisal theories of emotion has shown that emotions and appraisals are related but has not specified the nature of the relationships. This research examined the functional forms of appraisal-emotion relationships and demonstrated that for all seven appraisals studied, appraisals relate to emotions in an S-shaped (ogival) fashion: Changes in appraisals at extreme levels are associated with only small changes in emotions, but…
Personality Influences in Appraisal-Emotion Relationships
Although appraisal theorists have pointed out that appraisal-emotion relationships should vary as a function of personality traits, evidence demonstrating this is limited and inconsistent. To examine this issue, Ecological Momentary Assessment was employed in which undergraduates indicated their negative emotions and appraisals at regular intervals for 2 days in natural contexts. The results revealed that individuals higher in Neuroticism showed …
The effects of subliminal anger and sadness primes on agency appraisals
Two studies examined whether appraisals can be differentially affected by subliminal anger and sadness primes. Participants from Singapore (Experiment 1) and China (Experiment 2) were exposed to either subliminal angry faces or subliminal sad faces. Supporting appraisal theories of emotions, participants exposed to subliminal angry faces were more likely to appraise negative events as caused by other people and those exposed to subliminal sad fac…
S-shaped Appraisal–Emotion Relationships
The current study tested the hypothesis that appraisals affect emotions in ogival (s-shaped) functions. Focusing on the appraisal of coping potential and emotions related to competence, the study found evidence in support of this hypothesis. In addition, the study also found evidence suggesting that the ogival effect of coping potential on competence emotions is stronger among high neuroticism individuals
Moral Hypocrisy
Moral hypocrisy occurs when a person explicitly endorses a moral standard and yet behaves in violation of it. This study examined the effects of two positive emotions, pride and gratitude, on moral hypocrisy in an Asian context. Under a neutral mood condition, the level of moral hypocrisy found in the current Asian sample was about as high as that found in previous American studies. More importantly, compared to this neutral mood condition, parti…
Nudging you behind your back
Research has shown that people tend to take more risks when in the presence of their friends than when they are alone. The current research examined whether mere and nonconscious activation of friendship concepts is sufficient to increase risk taking. In Experiment 1, participants who were subliminally primed with their friend's name showed higher risk-taking responses in a modified longshot paradigm. Experiments 2 and 3 conceptually replicated t…
Can implicit appraisal concepts produce emotion-specific effects? A focus on unfairness and anger
The relation between implicit theories of personality and forgiveness
This research examined the effect of implicit theories of personality on interpersonal forgiveness and the mediating mechanism underlying this effect. Two experiments show that incremental personality theorists are less forgiving than entity personality theorists and that this difference can be explained by the incremental theorists’ stronger tendency to appraise the transgressor as responsible for causing the hurtful event. The same findings wer…
What do love and jealousy taste like
Metaphorical expressions linking love and jealousy to sweet, sour, and bitter tastes are common in normal language use and suggest that these emotions may influence perceptual taste judgments. Hence, we investigated whether the phenomenological experiences of love and jealousy are embodied in the taste sensations of sweetness, sourness, and bitterness. Studies 1A and 1B validated that these metaphors are widely endorsed. In three subsequent studi…
Taking a Leap of Faith
Recent psychological models of religion suggest that religious beliefs provide a form of psychological control. Independently, other research has found that an increase in psychological control can lead people to adopt riskier strategies. Hence, we hypothesized that activation of God concepts increases risk taking. In three studies, we found that God primes led to take greater risk taking as though participants were literally “taking a leap of fa…
Gratitude facilitates behavioral mimicry
Recent theorists argue that gratitude, besides encouraging social exchange, serves an important function of relationship building. However, there is a lack of research exploring the specific behaviors through which gratitude promotes relationship building. Given that behavioral mimicry serves important affiliative needs, we explored whether gratitude promotes behavioral mimicry. We found that participants who received intentional help later mimic…
Psychological “gel” to bind individuals’ goal pursuit
Past research demonstrates that gratitude affects individuals' self-regulation of behavior primarily through engendering a prosocial tendency. Based on theories proposing that gratitude plays an unique role in fostering communal relationship (e.g., Algoe, 2012), we propose that gratitude can have an incidental effect in facilitating goal contagion: automatically inferring and adopting the goal implied by a social other's behavior. This hypothesis…
Hope and Hopelessness
Humility facilitates higher self-control
Positive emotion, appraisal, and the role of appraisal overlap in positive emotion co-occurrence
Appraisal research has traditionally focused on negative emotions but has not addressed issues concerning the relationships between several positive emotions and appraisals in daily life and the extent to which co-occurrence of positive emotions can be explained by overlap in appraisals. Driven by a priori hypotheses on appraisal-emotion relationships, this study investigated 12 positive emotions and 13 appraisal dimensions using Ecological Momen…
Riding the tide of emotions with mindfulness
Little research has examined ways in which mindfulness is associated with affect dynamics, referring to patterns of affect fluctuations in daily life. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), the present study examined the associations between trait mindfulness and several types of affect dynamics, namely affect variability, affect inertia, affect switch, and affect instability. Three hundred ninety undergraduate students from Singapore repor…
Authentic and hubristic pride
Research demonstrates that there are 2 distinct facets of pride: the prosocial, achievement-oriented form of pride known as authentic pride, and the self-aggrandizing, egotistical form of pride known as hubristic pride. This research examined whether authentic pride and hubristic pride have divergent effects on delay of gratification. Support was found for the prediction that authentic pride would facilitate the ability to delay gratification, wh…
Gratitude facilitates private conformity
Past research has established clear support for the prosocial function of gratitude in improving the well-being of others. The present research provides evidence for another hypothesized function of gratitude: the social alignment function, which enhances the tendency of grateful individuals to follow social norms. We tested the social alignment hypothesis of gratitude in 2 studies with large samples. Using 2 different conformity paradigms, parti…
Psychology (49 obras) · Social Psychology (44 obras) · Developmental psychology (24 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (20 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (16 obras) · Cognitive psychology (15 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (12 obras) · Clinical Psychology (11 obras) · Anger (10 obras)