M Milner
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 20968 |
|---|---|
| NOME | M Milner |
| PRENOMES | M |
| SOBRENOME | Milner |
| ASSINATURA | MILNER M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Virginia |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4353-1982 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 47 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 90 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 47 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1971 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2018 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
The Endangered West
Paradoxical Inequalities
Peer relationships in secondary schools in two different cultural areas of India are compared. A general theory of status relations and a specification of the distinctive cultural features of each area are used to explain the observed differences in peer inequality, clique formation, petty deviance, putdowns, fashion consciousness, romantic relationships, and gossip. A surprising finding is that the degree of status inequality among school peers …
Is Celebrity a New Kind of Status System
In Search of the American Way of War
Whether one agrees with John Keegan that war is fundamentally a cultural phenomenon or adheres to the more traditional Clausewitzian view that war is all about politics, it is clear that armed forces are raised, equipped, organized, supplied, and commanded by discrete social groups. Therefore, the way wars are fought is inherently cultural: it could hardly be otherwise. So Russell Weigley was right, there is an American way of war: we just do not…
Consumption, Youth Culture and
Youth, especially teenagers, have been closely associated with certain forms of consumption linked to a distinctive youth culture that sets them off from both adults and younger children. This subculture centers on peer relationships – especially one's popularity or status – and the organization of these relationships into an array of cliques and crowds who use various lifestyle symbols to distinguish themselves from one another. Patterns of cons…
Delivering the Vision
The Order of Rituals
The Divine Enterprise
Status and Sacredness
Status and Sacredness
Status and Sacredness provides a new theory of status and sacral relationships and a provocative reinterpretation of the Indian caste system and Hinduism. Milner shows how in India and many other social contexts status is a key resource, and that sacredness can be usefully understood as a special form of status. By analysing the nature of this Milner is able to provide powerful explanations of the key features of the social structure, culture, an…
Status and Sacredness
Journal Article Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture, by Murray Milner, Jr. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, xiii + 336pp. $36.95 (pbk) Get access Edward Bailey Edward Bailey Network for the Study of Implicit Religion Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 57, Issue 1, Spring 1996, Pages 110–111, https://doi.org/10.2307…
Status and Sacredness
Status and Sacredness
The Worship of Gods
Some of sociology’s most insightful theory is built on Durkheim’s (1965) analysis of worship of the sacred in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Goffman (1967, 1971) drew on Durkheim’s notions to brilliantly analyze face-to-face interaction in contemporary society. Collins has formalized and extended Goffman’s work to help us explain variations in the class subcultures and ritual styles of different types of societies (1975, 1982, 1988).1 Go…
Status Relations in Marriage Alliances
How the caste system emerged, and which aspect of it came first, is shrouded in uncertainty.1 But there is little doubt about what serves as the core of this system in the modern period; it is the maintenance of some degree of endogamy through marriage alliances. If most Indians ever carried out their “traditional” caste occupations, this time has long past. While some continue to participate in the traditional division of labor, the modern econo…
The Articulation of Status and Material Resources
Since this is a book about the nature of status and sacral relationships, an extensive analysis of India’s enormously complex political and economic structures is beyond the scope of this endeavor. Rather, the task at hand is to indicate some of the key links between the status order and the organization of political and economic power. The essence of political and economic power in an agrarian society is the control of land and labor. This chapt…
Conclusions
This chapter has two purposes: first, to acknowledge some limitations of this mode of analysis; second, to recapitulate and reorganize the major arguments.
The Social Categories of Traditional India
In Chapter 5, explanations for some of the key structural features of the caste system were sketched out. These features are closely associated with a set of interrelated indigenous social categories that also require analysis and explanation. These categories (introduced in Chapter 4) have been used by Hindus to describe and understand their society. For example, the varna scheme (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra) has been an especially imp…
Salvation and Soteriology
The word “soteriology” refers to religious doctrines about salvation, especially the means of salvation.1 The word “salvation” implies deliverance or release from an undesirable state of being to one that is qualitatively better—usually from the historical empirical world to another world beyond history. Many religions are not particularly concerned about notions of salvation, but it is central to all of the great world religions, including Hindu…
Eschatology
Chapter 14 focused on salvation and conceptualized it as a form or analogue of social mobility. But salvation, like all mobility, occurs in a context. For worldly social mobility, that context is the societal stratification system. For salvation that context is an other world.1 Just as an adequate analysis of social mobility, and status transformation must be linked to the social context in which it occurs, an analysis of the means and types of s…
On the Nature of Sacredness
Before the empirical analysis can be extended, additional theoretical concepts are required; more specifically, the nature of the sacred and its relationship to status must be considered. I have tried to keep this abstract level of discussion to a minimum; the enormous literature on the nature of the sacred is only touched upon. The purpose of the discussion is to connect this part of the analysis with the theoretical arguments that have guided t…
Cultural Codes and Rituals
Chapter 3 introduced the concept of secondary elaboration and ritualization. Status groups tend to elaborate and ritualize their norms in order to make it more difficult for outsiders to conform. This process is especially characteristic of upper status groups that wish to exclude those of lower status, but excluded groups also elaborate and ritualize to create counter norms and values. Elaboration is a means not only of excluding outsiders, but …
A Theory of Status Relationships
Maps tend to point out the primary features of a region: the highest mountains, the biggest rivers, the busiest roads, the most famous or important buildings. This is also the tendency of sociological theories; they typically focus on the most prominent structural features of a social situation. One of the basic assumptions of this study, and of structural sociology in general, is that it is possible to meaningfully identify the primary patterns …
Theoretical Concepts
Humans are different from rocks. People are affected not only by material forces, but also by symbolic communication.1 The most eloquent speech will leave a rock unaffected, whereas even children are influenced primarily by talk, rituals, and other forms of symbolic communication. Furthermore, people, but not rocks, attempt to influence their environment. They are not simply objects affected by external forces; humans are also subjects who have a…
Cultural Codes and Rituals
As we have seen, the realms of purity and impurity strongly emphasize human agency and responsibility. Indian village culture seems to also be engrossed with notions of auspiciousness and inauspiciousness; it is analytically useful to view this preoccupation as a way of objectifying concerns about contingency. While such objectification does not eliminate forces that are beyond people’s control, it is a means of both expanding the sense of human …
Status and Sacredness
In this provocative study, Milner argues against the widely held view that the caste system of India is unique. Instead he contends that caste distinctions which appear to be singular or exotic are actually similar to customs elsewhere-a theory that sets in sharp relief the methods by which society is organized around status relations
Status Relations in South Asian Marriage Alliances
Is Celebrity a New Kind of Status System
Paradoxical Inequalities
Peer relationships in secondary schools in two different cultural areas of India are compared. A general theory of status relations and a specification of the distinctive cultural features of each area are used to explain the observed differences in peer inequality, clique formation, petty deviance, putdowns, fashion consciousness, romantic relationships, and gossip. A surprising finding is that the degree of status inequality among school peers …
Delivering the Vision
Hindu Eschatology and the Indian Caste System
Virtually all interpreters of Hinduism agree that the notions ofsamsara, karma, andmoksaare central to nearly all varieties of Hinduism. That is, it is agreed that most Hindus assume continuing reincarnations(samsara), that a person's current incarnation and experiences are, at least in part, the fruit of past actions(karma), and that release or liberation(moksa)from this ongoing cycle is possible and desirable. As David Kinsley (1982:8) says, "c…
Theories of Inequality
Status and Sacredness
Le sacre et le statut ont ete deux concepts cles de la theorie sociologique classique, mais leur relation a rarement ete analysee. L'article affirme que le sacre est une forme speciale du statut. Cette conceptualisation autorise l'usage de concepts theoriques communs et de propositions afin d'expliquer les relations statut/sacre. Dans un premier temps, l'A. livre des processus d'explication pertinents des relations de statuts interpersonnels, pui…
Alternative Forms of Coordination
Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality
Sociology of Law
On Equality of Educational Opportunity
Race, Education, and Jobs
Census and Current Population Survey data for employed males in the U.S. Labor Force as tabulated by color, education and occupation are examined for the years 1960-70. Comparisons showed that while the racial differentials on occupation and education were reduced by 1970, the proportion of the remaining occupational gap which was due to educational level had actually increased. This suggests that the attenuation of job discrimination may have ha…
The Illusion of Equality
The Illusion of Equality
Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality
Work, Learning, and the American Future
Alternative Forms of Coordination
Unequal Care
Limiting Case Models in the Behavioral Sciences
By isolating key variables and limiting their value, limiting case models portray processes that are empirically rare or nonexistent. Such models, however, have often been extremely useful in the analysis of events in the real world. The perfect competition model, borrowed from economics, has been useful in analysis of social behavior, but many social phenomena appear rather far removedfrom the limited assumptions of this model. This paper propos…
Unequal Care
Theories of Inequality
Status Relations in South Asian Marriage Alliances
Elites and the Idea of Equality
Hindu Eschatology and the Indian Caste System
Virtually all interpreters of Hinduism agree that the notions ofsamsara, karma, andmoksaare central to nearly all varieties of Hinduism. That is, it is agreed that most Hindus assume continuing reincarnations(samsara), that a person's current incarnation and experiences are, at least in part, the fruit of past actions(karma), and that release or liberation(moksa)from this ongoing cycle is possible and desirable. As David Kinsley (1982:8) says, "c…
The Worship of Gods
Some of sociology’s most insightful theory is built on Durkheim’s (1965) analysis of worship of the sacred in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Goffman (1967, 1971) drew on Durkheim’s notions to brilliantly analyze face-to-face interaction in contemporary society. Collins has formalized and extended Goffman’s work to help us explain variations in the class subcultures and ritual styles of different types of societies (1975, 1982, 1988).1 Go…
Status Relations in Marriage Alliances
How the caste system emerged, and which aspect of it came first, is shrouded in uncertainty.1 But there is little doubt about what serves as the core of this system in the modern period; it is the maintenance of some degree of endogamy through marriage alliances. If most Indians ever carried out their “traditional” caste occupations, this time has long past. While some continue to participate in the traditional division of labor, the modern econo…
The Articulation of Status and Material Resources
Since this is a book about the nature of status and sacral relationships, an extensive analysis of India’s enormously complex political and economic structures is beyond the scope of this endeavor. Rather, the task at hand is to indicate some of the key links between the status order and the organization of political and economic power. The essence of political and economic power in an agrarian society is the control of land and labor. This chapt…
Conclusions
This chapter has two purposes: first, to acknowledge some limitations of this mode of analysis; second, to recapitulate and reorganize the major arguments.
The Social Categories of Traditional India
In Chapter 5, explanations for some of the key structural features of the caste system were sketched out. These features are closely associated with a set of interrelated indigenous social categories that also require analysis and explanation. These categories (introduced in Chapter 4) have been used by Hindus to describe and understand their society. For example, the varna scheme (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra) has been an especially imp…
Salvation and Soteriology
The word “soteriology” refers to religious doctrines about salvation, especially the means of salvation.1 The word “salvation” implies deliverance or release from an undesirable state of being to one that is qualitatively better—usually from the historical empirical world to another world beyond history. Many religions are not particularly concerned about notions of salvation, but it is central to all of the great world religions, including Hindu…
Eschatology
Chapter 14 focused on salvation and conceptualized it as a form or analogue of social mobility. But salvation, like all mobility, occurs in a context. For worldly social mobility, that context is the societal stratification system. For salvation that context is an other world.1 Just as an adequate analysis of social mobility, and status transformation must be linked to the social context in which it occurs, an analysis of the means and types of s…
On the Nature of Sacredness
Before the empirical analysis can be extended, additional theoretical concepts are required; more specifically, the nature of the sacred and its relationship to status must be considered. I have tried to keep this abstract level of discussion to a minimum; the enormous literature on the nature of the sacred is only touched upon. The purpose of the discussion is to connect this part of the analysis with the theoretical arguments that have guided t…
Cultural Codes and Rituals
Chapter 3 introduced the concept of secondary elaboration and ritualization. Status groups tend to elaborate and ritualize their norms in order to make it more difficult for outsiders to conform. This process is especially characteristic of upper status groups that wish to exclude those of lower status, but excluded groups also elaborate and ritualize to create counter norms and values. Elaboration is a means not only of excluding outsiders, but …
A Theory of Status Relationships
Maps tend to point out the primary features of a region: the highest mountains, the biggest rivers, the busiest roads, the most famous or important buildings. This is also the tendency of sociological theories; they typically focus on the most prominent structural features of a social situation. One of the basic assumptions of this study, and of structural sociology in general, is that it is possible to meaningfully identify the primary patterns …
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