Robert M Arkin
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 210805 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Robert M Arkin |
| PRENOMES | Robert M |
| SOBRENOME | Arkin |
| ASSINATURA | ARKIN R M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The Ohio State University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 105 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1974 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
The Regulation of Personal Security
Although most motivational psychologists recognize that security is important for healthy development and functioning (e.g., attachment theory), we add to prior work by proposing that the ongoing regulation of security under potential threat involves three unique features. Specifically, security regulation involves an initial preconscious system of threat processing (neuroception) and an internally (vs. externally) generated stop signal of goal c…
(In)Competence Is Everywhere
This research investigated the hypothesis that intellectual competence is chronically accessible to individuals who question their own intellectual competence, despite their own uncertainty on this dimension, and that they rely on intellectual competence in forming impressions of and thinking about others. In two studies, we show that doubtful individuals are more likely to use traits related to intellectual competence to describe others and thes…
Handbook of Personal Security
Who Am I? How Asking the Question Changes the Answer
The present research examines how self-concept clarity moderates the impact of feedback about one's self-knowledge. A preliminary study shows that individuals with higher clarity expect the process of defining who they are to be easier than those with lower clarity. Two experiments then test the effect of self-concept clarity on the experience of self-elaboration under conditions of either doubt or confidence. The results suggest that people with…
Self-Expansion through Fictional Characters
The prevalence of entertainment media in everyday life might offer unexpected social opportunities. The present paper examined whether cognitive overlap with the character and self-expansion occur as a result of exposure to fictional characters. Results of two studies indicated that transportation into a narrative leads to greater cognitive overlap with the character and perceived self-expansion. Providing a distinction between these two concepts…
Handbook of the Uncertain Self
Possible Selves and Self-Doubt
Three studies tested whether self-doubt stems more from the absence of a strong desired self or the presence of a strong undesired self. Across studies, participants completed individual difference measures and then imagined a desired, neutral, or undesired possible self and completed strength measures for the imagined possible self. As predicted, compared to low self-doubt participants, high self-doubt participants reported less confidence in im…
Most underappreciated
Fifty of today's most prominent social psychologists describe their scholarship, focusing on the human and personal side of the 'life of the mind'. Each author spotlights his or her least appreciated work, and discusses theory, methods, findings, or application. The authors also use this opportunity to provide the context behind their work. Some authors describe their mentors, the influential figures who led them to certain areas of research. Oth…
When practice doesn’t make perfect
I Am Too Just Like You
Research across various disciplines has demonstrated that social exclusion has devastating psychological, emotional, and behavioral consequences. Excluded individuals are therefore motivated to affiliate with others, even though they may not have the resources, cognitive or otherwise, to do so. The current research explored whether nonconscious mimicry of other individuals—a low-cost, low-risk, automatic behavior—might help excluded individuals a…
Self-doubt, attributions, and the perceived implicit theories of others
Four studies explored whether perceived implicit theories (Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995 Hong, Y., Chiu, C. and Dweck, C. S. 1995. “Implicit theories of intelligence: Reconsidering the role of confidence in achievement motivation”. In Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem, Edited by: Kernis, M. H. 1972–1916. New York: Plenum Press. [Google Scholar]) of others have the potential to engender self-doubt and influence one's self-attributions. Study 1 showed …
A regulatory focus model of self-evaluation
Exclusion and nonconscious behavioral mimicry
Subjective Overachievement in American and Chinese College Students
Research on American students has indicated that a subjective overachiever strives to attain outstanding performance but is also chronically plagued by self-doubt. The present investigation compared Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Singapore to their Caucasian American counterparts in an attempt to examine the similarities and differences in subjective overachievement across cultures. Results supported the relevance of the subjective ach…
The shape of self-evaluation
Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty
Three studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self‐doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self‐doubt showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed to experience doubt and insecurity. In Study 3, participants wi…
Subjective Overachievement
We discuss the construct of doubt about one’s competence and suggest that doubt can have myriad consequences (e.g., self‐handicapping, defensive pessimism). We focus on the effect of self‐doubt when it is combined with a concern with performance and assert that this combination leads to the phenomenon of subjective overachievement. In two studies, we present a new 17‐item Subjective Overachievement Scale (SOS), which includes two independent subs…
Constructing desirable identities--Self-presentation in psychotherapy and daily life
Constructing desirable identities-Self-presentation in psychotherapy and daily life
A. E. Kelly's (2000) thesis that psychotherapy clients benefit from withholding negative information is considered in light of current social-psychological theory and research. Positive illusions about oneself are associated with indexes of mental health; this is consistent with treating therapy as positive identity development. Self-presentation can shape self-concept, even apart from the feedback that an audience might provide; the social const…
Dysphoria as a moderator of the relationship between perceived effort and perceived ability
Although Heiderian logic (F. Heider, 1958) proposes an inverse relationship between ability and effort, research has uncovered dramatic individual differences in the judged relationship between the two. Some view ability and effort as positively related; others view them as negatively related. Study 1 explored dysphoria as a moderator of this relationship by gathering dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals' perceptions of their effort and ability…
Behavioral other-enhancement
A strategy related to self-handicapping in which individuals supply a comparison other with a performance advantage rather than handicap their own performance was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 greater other-enhancement was found among men than among women. In addition, men engaged in the most other-enhancement when expecting that their performance would be compared with that of a coparticipant. In Experiment 2 the hypothesis th…
Shyness, Sociability and Patterns of Everyday Affiliation
The regulation of affiliation patterns in everyday life has important implications for subjective well-being. For instance, Cheek & Buss (1981) distinguished approach (sociability) motivation from avoidance tendencies (shyness) and found that individuals high in both traits experienced the most stilted and uncomfortable interaction in comparison to any other trait combination among dyad members. In the present field study, participants were free …
Role of causal attribution in personal problem solving
Plumbing the depths of the bogus pipeline
Roles of attribution, affect, and cognitive interference in test anxiety
The impact of performance outcome, task difficulty, and level of test anxiety on attributional accounts for performance and achievement-related affect was explored. Subjects high and low in test anxiety (Sarason, 1972) worked on tasks of varying difficulty, evaluated their own performance, and then responded to two types of attribution items, inventories of major affective reactions (Izard, 1972), and a measure of cognitive interference (Sarason …
Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution
Two experiments were conducted to provide evidence concerning the contribution of self-presentation concerns to the self-serving bias in causal attribution (individuals' tendency to assume more personal responsibility for a success than for a failure outcome) and its occasional, but systematic, reversal. In Experiment 1 high- but not low-social-anxiety participants presented themselves in a far more modest light when a committee of high prestige …
Focus of attention and causal attributions of actors and observers
Effect of perceived choice, expected outcome, and observed outcome of an action on the causal attributions of actors
A regulatory focus model of self-evaluation
Prediction, control, and learned helplessness
Perceived control over aversive events and perception of the predictability of those events have been confounded in learned helplessness research. The independent effects of perceived control over and perceived predictability of an aversive event on subjects ' performance on a memory task and depressive affect were examined. Subjects who received noise blasts that were both uncontrollable and unpredictable displayed performance decrements and dep…
Role of causal attribution in personal problem solving
Shyness, Sociability and Patterns of Everyday Affiliation
The regulation of affiliation patterns in everyday life has important implications for subjective well-being. For instance, Cheek & Buss (1981) distinguished approach (sociability) motivation from avoidance tendencies (shyness) and found that individuals high in both traits experienced the most stilted and uncomfortable interaction in comparison to any other trait combination among dyad members. In the present field study, participants were free …
Behavioral other-enhancement
A strategy related to self-handicapping in which individuals supply a comparison other with a performance advantage rather than handicap their own performance was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 greater other-enhancement was found among men than among women. In addition, men engaged in the most other-enhancement when expecting that their performance would be compared with that of a coparticipant. In Experiment 2 the hypothesis th…
Effects of Unit Relation Tendencies on Interpersonal Attraction
Roles of attribution, affect, and cognitive interference in test anxiety
The impact of performance outcome, task difficulty, and level of test anxiety on attributional accounts for performance and achievement-related affect was explored. Subjects high and low in test anxiety (Sarason, 1972) worked on tasks of varying difficulty, evaluated their own performance, and then responded to two types of attribution items, inventories of major affective reactions (Izard, 1972), and a measure of cognitive interference (Sarason …
Subjective Overachievement in American and Chinese College Students
Research on American students has indicated that a subjective overachiever strives to attain outstanding performance but is also chronically plagued by self-doubt. The present investigation compared Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Singapore to their Caucasian American counterparts in an attempt to examine the similarities and differences in subjective overachievement across cultures. Results supported the relevance of the subjective ach…
Effects of increased occupational participation by women on androgynous and nonandrogynous individuals' ratings of occupational attractiveness
Effect of expected and observed outcome of an action on the differential causal attributions of actor and observer1
Focus of attention and causal attributions of actors and observers
Effect of perceived choice, expected outcome, and observed outcome of an action on the causal attributions of actors
The role of social perspective in perceiving the causes of success and failure1
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that observers' causal attributions about an actor's performance at a task would be affected by their social perspective in observing the situation. Observer subjects were either assigned to serve in a role comparable to that of observer-subjects in most actor-observer experiments or were assigned a distinctive role more divergent from the social perspective of the actor. As expected, observers w…
Observer Attribution
Research has shown that observers tend to attribute causality for an actor's behavior to dispositional characteristics of the actor rather than to external factors. Several authors have suggested that this phenomenon occurs because observers tend to focus attention on the actor. The present experiment was designed to determine whether dynamic qualities of the actor can, in part, account for observers' attentional and attributional behavior. Subje…
Information-processing and Motivated Distortion in the Attribution of Causality for Success and Failure
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of both informational and motivational factors on observers' attributions. Observers evaluated the behavior of a "student therapist" who attempted to follow a prescribed procedure for reducing minor phobia in a presumed client. Observers were informed of the Probable Outcome of the therapy (positive or negative), and later learned of the Actual Outcome (successful or unsuccessful). Personal…
A statistical review of the literature concerning the self-serving attribution bias in interpersonal influence situations
Based upon his review of the self-serving attribution bias literature, Zuckerman (1979) concluded that research employing an interpersonal influence setting was less likely than other research paradigms to produce significant differences in self-attribution for success and failure. A survey of the research reviewed by Zuckerman as well as a more current survey of the relevant literature were undertaken. Statistical combinations of these two sets …
Effects of increased occupational participation by women on androgynous and nonandrogynous individuals' ratings of occupational attractiveness
Effects of Unit Relation Tendencies on Interpersonal Attraction
Prediction, control, and learned helplessness
Perceived control over aversive events and perception of the predictability of those events have been confounded in learned helplessness research. The independent effects of perceived control over and perceived predictability of an aversive event on subjects ' performance on a memory task and depressive affect were examined. Subjects who received noise blasts that were both uncontrollable and unpredictable displayed performance decrements and dep…
Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution
Two experiments were conducted to provide evidence concerning the contribution of self-presentation concerns to the self-serving bias in causal attribution (individuals' tendency to assume more personal responsibility for a success than for a failure outcome) and its occasional, but systematic, reversal. In Experiment 1 high- but not low-social-anxiety participants presented themselves in a far more modest light when a committee of high prestige …
Self-Presentation Styles
On quantitative reviewing1
Cook and Leviton (1980) recently discussed the merits and disadvantages of quantitative literature reviewing. They apparently view the method with favor, but they also noted that several shortcomings may result from the method itself. It is argued that these particular deficiencies are unrelated to the method, and instead are attributable to poor reviewer practices. These issues are examined in an effort to avert any undue hesitancy on the part o…
Roles of attribution, affect, and cognitive interference in test anxiety
The impact of performance outcome, task difficulty, and level of test anxiety on attributional accounts for performance and achievement-related affect was explored. Subjects high and low in test anxiety (Sarason, 1972) worked on tasks of varying difficulty, evaluated their own performance, and then responded to two types of attribution items, inventories of major affective reactions (Izard, 1972), and a measure of cognitive interference (Sarason …
An impression management interpretation of the self-handicapping strategy
Plumbing the depths of the bogus pipeline
Role of causal attribution in personal problem solving
Shyness, Sociability and Patterns of Everyday Affiliation
The regulation of affiliation patterns in everyday life has important implications for subjective well-being. For instance, Cheek & Buss (1981) distinguished approach (sociability) motivation from avoidance tendencies (shyness) and found that individuals high in both traits experienced the most stilted and uncomfortable interaction in comparison to any other trait combination among dyad members. In the present field study, participants were free …
Behavioral other-enhancement
A strategy related to self-handicapping in which individuals supply a comparison other with a performance advantage rather than handicap their own performance was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 greater other-enhancement was found among men than among women. In addition, men engaged in the most other-enhancement when expecting that their performance would be compared with that of a coparticipant. In Experiment 2 the hypothesis th…
Dysphoria as a moderator of the relationship between perceived effort and perceived ability
Although Heiderian logic (F. Heider, 1958) proposes an inverse relationship between ability and effort, research has uncovered dramatic individual differences in the judged relationship between the two. Some view ability and effort as positively related; others view them as negatively related. Study 1 explored dysphoria as a moderator of this relationship by gathering dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals' perceptions of their effort and ability…
Subjective Overachievement
We discuss the construct of doubt about one’s competence and suggest that doubt can have myriad consequences (e.g., self‐handicapping, defensive pessimism). We focus on the effect of self‐doubt when it is combined with a concern with performance and assert that this combination leads to the phenomenon of subjective overachievement. In two studies, we present a new 17‐item Subjective Overachievement Scale (SOS), which includes two independent subs…
Constructing desirable identities--Self-presentation in psychotherapy and daily life
Constructing desirable identities-Self-presentation in psychotherapy and daily life
A. E. Kelly's (2000) thesis that psychotherapy clients benefit from withholding negative information is considered in light of current social-psychological theory and research. Positive illusions about oneself are associated with indexes of mental health; this is consistent with treating therapy as positive identity development. Self-presentation can shape self-concept, even apart from the feedback that an audience might provide; the social const…
Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty
Three studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self‐doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self‐doubt showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed to experience doubt and insecurity. In Study 3, participants wi…
The shape of self-evaluation
Psychology (37 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (16 obras) · Cognitive psychology (14 obras) · Attribution (10 obras) · Developmental psychology (8 obras) · Computer Science (6 obras) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (5 obras) · Cognition (5 obras)