Charles A Emlet
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 211673 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Charles A Emlet |
| PRENOMES | Charles A |
| SOBRENOME | Emlet |
| ASSINATURA | EMLET C A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Washington Tacoma |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4992-2669 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 28 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 50 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1988 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Mindfulness and cognitive training interventions that address intersecting cognitive and aging needs of older adults
Mindfulness and cognitive training interventions are promising models to address impacts (e.g., anxiety and stress) of cognitive impairment among older adults. Combining strategies may yield better outcomes than models offered in isolation. However, there are numerous uncertainties about these interventions, potential for combination, and implementation. Social workers are well placed to offer these interventions. Findings From an initial search …
Historical and social forces in the Iridescent Life Course
The lives of transgender older adults are rarely examined, and little is known about the critical life events and experiences of this population. Informed by the Iridescent Life Course, this study investigates how intersectionality, fluidity, context and power impact the life events and experiences of trans older adults by generation and gender. Utilising 2014 data from the National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study: Aging with Pride (Nat…
Generational and Social Forces in the Life Events and Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Midlife and Older Adults Across the Iridescent Life Course
ObjectivesUtilizing Iridescent Life Course, we examine life events among three generations of lesbian and gay adults: Invisible (born 1920-1934), Silenced (born 1935-1949), and Pride (born 1950-1964) Generations. Methods: We utilized a subsample ( n = 2079) from the 2014 wave of Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS). Demographic characteristics, life events, and gender and generational interactions were compa…
Disparities in Subjective Cognitive Impairment by Sexual Orientation and Gender in a National Population Based Study of U.S. Adults, 2013–2018
Objectives : This is the first national population-based study to examine cognitive impairment disparities among sexual minority mid-life and older adults. Methods : Using the National Health Interview Survey (2013-2018), we compared weighted prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment by sexual orientation and gender, among those aged 45 plus, applying logistic regressions adjusting for age, income, education, race/ethnicity, and survey years.…
Accounting for HIV Health Disparities
Objective: This study examines whether disparities exist in poor health and depressive symptomatology among older gay/bisexual men (50+) with ( n = 371) and without ( n = 973) HIV. If so, what risk/promoting factors account for those disparities? Method: These cross-sectional analyses used 2014 data from the Aging With Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study. Results: Those with HIV reported poorer health and more depressive sym…
Giving Back Is Receiving
Objectives: Successful aging has been identified as an important emphasis for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Little is known about how this population conceptualizes aging successfully and how this relates to generativity. This qualitative study examined the importance of generativity among 30 HIV-positive older adults to determine the role of generativity in successful aging. Method: Participants aged 50+ years were recru…
The Cascading Effects of Marginalization and Pathways of Resilience in Attaining Good Health Among LGBT Older Adults
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults comprise a diverse and growing health disparate population. In the present study, using the Health Equity Promotion Model, we investigated pathways by which LGBT older adults experience resilience, risk, and marginalization and their relationship to attaining positive health outcomes. DESIGN AND METHODS: Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender…
I'm happy in my life now, I'm a positive person’
Worldwide approximately 3.6 million people aged 50 and older are living and ageing with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Few studies have explored successful ageing from the insider perspective of those living well and ageing with HIV. This study draws upon the lived experience and wisdom of older, HIV-positive adults living in Ontario, Canada in order to understand their views and strategies for successful ageing. This qualitative study i…
Successful Aging Among LGBT Older Adults
PURPOSE: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are a health disparate population as identified in Healthy People 2020. Yet, there has been limited attention to how LGBT older adults maintain successful aging despite the adversity they face. Utilizing a Resilience Framework, this study investigates the relationship between physical and mental health-related quality of life (QOL) and covariates by age group. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cr…
The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent influence of age on levels of HIV-related stigma experienced by adults living with HIV/AIDS. To accomplish this, cross-sectional data from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study were used to determine whether older age is associated with overall stigma among HIV-positive adults living in Ontario, Canada (n = 960). The relationship was also tested for enacted, anticipated, and intern…
Physical and Mental Health of Transgender Older Adults
PURPOSE: This study is one of the first to examine the physical and mental health of transgender older adults and to identify modifiable factors that account for health risks in this underserved population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Utilizing data from a cross-sectional survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults aged 50 and older (N = 2,560), we assessed direct and indirect effects of gender identity on 4 health outcomes (physical h…
Attitudes and Stereotypes Regarding Older Women and HIV Risk
Persons aged 50 years and over will soon disproportionately represent the future of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is estimated that by 2015 older adults will represent 50% of persons living with HIV in the United States. Despite the HIV/AIDS growing population among older adults, attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes toward older adults that exist in general society have affected HIV prevention, education, and care. Specifically, ageist attitudes about…
Current Knowledge and Future Directions on Aging and HIV Research
In 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of AIDS Research, through the HIV and Aging Working Group developed a document entitled HIV and Aging: State Of Knowledge and Areas of Critic
The Physical and Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay Male, and Bisexual (LGB) Older Adults
PURPOSE: Based on resilience theory, this paper investigates the influence of key health indicators and risk and protective factors on health outcomes (including general health, disability, and depression) among lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with LGB older adults, aged 50 and older (N = 2,439). Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the contributions of key h…
Protective and risk factors associated with stigma in a population of older adults living with HIV in Ontario, Canada
Although the deleterious effects of HIV stigma are well documented, less is known about how various types of stigma impact older adults living with HIV disease and what factors exacerbate or lessen the effects of HIV stigma. Using cross-sectional data from the OHTN cohort study (OCS), we undertook multiple linear regression to determine the predictors of overall HIV stigma, and enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma subscales in a sample o…
"I'm Not Going to Die from the Aids"
PURPOSE: Adults aging with HIV/AIDS can experience resilience in spite of the deleterious affects of the disease. This study seeks to examine the lived experiences of older adults with HIV/AIDS as it relates to strengths and resilience in dealing with this devastating disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 adults, 50 years and older, living with HIV/AIDS. The interview transcripts were analyzed usin…
The Aging and Health Report: Disparities and Resilience Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults
Truth and consequences
While the number of older adults living with HIV/AIDS has increased substantially in recent years, research on HIV disclosure among this population is extremely limited. Studies on disclosure have typically not recruited older persons or have excluded age as a variable in the analysis. This study reports qualitative data from 25 in-depth interviews with older adults living with HIV disease. The ages ranged from 50-72 (mean 56.1; SD = 5.75). The i…
An Examination of the Social Networks and Social Isolation in Older and Younger Adults Living with HIV/Aids
This study examined social networks and social isolation in older (50 years or more) and younger (ages 20 to 39) adults with HIV/AIDS. The author conducted interviews with 88 individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the Pacific Northwest. Both groups' social networks had similar patterns; however, older adults were more likely to live alone. More than 38 percent of older adults and 54 percent of older adults of color were at risk of social isolation c…
A Comparison of HIV Stigma and Disclosure Patterns Between Older and Younger Adults Living with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between age, HIV-related stigma, and patterns of disclosure. Previous literature has suggested that older age is associated with increased HIV stigma and less disclosure of HIV status. Eighty-eight individuals, 44 between the ages of 20-39 and 44 aged 50 and over were recruited for the study through an AIDS service organization in the Pacific Northwest. Subjects in each group were matched…
“You're Awfully Old to Have This Disease”
PURPOSE: Older adults living with HIV infection may be doubly stigmatized, as they are branded by both age as well as HIV status. Through semistructured interviews, this study sought to examine whether older adults with HIV/AIDS experience both ageism and HIV stigma and how those experiences manifest in their lives. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study in which 25 in-depth interviews were completed with adults aged 50 years and older …
Assessing a Communityʼs Elder Friendliness
The graying of our population has created a need for elder-friendly communities, but this concept has not been consistently defined nor applied in community assessments. Studies of the topic have examined a range of phenomena--physical environments, religious communities, and access to services--in an attempt to develop a comprehensive model for community assessment. This article describes an elder-friendly community model developed by The Advant…
Measuring Stigma in Older and Younger Adults with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of a scale designed to measure HIV stigma and identify potential subscales. A nonrandom sample of 88 individuals, 44 between the ages of 20 and 39 and 44 ages 50 and older, living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed and completed a 13-item HIV Stigma Scale. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found 12 of the 13 items loaded cleanly into three subscales labeled as Distancing, Blaming, and Discrimina…
HIV/Aids and Aging
Older adults, those age 50 and over, have continually represented approximately 10-15% of all cases of AIDS reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to those infected with HIV, many older adult caregivers are affected by HIV/AIDS. Despite these figures, social workers and other providers of health care are often unaware of the needs of these growing populations. Older adults with HIV/AIDS as well as those affected b…
Correlates of Service Utilization Among Midlife and Older Adults With HIV/Aids
The study found that in the older age groups the proportion of women, those living alone, and those having private health insurance increased. Mortality also increased in the older age groups, whereas survival time from AIDS diagnosis to death decreased. Age did not emerge as a significant variable in a multiple regression of service utilization. Functional dependence and mortality were significant predictors of medical services, whereas geograph…
Measuring Stigma in Older and Younger Adults with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of a scale designed to measure HIV stigma and identify potential subscales. A nonrandom sample of 88 individuals, 44 between the ages of 20 and 39 and 44 ages 50 and older, living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed and completed a 13-item HIV Stigma Scale. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found 12 of the 13 items loaded cleanly into three subscales labeled as Distancing, Blaming, and Discrimina…
Giving Back Is Receiving
Objectives: Successful aging has been identified as an important emphasis for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Little is known about how this population conceptualizes aging successfully and how this relates to generativity. This qualitative study examined the importance of generativity among 30 HIV-positive older adults to determine the role of generativity in successful aging. Method: Participants aged 50+ years were recru…
Generational and Social Forces in the Life Events and Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Midlife and Older Adults Across the Iridescent Life Course
ObjectivesUtilizing Iridescent Life Course, we examine life events among three generations of lesbian and gay adults: Invisible (born 1920-1934), Silenced (born 1935-1949), and Pride (born 1950-1964) Generations. Methods: We utilized a subsample ( n = 2079) from the 2014 wave of Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS). Demographic characteristics, life events, and gender and generational interactions were compa…
Accounting for HIV Health Disparities
Objective: This study examines whether disparities exist in poor health and depressive symptomatology among older gay/bisexual men (50+) with ( n = 371) and without ( n = 973) HIV. If so, what risk/promoting factors account for those disparities? Method: These cross-sectional analyses used 2014 data from the Aging With Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study. Results: Those with HIV reported poorer health and more depressive sym…
I'm happy in my life now, I'm a positive person’
Worldwide approximately 3.6 million people aged 50 and older are living and ageing with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Few studies have explored successful ageing from the insider perspective of those living well and ageing with HIV. This study draws upon the lived experience and wisdom of older, HIV-positive adults living in Ontario, Canada in order to understand their views and strategies for successful ageing. This qualitative study i…
A Feminist Approach to Practice in Working With Midlife and Older Women With HIV/Aids
Older women with HIV/AIDS constitute an invisible population that is often ignored by organizers of HIV prevention efforts as well as by HIV and aging organizations. This article explores the importance of a feminist approach to practice with a population affected by the intersection of ageism, sexism, and AIDS phobia. A support group for midlife and older women with HIV/AIDS is described, and four themes that were identified by the group partici…
Disparities in Subjective Cognitive Impairment by Sexual Orientation and Gender in a National Population Based Study of U.S. Adults, 2013–2018
Objectives : This is the first national population-based study to examine cognitive impairment disparities among sexual minority mid-life and older adults. Methods : Using the National Health Interview Survey (2013-2018), we compared weighted prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment by sexual orientation and gender, among those aged 45 plus, applying logistic regressions adjusting for age, income, education, race/ethnicity, and survey years.…
HIV/Aids and Aging
Older adults, those age 50 and over, have continually represented approximately 10-15% of all cases of AIDS reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to those infected with HIV, many older adult caregivers are affected by HIV/AIDS. Despite these figures, social workers and other providers of health care are often unaware of the needs of these growing populations. Older adults with HIV/AIDS as well as those affected b…
Correlates of Service Utilization Among Midlife and Older Adults With HIV/Aids
The study found that in the older age groups the proportion of women, those living alone, and those having private health insurance increased. Mortality also increased in the older age groups, whereas survival time from AIDS diagnosis to death decreased. Age did not emerge as a significant variable in a multiple regression of service utilization. Functional dependence and mortality were significant predictors of medical services, whereas geograph…
Historical and social forces in the Iridescent Life Course
The lives of transgender older adults are rarely examined, and little is known about the critical life events and experiences of this population. Informed by the Iridescent Life Course, this study investigates how intersectionality, fluidity, context and power impact the life events and experiences of trans older adults by generation and gender. Utilising 2014 data from the National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study: Aging with Pride (Nat…
SRx
SRx: medication education program for seniors. C A EmletCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.78.10.1362 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Correlates of Service Utilization Among Midlife and Older Adults With HIV/Aids
The study found that in the older age groups the proportion of women, those living alone, and those having private health insurance increased. Mortality also increased in the older age groups, whereas survival time from AIDS diagnosis to death decreased. Age did not emerge as a significant variable in a multiple regression of service utilization. Functional dependence and mortality were significant predictors of medical services, whereas geograph…
A Feminist Approach to Practice in Working With Midlife and Older Women With HIV/Aids
Older women with HIV/AIDS constitute an invisible population that is often ignored by organizers of HIV prevention efforts as well as by HIV and aging organizations. This article explores the importance of a feminist approach to practice with a population affected by the intersection of ageism, sexism, and AIDS phobia. A support group for midlife and older women with HIV/AIDS is described, and four themes that were identified by the group partici…
A Feminist Approach to Practice in Working With Midlife and Older Women With HIV/Aids
HIV/Aids and Aging
Older adults, those age 50 and over, have continually represented approximately 10-15% of all cases of AIDS reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to those infected with HIV, many older adult caregivers are affected by HIV/AIDS. Despite these figures, social workers and other providers of health care are often unaware of the needs of these growing populations. Older adults with HIV/AIDS as well as those affected b…
Measuring Stigma in Older and Younger Adults with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of a scale designed to measure HIV stigma and identify potential subscales. A nonrandom sample of 88 individuals, 44 between the ages of 20 and 39 and 44 ages 50 and older, living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed and completed a 13-item HIV Stigma Scale. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found 12 of the 13 items loaded cleanly into three subscales labeled as Distancing, Blaming, and Discrimina…
An Examination of the Social Networks and Social Isolation in Older and Younger Adults Living with HIV/Aids
This study examined social networks and social isolation in older (50 years or more) and younger (ages 20 to 39) adults with HIV/AIDS. The author conducted interviews with 88 individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the Pacific Northwest. Both groups' social networks had similar patterns; however, older adults were more likely to live alone. More than 38 percent of older adults and 54 percent of older adults of color were at risk of social isolation c…
A Comparison of HIV Stigma and Disclosure Patterns Between Older and Younger Adults Living with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between age, HIV-related stigma, and patterns of disclosure. Previous literature has suggested that older age is associated with increased HIV stigma and less disclosure of HIV status. Eighty-eight individuals, 44 between the ages of 20-39 and 44 aged 50 and over were recruited for the study through an AIDS service organization in the Pacific Northwest. Subjects in each group were matched…
“You're Awfully Old to Have This Disease”
PURPOSE: Older adults living with HIV infection may be doubly stigmatized, as they are branded by both age as well as HIV status. Through semistructured interviews, this study sought to examine whether older adults with HIV/AIDS experience both ageism and HIV stigma and how those experiences manifest in their lives. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study in which 25 in-depth interviews were completed with adults aged 50 years and older …
Assessing a Communityʼs Elder Friendliness
The graying of our population has created a need for elder-friendly communities, but this concept has not been consistently defined nor applied in community assessments. Studies of the topic have examined a range of phenomena--physical environments, religious communities, and access to services--in an attempt to develop a comprehensive model for community assessment. This article describes an elder-friendly community model developed by The Advant…
Truth and consequences
While the number of older adults living with HIV/AIDS has increased substantially in recent years, research on HIV disclosure among this population is extremely limited. Studies on disclosure have typically not recruited older persons or have excluded age as a variable in the analysis. This study reports qualitative data from 25 in-depth interviews with older adults living with HIV disease. The ages ranged from 50-72 (mean 56.1; SD = 5.75). The i…
"I'm Not Going to Die from the Aids"
PURPOSE: Adults aging with HIV/AIDS can experience resilience in spite of the deleterious affects of the disease. This study seeks to examine the lived experiences of older adults with HIV/AIDS as it relates to strengths and resilience in dealing with this devastating disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 adults, 50 years and older, living with HIV/AIDS. The interview transcripts were analyzed usin…
The Aging and Health Report: Disparities and Resilience Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults
The Physical and Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay Male, and Bisexual (LGB) Older Adults
PURPOSE: Based on resilience theory, this paper investigates the influence of key health indicators and risk and protective factors on health outcomes (including general health, disability, and depression) among lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with LGB older adults, aged 50 and older (N = 2,439). Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the contributions of key h…
Protective and risk factors associated with stigma in a population of older adults living with HIV in Ontario, Canada
Although the deleterious effects of HIV stigma are well documented, less is known about how various types of stigma impact older adults living with HIV disease and what factors exacerbate or lessen the effects of HIV stigma. Using cross-sectional data from the OHTN cohort study (OCS), we undertook multiple linear regression to determine the predictors of overall HIV stigma, and enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma subscales in a sample o…
Physical and Mental Health of Transgender Older Adults
PURPOSE: This study is one of the first to examine the physical and mental health of transgender older adults and to identify modifiable factors that account for health risks in this underserved population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Utilizing data from a cross-sectional survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults aged 50 and older (N = 2,560), we assessed direct and indirect effects of gender identity on 4 health outcomes (physical h…
Attitudes and Stereotypes Regarding Older Women and HIV Risk
Persons aged 50 years and over will soon disproportionately represent the future of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is estimated that by 2015 older adults will represent 50% of persons living with HIV in the United States. Despite the HIV/AIDS growing population among older adults, attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes toward older adults that exist in general society have affected HIV prevention, education, and care. Specifically, ageist attitudes about…
Current Knowledge and Future Directions on Aging and HIV Research
In 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of AIDS Research, through the HIV and Aging Working Group developed a document entitled HIV and Aging: State Of Knowledge and Areas of Critic
Successful Aging Among LGBT Older Adults
PURPOSE: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are a health disparate population as identified in Healthy People 2020. Yet, there has been limited attention to how LGBT older adults maintain successful aging despite the adversity they face. Utilizing a Resilience Framework, this study investigates the relationship between physical and mental health-related quality of life (QOL) and covariates by age group. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cr…
The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent influence of age on levels of HIV-related stigma experienced by adults living with HIV/AIDS. To accomplish this, cross-sectional data from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study were used to determine whether older age is associated with overall stigma among HIV-positive adults living in Ontario, Canada (n = 960). The relationship was also tested for enacted, anticipated, and intern…
The Cascading Effects of Marginalization and Pathways of Resilience in Attaining Good Health Among LGBT Older Adults
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults comprise a diverse and growing health disparate population. In the present study, using the Health Equity Promotion Model, we investigated pathways by which LGBT older adults experience resilience, risk, and marginalization and their relationship to attaining positive health outcomes. DESIGN AND METHODS: Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender…
I'm happy in my life now, I'm a positive person’
Worldwide approximately 3.6 million people aged 50 and older are living and ageing with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Few studies have explored successful ageing from the insider perspective of those living well and ageing with HIV. This study draws upon the lived experience and wisdom of older, HIV-positive adults living in Ontario, Canada in order to understand their views and strategies for successful ageing. This qualitative study i…
Giving Back Is Receiving
Objectives: Successful aging has been identified as an important emphasis for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Little is known about how this population conceptualizes aging successfully and how this relates to generativity. This qualitative study examined the importance of generativity among 30 HIV-positive older adults to determine the role of generativity in successful aging. Method: Participants aged 50+ years were recru…
Accounting for HIV Health Disparities
Objective: This study examines whether disparities exist in poor health and depressive symptomatology among older gay/bisexual men (50+) with ( n = 371) and without ( n = 973) HIV. If so, what risk/promoting factors account for those disparities? Method: These cross-sectional analyses used 2014 data from the Aging With Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study. Results: Those with HIV reported poorer health and more depressive sym…
Disparities in Subjective Cognitive Impairment by Sexual Orientation and Gender in a National Population Based Study of U.S. Adults, 2013–2018
Objectives : This is the first national population-based study to examine cognitive impairment disparities among sexual minority mid-life and older adults. Methods : Using the National Health Interview Survey (2013-2018), we compared weighted prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment by sexual orientation and gender, among those aged 45 plus, applying logistic regressions adjusting for age, income, education, race/ethnicity, and survey years.…
Medicine (24 obras) · Psychology (23 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (17 obras) · Gerontology (15 obras) · Psychiatry (14 obras) · Family medicine (13 obras) · Population (13 obras) · LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy (11 obras) · Sociology (11 obras) · Environmental health (10 obras)