Paul W Mielke
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 223006 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Paul W Mielke |
| PRENOMES | Paul W |
| SOBRENOME | Mielke |
| ASSINATURA | MIELKE P W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Colorado State University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 73 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 15 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 73 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1976 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2014 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
Evolving from Reactive to Proactive Medicine
In 2012 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) set the blood Pb reference value at ≥5 μg/dL. Clinical analysis of children's blood Pb levels is the common way to diagnose environmental Pb contamination, and intervention ensues with education and household dust cleanup. Recent review indicates that education and household dust cleanup are not effective at reducing children's Pb exposure. Here we review mapping environmental Pb and children's b…
Maximum-Corrected and Chance-Corrected Measures of Effect Size for the Mantel–Haenszel Test
Two measures of effect size are described for the Mantel-Haenszel test. Both measures belong to the r-family of effect size measures. One measure is based on a maximum-corrected model, and the second measure is based on a chance-corrected model
Multiway Contingency Tables
Monte Carlo resampling methods to obtain probability values for chi-squared and likelihood-ratio test statistics for multiway contingency tables are presented. A resampling algorithm provides random arrangements of cell frequencies in a multiway contingency table, given fixed marginal frequency totals. Probability values are obtained from the proportion of resampled test statistic values equal to or greater than the observed test statistic value
Tetrachoric Correlation
An exact permutation test is provided for the tetrachoric correlation coefficient. Comparisons with the conventional test employing Student's t distribution demonstrate the necessity of using the permutation approach for small sample sizes and/or disproportionate marginal frequency totals
Quantitative Historical Methods
The authors describe exact and resampling permutation methods, with detailed advantages of permutation methods for quantitative historical analysis, and compare conventional and permutation two-sample t tests using the Poor Law Relief data set
Resampling Probability Values for Weighted Kappa with Multiple Raters
A new procedure to compute weighted kappa with multiple raters is described. A resampling procedure to compute approximate probability values for weighted kappa with multiple raters is presented. Applications of weighted kappa are illustrated with an example analysis of classifications by three independent raters
Exact Permutation Probability Values for Weighted Kappa
A permutation algorithm and associated FORTRAN program are provided for weighted kappa. Program EWK provides the weighted kappa test statistic and the exact one-sided upper-tail probability values
Resampling Permutation Probability Values for Weighted Kappa
A permutation algorithm and associated FORTRAN program are provided for resampling weighted kappa. Program RWK provides the weighted kappa test statistic and the resampling one-sided upper-tail probability value
Resampling Programs for Multiway Contingency Tables with Fixed Marginal Frequency Totals
A resampling algorithm is presented for analyzing multiway contingency tables with fixed marginal frequency totals. Applications are illustrated with extensions of Fisher's exact, Pearson's chi-squared, and likelihood-ratio tests to three-way contingency tables
The Exact Variance of Weighted Kappa with Multiple Raters
Weighted kappa described by Cohen in 1968 is widely used in psychological research to measure agreement between two independent raters. Everitt then provided the exact variance for weighted kappa for two raters. In this paper, Everitt's exact variance is extended to three or more raters
The Exact Variance of Weighted Kappa With Multiple Raters
A Note on Permutation Tests of Significance for Multiple Regression Coefficients
In the vast majority of psychological research utilizing multiple regression analysis, asymptotic probability values are reported. This paper demonstrates that asymptotic estimates of standard errors provided by multiple regression are not always accurate. A resampling permutation procedure is used to estimate the standard errors. In some cases the results differ substantially from the traditional least squares regression estimates
Two-Sample Multivariate Similarity Permutation Comparison
A multivariate permutation test of similarity between two populations with corresponding unordered disjoint categories is described. The test statistic, resampling probability value, and measure of effect size are described
A Measure of Effect Size for R × C Contingency Tables
Goodman and Kruskal's tau measure of categorical association is advanced as a replacement for conventional measures of effect size for r x c contingency tables. Goodman and Kruskal's tau is an asymmetric measure of categorical association which is based entirely on the observed data and possesses a clear interpretation in terms of proportional reduction in error. Comparisons with conventional measures of effect size based on chi-squared such as P…
Resampling Probability Values for Differences between Two Independent Indices of Ordinal Variation and Consensus
A permutation method is presented to calculate resampling probability values for differences between two independent indices of ordinal variation and consensus
Exact and Resampling Probability Values for Measures Associated with Ordered R by C Contingency Tables
Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values associated with measures of association for ordered r x c contingency tables are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrated that exact and resampling permutation procedures were preferred for sparse contingency tables
Changes of Multiple Metal Accumulation (MMA) in New Orleans Soil
Soil metal surveys were conducted in Baltimore, MD (1976-1979), Minnesota (1981-1988) and most recently, New Orleans, LA (1989-present). The unique characteristic of New Orleans is that it has two surveys; Survey I was completed in 1992 and Survey II was completed in 2000. This paper seeks to determine if there is a perceptible change in the amount of metals during less than a decade that separated these surveys. The Survey I collection was 4,026…
Resampling Probability Values for Measures of Ordinal Variation and Consensus
Resampling permutation procedures provide good approximations to exact permutation procedures and are therefore the preferred alternative when large samples render exact tests intractable. Resampling permutation procedures are described for three measures of variation and the three corresponding measures of consensus among ordered categories
Exact and Resampling Probability Values for Weighted Kappa
Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values for weighted kappa are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrate that exact permutation procedures are advantageous for sparse data sets, whereas resampling permutation procedures are appropriate for both sparse and nonsparse data sets
Combining Probability Values From Independent Permutation Tests
Combining Probability Values from Independent Permutation Tests
Permutation tests are based on all possible arrangements of observed data sets. Consequently, such tests yield exact probability values obtained from discrete probability distributions. An exact nondirectional method to combine independent probability values that obey discrete probability distributions is introduced. The exact method is the discrete analog to Fisher's classical method for combining probability values from independent continuous p…
Asymptotic Log-Linear Analysis
Traditional asymptotic probability values resulting from log-linear analyses of sparse frequency tables are often much too large. Asymptotic probability values for chi-squared and likelihood-ratio statistics are compared to nonasymptotic and exact probability values for selected log-linear models. The asymptotic probability values are all too often substantially larger than the exact probability values for the analysis of sparse frequency tables.…
Longitudinal Analysis of Data with Multiple Binary Category Choices
In many experiments, subjects mark all categories that apply when responding to a cafeteria or multiple-response question. One exact and two approximate permutation methods are described to analyze binary answers to multiple-response questions in longitudinal experimental designs, wherein the same or matched subjects respond to the same multiple-response question over two or more trials. The described methods provide probabilities, under the null…
Permutation Methods for the Analysis of Matched-Pairs Experimental Designs
The Fisher-Pitman and powers of ranks permutation tests are shown to provide substantial resistance to extreme values when compared with the conventional t test for analyzing matched-pairs experimental designs
Multivariate Multiple Regression Prediction Models
An extension of a multiple regression prediction model to multiple response variables is presented. An algorithm using least sum of Euclidean distances between the multivariate observed and model-predicted response values provides regression coefficients, a measure of effect size, and inferential procedures for evaluating the extended multivariate multiple regression prediction model
Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problem
Soil samples were randomly collected from 422 vegetable gardens in a study area centered in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, and having a radius of 48.28 km (30 miles). The levels of lead, four other metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc), and pH were measured for each location. The application of multi-response permutation procedures, which are compatible with mapping techniques, reveals that lead (as well as cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc) …
A Permutation Technique for the Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Artifacts into Classes
A permutation test for assessing intrasite patterning of artifact distributions in archaeological space is presented. This test requires none of the usual assumptions about the data; permits either exact locational or counts/grid data in one-, two-, or three-dimensional space; and provides an exact method for testing any hypothesis concerning the nonrandom allocation of artifacts into classes within a site
Improvements in the Permutation Test for the Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Artifacts into Classes
Refinements and extensions to the permutation test for assessing the intrasite patterning of artifact distributions in an archaeological space are presented. Specifically, a Pearson type III distribution is employed to approximate the sampling distribution of the test statistic, an improved weighting is introduced to increase the efficiency of the test, and a method is presented to permit the inclusion of unclassified artifacts in the spatial ana…
Large Sample Confidence Limits for Goodman and Kruskal's Proportional Prediction Measure Taub
Goodman and Kruskal's t b test statistic is frequently employed in measuring association between nominally-scaled polynomies. Because of an error in the published large sample standard error, the utility of t b has been severely circumscribed for many years. A recent published correction of the large sample standard error promises to increase its use. This paper describes a Fortran Extended computer program which computes t b , with column variab…
A Large Sample Procedure for Testing Coefficients of Ordinal Association
This paper describes a FORTRAN Extended computer program which computes Goodman and Kruskal's sample gamma and Somers' sample d ba with column variable dependent and sample d ab with row variable dependent. The program also provides associated standard errors, z-scores, and one- and two-tailed probability values
The Monotonic Relationship Criterion
Application of the K Measure with Severe Marginal Constraints
Journal Article Application of the K Measure with Severe Marginal Constraints Get access Kenneth J. Berry, Kenneth J. Berry Colorado State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Thomas W. Martin, Thomas W. Martin Colorado State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul W. Mielke, Jr. Paul W. Mielke, Jr. Colorado State University Search for other works by t…
A Permutation Technique for the Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Artifacts into Classes
A permutation test for assessing intrasite patterning of artifact distributions in archaeological space is presented. This test requires none of the usual assumptions about the data; permits either exact locational or counts/grid data in one-, two-, or three-dimensional space; and provides an exact method for testing any hypothesis concerning the nonrandom allocation of artifacts into classes within a site
A Rapid FORTRAN Subroutine for the Fisher Exact Probability Test
Presented in the paper are a technical description, a recursion algorithm, and a FORTRAN computer subroutine to compute the one-and two-sided probability values for the Fisher exact probability test. The probability values are calculated recursively, without recourse to factorial expressions; consequently, a vast improvement in computational speed is achieved over previously published algorithms
Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problem
Soil samples were randomly collected from 422 vegetable gardens in a study area centered in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, and having a radius of 48.28 km (30 miles). The levels of lead, four other metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc), and pH were measured for each location. The application of multi-response permutation procedures, which are compatible with mapping techniques, reveals that lead (as well as cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc) …
Improvements in the Permutation Test for the Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Artifacts into Classes
Refinements and extensions to the permutation test for assessing the intrasite patterning of artifact distributions in an archaeological space are presented. Specifically, a Pearson type III distribution is employed to approximate the sampling distribution of the test statistic, an improved weighting is introduced to increase the efficiency of the test, and a method is presented to permit the inclusion of unclassified artifacts in the spatial ana…
Subroutines for Computing Exact CHI-Square and Fisher's Exact Probability Tests
Algorithms for the exact chi-square test and the Fisher exact probability test are presented. One- and two-tailed probability values for each test are computed recursively. The use of an arbitrary initial value in the recursion provides a significant reduction in computation time over previously published algorithms
Goodman and Kruskal's TAU-B Statistic
Goodman and Kruskal's Tb statistic is frequently employed by sociologists to measure association among categorical polytomies. The test of the null hypothesis Tb = 0 is presently limited to an asymptotic approximation that fails to adjust for unbalanced marginals, yielding inaccurate probability values. This article details a nonasymptotic test of significance that adjusts for unbalanced marginals
Goodman and Kruskal's TAU-B Statistic
An algorithm and associated FORTRAN-77 computer subroutine are described for computing Goodman and Kruskal's tau-b statistic along with the associated nonasymptotic probability value under the null hypothesis Tb = 0
R by C CHI-Square Analyses with Small Expected Cell Frequencies
A nonasymptotic analysis algorithm based on Pearson's chi-square statistic is presented to investigate r by c contingency tables where small expected cell frequencies render the usual asymptotic analysis inappropriate. Following computation of the exact mean, variance, and skewness of this statistic under the conditional permutation distribution, the Pearson type III distribution yields the P value. A FORTRAN subroutine is provided for analyzing …
Exact Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Probability Test for 3 by 2 Cross-Classification Tables
Subroutines to calculate exact chi-square and Fisher's exact probability tests are presented for 3 by 2 cross-classification tables. A nondirectional probability value for each test is computed recursively. The use of an arbitrary starting value in each recursion eliminates the cumbersome computation of initial probability values based on the hypergeometric distribution
Exact Confidence Limits for Proportions
A subroutine is presented to calculate exact confidence limits for the number of successes in a finite population, given a random sample drawn without replacement. The limits are calculated recursively from a series of hypergeometric probability distributions. The use of arbitrary starting values in each recursion eliminates the computation of initial probability values based on cumbersome factorial expressions
A Generalization of Cohen's Kappa Agreement Measure to Interval Measurement and Multiple Raters
Cohen's kappa statistic is frequently used to measure agreement between two observers employing categorical polytomies. In this paper, Cohen's statistic is shown to be inherently multivariate in nature; it is expanded to analyze ordinal and interval data; and it is extended to more than two observers. A nonasymptotic test of significance is provided for the generalized statistic
Monte Carlo comparisons of the asymptotic chi-square and likelihood-ratio tests with the nonasymptotic chi-square tests for sparse r × c tables
Monte Carlo comparisons of the asymptotic chi-square and likelihood-ratio tests with the nonasymptotic chi-square tests for sparse r × c tables
Analyzing Independence in R-Way Contingency Tables
A subroutine is presented to calculate two test statistics for analyzing independence in r-way contingency tables. These test statistics are based on the exact first three cumulants of both the Pearson chi-squared statistic and a recent modification of the Pearson chi-squared statistic
A Generalized Agreement Measure
A subroutine is presented to calculate a generalized measure of agreement for multiple judges and multiple responses at any level of measurement, along with the associated probability value, under the null hypothesis
A Measure of Association for Nominal Independent Variables
Subroutines are presented to calculate a measure of association between a nominal independent variable and nominal, ordinal, or interval dependent variable. A permutation test of significance is provided
A Family of Multivariate Measures of Association for Nominal Independent Variables
A new measure of association is introduced which measures the degree of association between a nominal independent variable and nominal, ordinal, or interval dependent variables. An extension to multivariate problems provides analyses of multiple dependent variables, including mixtures of interval, ordinal, and/or nominal dependent variables. A commensuration technique is given for standardizing dependent variables. A permutation test of significa…
Fisher's Exact Probability Test for Cross-Classification Tables
Algorithms and associated FORTRAN subroutines for the Fisher exact probability test are presented. R by C cross-classification tables up to five degrees of freedom are considered. These include the 2 × 2, 3 × 2, 4 × 2, 3 × 3, 5 × 2, and 6 × 2 tables. The use of recursion and an arbitrary initial value ensures computational efficiency
Exact Goodness-Of-Fit Probability Tests for Analyzing Categorical Data
Algorithms and associated FORTRAN subroutines for exact good-ness-of-fit probability tests are presented. Classifications from two to six categories are considered. The use of recursion and an arbitrary initial value ensures computational efficiency
Computer Studies Nonasymptotic Goodness-Of-Fit Tests for Categorical Data
A FORTRAN-77 subroutine is presented to calculate two test statistics for assessing goodness-of-fit in categorical data. The test statistic inferences are based on the exact first three cumulants of the Pearson chi-square statistic and a recently published modification of the Pearson chi-square statistic
Fisher'S Exact Test of Mutual Independence for 2 X 2 X 2 Cross-Classification Tables
A subroutine to calculate Fisher's exact test of mutual independence in 2 x 2 x 2 cross-classification tables is presented. The subroutine's speed is due to use of an arbitrary constant for the initial table and recursively defined values obtained for all remaining tables
Mathematics (68 obras) · Statistics (66 obras) · Computer Science (39 obras) · Advanced Statistical Methods and Models (30 obras) · Psychology (26 obras) · Permutation (music (22 obras) · Econometrics (19 obras) · Combinatorics (18 obras) · Data mining (18 obras) · Resampling (18 obras)