Gary W Evans
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 223799 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Gary W Evans |
| PRENOMES | Gary W |
| SOBRENOME | Evans |
| ASSINATURA | EVANS G W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Cornell University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4649-9287 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 75 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 1076 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 75 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1963 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
Language processing following childhood poverty
Childhood poverty is related to deficits in multiple cognitive domains including adult language function. It is unknown if the brain basis of language is disrupted in adults with childhood poverty backgrounds, controlling for current functioning. Fifty-one adults (age 24) from an existing longitudinal study of childhood poverty, beginning at age 9, were examined on behavioral phonological awareness (LP) and completed an event-related fMRI speech/…
Neighborhood Greenspace, Extreme Heat Exposure, and Sleep Quality over Time among a Nationally Representative Sample of American Children
Children's sleep is essential for healthy development, yet over a third of children in the United States experience inadequate sleep. Environmental factors can influence sleep: greenspace exposure can promote better sleep, while heat exposure can disrupt sleep. As global climate change raises nighttime and daytime temperatures, greenspace may mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on sleep. We examined the direct effects of neighborhood gre…
Cumulative Neurotoxicological Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Lower Reading Improvement and Diminished Benefits of Literacy Interventions for Urban Elementary Students of Color
Persistence on challenging tasks mediates the relationship between childhood poverty and mental health problems
Childhood disadvantage is associated with psychological distress throughout the lifespan. Poor children are alleged to give up more often than their more privileged peers when facing challenges. Yet little research has examined the role of task persistence in poverty and mental health. We test whether poverty-related deficits in persistence contribute to the well-documented link between childhood disadvantage and mental health. We used growth cur…
Expanding context in the role of emotion regulation in mental health
Reliance on disengagement strategies to manage emotional experiences is associated with higher levels of mental health symptomology. Nascent research suggests, however, that socioeconomic status (SES) may moderate the associations between emotion regulation (ER) strategy use and mental health problems. A handful of studies have been conducted assessing moderators of ER and mental health, but few have examined disengagement and all are cross-secti…
The development of children’s environmental attitude and behavior
Childhood Origins of Young Adult Environmental Behavior
Prospective, longitudinal analyses revealed that over a 12-year period from ages 6 to 18, individuals who grew up with mothers with more proenvironmental attitudes engaged in more proenvironmental behavior as young adults. A similar marginal association was uncovered between mothers’ proenvironmental behaviors and the proenvironmental behavior of their young adult offspring. Maternal educational attainment, but not political ideology, was also as…
Stress of stoicism
The present longitudinal study examined the combined effects of task persistence and negative emotionality (NE) on allostatic load (AL), a physiological indicator of chronic stress. In line with John Henryism theory, we hypothesized that high persistence combined with low NE may be indicative of a high-effort coping style, leading to high arousal of the nervous system and, as a consequence, increased AL. Mothers reported on children’s NE (N = 158…
Socioeconomic status and executive function
Childhood socioeconomic status ( SES ) predicts executive function ( EF ), but fundamental aspects of this relation remain unknown: the developmental course of the SES disparity, its continued sensitivity to SES changes during that course, and the features of childhood experience responsible for the SES – EF relation. Regarding course, early disparities would be expected to grow during development if caused by accumulating stressors at a given co…
Childhood Poverty, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and Mental Health in Emerging Adults
One out of four American children is born into poverty, but little is known about the long-term mental health implications of early deprivation. The more time in poverty from birth to age 9, the worse mental health is for these individuals as emerging adults ( n = 196, M = 17.30 years, 53% male). These results maintained independently of concurrent, adult income levels for self-reported externalizing symptoms and a standard learned helplessness b…
The Role of Poverty and Chaos in the Development of Task Persistence Among Adolescents
Late adolescents ( N = 256; M age = 17.5) who spent a larger proportion of their early life in poverty exhibited less persistence when confronted by a challenging task. Greater chaos during early adolescence also predicted less task persistence at age 17. However, the effects of poverty were moderated by chaos such that if chaos levels were high during early adolescence, task persistence was uniformly lower among late adolescents, irrespective of…
The interactive effects of housing and neighbourhood quality on psychological well-being
BACKGROUND: Many individuals are subject to the physically and mentally detrimental effects of living in substandard housing and inadequate neighbourhoods. We propose that better physical neighbourhood quality can partially offset some of the negative effects of poor housing quality on psychological well-being. METHODS: Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data in a cross-sectional study of housing quality, the state of the surround…
Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood
Significance Childhood poverty has been linked to emotion dysregulation, which is further associated with negative physical and psychological health in adulthood. The current study provides evidence of prospective associations between childhood poverty and adult neural activity during effortful attempts to regulate negative emotion. Adults with lower family income at age 9 exhibited reduced ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activit…
Childhood Poverty, Chronic Stress, Self-Regulation, and Coping
Poverty is a powerful factor that can alter lifetime developmental trajectories in cognitive, socioemotional, and physical health outcomes. Most explanatory work on the underlying psychological processes of how poverty affects development has focused on parental investment and parenting practices, principally responsiveness. Our primary objective in this article was to describe a third, complementary pathway—chronic stress and coping—that may als…
Childhood Poverty and Blood Pressure Reactivity to and Recovery From an Acute Stressor in Late Adolescence
OBJECTIVE: Childhood deprivation is inimical to health throughout the life course. Early experiences of stress could play a role in health inequalities. An important aspect of childhood poverty that has not received much attention is cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from acute stressors. METHODS: Piecewise, multilevel growth curve regression was used to examine blood pressure reactivity to and recovery from a mental arithmetic task among…
Cumulative socioeconomic status risk, allostatic load, and adjustment
The health disparities literature has identified a common pattern among middle-aged African Americans that includes high rates of chronic disease along with low rates of psychiatric disorders despite exposure to high levels of cumulative socioeconomic status (SES) risk. The current study was designed to test hypotheses about the developmental precursors to this pattern. Hypotheses were tested with a representative sample of 443 African American y…
Cumulative risk and child development
Childhood multiple risk factor exposure exceeds the adverse developmental impacts of singular exposures. Multiple risk factor exposure may also explain why sociodemographic variables (e.g., poverty) can have adverse consequences. Most research on multiple risk factor exposure has relied upon cumulative risk (CR) as the measure of multiple risk. CR is constructed by dichotomizing each risk factor exposure (0 = no risk; 1 = risk) and then summing t…
Poverty and Health
Social-class discrimination is evident in many societies around the world, but little is known about its impact on the poor or its role as an explanatory variable in the link between socioeconomic status and health. The current study tested the extent to which perceived discrimination explains socioeconomic gradients in physical health. Participants were 252 adolescents (51% male, 49% female; mean age = 17.51 years, SD = 1.03 years) who participa…
The Effects of Urban Bus Driving on Blood Pressure and Musculoskeletal Problems
OBJECTIVE: Work settings with high levels of stress are consistently associated with poor health outcomes. This study examines the longitudinal relationships between the number of hours of driving a bus in a city and blood pressure and musculoskeletal problems. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal design coupled with multilevel random coefficient modeling was used to examine the relationship among exposure to a job with high level of stress, urban…
Cumulative risk and adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems
The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations among maternal responsiveness, self-regulation, and behavioral adjustment in adolescents. The authors used structural equation modeling to test a model that demonstrates that the effects of early cumulative risk on behavioral problems is mediated by maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Furthermore, the authors examine the contributions of cumulative risk and materna…
Family income and childhood obesity in eight European cities
Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient
The social patterning of disease and mortality provokes a search for explanation. One potential underlying explanation for socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in health is exposure to multiple risk factors. Income and class tend to sort individuals into different settings that are often accompanied by systematic differences in environmental quality. Housing and neighborhood quality, pollutants and toxins, crowding and congestion, and noise expos…
Associations between Chronic Community Noise Exposure and Blood Pressure at Rest and during Acute Noise and Non-Noise Stressors among Urban School Children in India
The present study builds on prior research that has examined the association between children's chronic exposure to community noise and resting blood pressure and blood pressure dysregulation during exposure to acute stressors. A novel contribution of the study is that it examines how chronic noise exposure relates to blood pressure responses during exposure to both noise and non-noise acute stressors. The acute noise stressor was recorded street…
Early Childhood Poverty, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and Body Mass Index Trajectories Through Young Adulthood
Objectives. We assessed whether cumulative risk exposure underlies the relation between early childhood poverty and body mass index (BMI) trajectories. Methods. We interviewed youths and their mothers in rural upstate New York (168 boys and 158 girls) from 1995 to 2006 when the youths were aged 9, 13, and 17 years. At each interview, we calculated their BMI-for-age percentile. Results. Early childhood poverty predicted BMI growth trajectories fro…
Physiological, motivational, and cognitive effects of aircraft noise on children
Studied the effects of aircraft noise on 3rd- and 4th-grade students as evidence for the effects of community noise on behavior and as an example of a study that examines the generality of laboratory effects in a naturalistic setting. The impact of noise on attentional strategies, feelings of personal control, and physiological processes related to health was measured. Results are consistent with laboratory work on physiological response to noise…
The Environment of Childhood Poverty
Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities. Compared with their economically advantaged counterparts, they are exposed to more family turmoil, violence, separation from their families, instability, and chaotic households. Poor children experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritarian. Low-income children are read to relatively infrequently, watch more TV, and have less access to books an…
Cumulative risk and child development
Childhood multiple risk factor exposure exceeds the adverse developmental impacts of singular exposures. Multiple risk factor exposure may also explain why sociodemographic variables (e.g., poverty) can have adverse consequences. Most research on multiple risk factor exposure has relied upon cumulative risk (CR) as the measure of multiple risk. CR is constructed by dichotomizing each risk factor exposure (0 = no risk; 1 = risk) and then summing t…
Developmental Science in the 21 st Century
A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children
This study merged two theoretical constructs: cumulative risk and allostatic load. Physical (crowding, noise, housing quality) and psychosocial (child separation, turmoil, violence) aspects of the home environment and personal characteristics (poverty, single parenthood, maternal highschool dropout status) were modeled in a cumulative risk heuristic. Elevated cumulative risk was associated with heightened cardiovascular and neuroendocrine paramet…
Self-regulation and the income-achievement gap
Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of cumulative risk exposure in concert with maternal responsiveness on physiological indicators of chronic stress in children and youth. Middle-school children exposed to greater accumulated psychosocial (e.g., family turmoil, poverty) and physical (e.g., crowding, substandard housing) risk factors manifested higher levels of allostatic load, a physiological marker of cumulative wear and tear on…
Housing Quality and Psychological Well-Being Among the Elderly Population
With exponential growth in the number of elderly Americans living independently in the community, it is important to better understand the implications of living conditions for psychological well-being among the elderly population. In a cross-sectional study, housing quality is associated with positive affect among the older adults living independently in the community. Moreover, this relation is mediated by place attachment. Elderly residents of…
Environmental cognition
Cumulative risk and adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems
The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations among maternal responsiveness, self-regulation, and behavioral adjustment in adolescents. The authors used structural equation modeling to test a model that demonstrates that the effects of early cumulative risk on behavioral problems is mediated by maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Furthermore, the authors examine the contributions of cumulative risk and materna…
Dynamic role of social support in the link between chronic stress and psychological distress
Parental language and verbal responsiveness to children in crowded homes
Poverty, Housing Niches, and Health in the United States
Drawing on psychological, health, and social science literature, a housing niche model is developed that focuses on (a) housing markets and other societal processes that constrain residential choice, (b) effects of residential environments on health and access to human and social capital, and (c) family dynamic effects on health and the intergenerational consequences of particular housing niches for future health and housing choices. The model re…
The development of children’s environmental attitude and behavior
Cumulative socioeconomic status risk, allostatic load, and adjustment
The health disparities literature has identified a common pattern among middle-aged African Americans that includes high rates of chronic disease along with low rates of psychiatric disorders despite exposure to high levels of cumulative socioeconomic status (SES) risk. The current study was designed to test hypotheses about the developmental precursors to this pattern. Hypotheses were tested with a representative sample of 443 African American y…
Air Pollution and Human Behavior
While the impacts of human behavior on air pollution are considerable, very little research has examined this relationship. Similarly, little work has ensued on the effects of air pollution on human behavior. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on air pollution and behavior and present an organizational structure that demonstrates gaps in the literature and lays an initial, conceptual framework for future research. The …
Environmental Justice, Cumulative Environmental Risk, and Health Among Low- and Middle-Income Children in Upstate New York
Objectives. We documented inequitable, cumulative environmental risk exposure and health between predominantly White low-income and middle-income children residing in rural areas in upstate New York. Methods. Cross-sectional data for 216 third- through fifth-grade children included overnight urinary neuroendocrine levels, noise levels, residential crowding (people/room), and housing quality. Results. After control for income, maternal education, …
Cross-cultural differences in tolerance for crowding
It is widely believed that cultures vary in their tolerance for crowding. There is, however, little evidence to substantiate this belief, coupled with serious shortcomings in the extant literature. Tolerance for crowding has been confused with cultural differences in personal space preferences along with perceived crowding. Furthermore, the few studies that have examined cultural variability in reactions to crowding have compared subgroup correla…
Personal space
The role of interior design elements in human responses to crowding
The role of interior design elements in mitigating the negative relationship between residential crowding and psychological health was investigated. Residents of crowded homes with greater architectural depth-the number of spaces one must pass through to get from one room in the house to another-are less likely to socially withdraw or to be psychologically distressed than residents in crowded homes with relatively low depth. Additional analyses s…
Early Childhood Poverty, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and Body Mass Index Trajectories Through Young Adulthood
Objectives. We assessed whether cumulative risk exposure underlies the relation between early childhood poverty and body mass index (BMI) trajectories. Methods. We interviewed youths and their mothers in rural upstate New York (168 boys and 158 girls) from 1995 to 2006 when the youths were aged 9, 13, and 17 years. At each interview, we calculated their BMI-for-age percentile. Results. Early childhood poverty predicted BMI growth trajectories fro…
The interactive effects of housing and neighbourhood quality on psychological well-being
BACKGROUND: Many individuals are subject to the physically and mentally detrimental effects of living in substandard housing and inadequate neighbourhoods. We propose that better physical neighbourhood quality can partially offset some of the negative effects of poor housing quality on psychological well-being. METHODS: Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data in a cross-sectional study of housing quality, the state of the surround…
Household crowding and social support
People often cope with crowded living conditions by socially withdrawing from their housemates. This coping strategy may overgeneralize, influencing social interactions with others outside the home. In a stressful laboratory situation, Ss from crowded homes, in comparison with uncrowded counterparts, are less likely to seek support from a confederate and rate the confederate as less supportive. Moreover, Ss from crowded homes are less likely to o…
Family income and childhood obesity in eight European cities
Social Hassles and Psychological Health in the Context of Chronic Crowding
Data are presented on the interactive effects of an enduring environmental stressor with acute, daily social stressors on psychological distress. A cross-sectional study of males in urban India and a longitudinal study of male and female American college students examined the interplay of these two types of stressors. In India, social hassles in the home predicted psychological symptoms only among residents of crowded homes, after statistically a…
Daily hassles and chronic strains
The Prediction of Subjective Judgments from a Consideration of Stimulus Distinctiveness
(1963). The Prediction of Subjective Judgments from a Consideration of Stimulus Distinctiveness. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 99-106
Paired-Associate Verbal Learning by Preschool Children
Effects of prisoner's dilemma format on cooperative behavior
Presentation Format, Other-Person Strategies, and Cooperative Behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma
80 college students played a 50-trial Prisoner's Dilemma. Variables were manipulated at 2 levels each: (1) presentation format (matrix vs nonmatrix), (2) initial behavior of the confederate (hostile vs neutral), and (3) contingency of the confederate's choices (contingent cooperation vs noncontingent). Ss under the nonmatrix condition cooperated significantly more frequently than did Ss under the matrix condition and Ss playing with a confederate…
Personal space
Physiological, motivational, and cognitive effects of aircraft noise on children
Studied the effects of aircraft noise on 3rd- and 4th-grade students as evidence for the effects of community noise on behavior and as an example of a study that examines the generality of laboratory effects in a naturalistic setting. The impact of noise on attentional strategies, feelings of personal control, and physiological processes related to health was measured. Results are consistent with laboratory work on physiological response to noise…
Environmental cognition
Air Pollution and Human Behavior
While the impacts of human behavior on air pollution are considerable, very little research has examined this relationship. Similarly, little work has ensued on the effects of air pollution on human behavior. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on air pollution and behavior and present an organizational structure that demonstrates gaps in the literature and lays an initial, conceptual framework for future research. The …
Aircraft noise and children
Assessed the impact of noise on attentional strategies, learned helplessness, performance on cognitive tasks, and blood pressure. Third and 4th graders were tested on the same measures twice, with a 1-yr interval between sessions. Longitudinal data were used to determine whether Ss adapted to aircraft noise over the 1-yr period and to assess the effectiveness of noise abatement interventions introduced in a number of noise-impacted classrooms. Ad…
Air pollution and depressive symptomatology
The interaction of stressful life events and chronic strains on community mental health
One of the possible adaptive costs of coping with stress is diminished capacity to respond to subsequent adaptive demands. This paper examined the complex interplay between major life events and one source of chronic strain. Residents of the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area exposed to higher levels of smog, who had also experienced a recent stressful life event, exhibited poorer mental health than those exposed to pollution who had not exper…
Type A behavior and occupational stress
Psychophysiological, archival, unobtrusive observation, and self-report data were compared for Type A and Type B male bus drivers in the United States and India. Type A bus drivers in comparison with their Type B counterparts have more accidents, absenteeism, official reprimands, and self-reports of occupational stress. In India, but not in the United States, Type A drivers brake, pass, and blow their horns more often than Type B drivers. Althoug…
Environmental Influences on Mental Health
Residential density and psychological health
People report excessive, unwanted social interactions, insufficient privacy, and are observed to be more socially withdrawn under crowded living conditions. If people socially withdraw from one another as a way to cope with crowding, this could lead to an unintended side effect of breakdowns in socially supportive relationships. A breakdown in socially supportive relationships could, in turn, account for some of the pathological consequences of c…
Restorative Effects of Natural Environment Experiences
The utility of different theoretical models of restorative experience was explored in a quasi-experimental field study and a true experiment. The former included wilderness backpacking and nonwilderness vacation conditions, as well as a control condition in which participants continued with their daily routines. The latter had urban environment, natural environment, and passive relaxation conditions. Multimethod assessments of restoration consist…
Job strain and occupational stress among urban public transit operators
Job strain, characterized by an excess of workload demands over decision latitude, has been associated with worker morbidity and mortality in several epidemiological studies. One mechanism that might account for some of this association is elevated cardiovascular and catecholamine activity at work among labourers experiencing high job strain. We studied the relation between job strain and physiological and psychological stress among a sample of u…
Dynamic role of social support in the link between chronic stress and psychological distress
Daily hassles and chronic strains
Social Hassles and Psychological Health in the Context of Chronic Crowding
Data are presented on the interactive effects of an enduring environmental stressor with acute, daily social stressors on psychological distress. A cross-sectional study of males in urban India and a longitudinal study of male and female American college students examined the interplay of these two types of stressors. In India, social hassles in the home predicted psychological symptoms only among residents of crowded homes, after statistically a…
Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor
This study examined whether social support can reduce cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor. College students gave a speech in one of three social conditions: alone, in the presence of a supportive confederate, or in the presence of a nonsupportive confederate. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at rest, before the speech, and during the speech. While anticipating and delivering their speech, supported and alone subjects…
Household crowding and social support
People often cope with crowded living conditions by socially withdrawing from their housemates. This coping strategy may overgeneralize, influencing social interactions with others outside the home. In a stressful laboratory situation, Ss from crowded homes, in comparison with uncrowded counterparts, are less likely to seek support from a confederate and rate the confederate as less supportive. Moreover, Ss from crowded homes are less likely to o…
Specifying dysfunctional mismatches between different control dimensions
Although the dominant paradigm in psychology currently suggests that having control is positive, there is a small literature suggesting that having or seeking control can be negative. In this article we develop a framework for specifying why and when control results in dysfunction. These conditions involve a mismatch between control dimensions of environmental affordances and personal variables of behavioural competencies, control cognitions, and…
The role of interior design elements in human responses to crowding
The role of interior design elements in mitigating the negative relationship between residential crowding and psychological health was investigated. Residents of crowded homes with greater architectural depth-the number of spaces one must pass through to get from one room in the house to another-are less likely to socially withdraw or to be psychologically distressed than residents in crowded homes with relatively low depth. Additional analyses s…
A measure of restorative quality in environments
Restorative environments help renew psychological resources depleted in environments that do not fully support intended functions. The design of restorative environments can be aided and underlying theory elaborated with a means for measuring psychological factors thought to work in restorative experiences. This paper reports on four studies carried out to develop such a measure, the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). Each study employed seve…
Chronic Stress and Illness in Children
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies of stress have highlighted the contributions of chronic psychological and environmental stressors to health and well-being. Children may be especially vulnerable to the negative effects of chronic stressors. Allostasis, the body's ability to adapt and adjust to environmental demands, has been proposed as an explanatory mechanism for the stress-health link, yet empirical evidence is minimal. This study tested the proposit…
Psychology (68 obras) · Developmental psychology (36 obras) · Medicine (31 obras) · Clinical Psychology (26 obras) · Social Psychology (26 obras) · Health disparities and outcomes (22 obras) · Psychiatry (20 obras) · Early Childhood Education and Development (19 obras) · Environmental health (17 obras) · Social Psychology (17 obras)