Michal Mahat-Shamir
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 225581 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Michal Mahat-Shamir |
| PRENOMES | Michal |
| SOBRENOME | Mahat-Shamir |
| ASSINATURA | MAHAT-SHAMIR M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Ariel University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3630-5573 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 48 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 65 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 48 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2006 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Constructing existential threat
In contexts of prolonged insecurity, existential threat becomes a central organizing principle of collective life. Terror Management Theory (TMT) has focused on intrapsychic responses to mortality salience. However, researchers have paid less attention to how public discourse constructs mortality-related threats. This study examines how political communication articulates and manages existential threat over time. Using a qualitative thematic anal…
Witnessing evil
This study explores the experiences of 20 Israeli reserve soldiers who were assigned to manage the bodies of the victims following Hamas's October 7, 2023, attacks. Although not present during the atrocities, these soldiers became witnesses to their aftermath-encountering mutilated corpses, destroyed homes, and traces of deliberate cruelty. Their testimonies reveal an acute confrontation with human evil. Thematic analysis highlights four interrel…
“A knock on the door”
The term "lone soldiers" relates to military personnel who serve in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) without family support. This qualitative interpretive phenomenological study is based on interviews with eleven bereaved parents, exploring the death notification experience for parents living outside of Israel. Analysis revealed three themes: (a) diversity in death notification experience; (b) unpreparedness for receiving the death notification; …
Creating Life Amidst Death
Posthumous sperm retrieval (PHSR) situates fertility clinicians at the paradoxical intersection of medical practice: creating the possibility of life during encounters with the dead. Little is known about how practitioners navigate the tension between professional duty and human vulnerability in such an extreme context. To address this research gap, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 Israeli medical professionals (physicians, embryologist…
Walking in blood, running for life
This study aimed to explore the visceral and embodied experiences of body handlers, examining how the physical body registers, processes, and resists traumatic exposure. Utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a secondary analysis was conducted on narratives from twenty Jewish male IDF reservists tasked with identifying and processing human remains following the October 7th attack. Drawing on Foucault's metaphor of the mirror, the fin…
A new heterotopia
Examining the emerging epistemic shift in Western society's relationship with death, this article contends that contemporary cultural-technological practices are reconfiguring life-death binary experiences. Drawing on Foucault's concept of heterotopias and Bauman's theory of liquid modernity, we explore how the boundaries between the living and the dead are reconfigured through hybrid spaces of posthumous proximity. Through three illustrative pra…
Talking from afar about grief from afar”
The current research focuses on the methodological considerations for conducting online qualitative research interviews in the context of loss and bereavement. In recent years, there has been an increased use of virtual mediums for qualitative research, and with this comes methodological challenges for conducting research that maintains moral and ethical values expected from academic research. In particular, within the field of qualitative bereav…
A legal alien
When transgender men choose to undergo pregnancy, they confront entrenched societal conceptions of reproduction and gender roles. In the present study, we sought to unveil transgender men's experienced gender identity during the preconception period of fertility treatments and then during the pregnancy itself and childbirth. In-depth interviews were conducted with six transgender men who experienced fertility treatments, pregnancy, and childbirth…
In sign out”
This case study analyzes protest signs displayed during the period of January to August 2023 by civil society demonstrators opposing the proposed judicial reform in Israel. Through the social identity theory theoretical framework, we explored how these signs serve as a collective tool for enhancing in-group identification. In total, 437 signs collected through various means were qualitatively analyzed via inductive and deductive thematic analysis…
The Role of Physical Appearance Comparison, Self-Esteem, and Emotional Control in the Association Between Social Media Addiction and Masculine Depression
Social media has become an integral part of daily life, shaping behaviors, self-perception, and emotional well-being. However, its addictive use raises concerns about its potential to aggravate psychological challenges, particularly in the context of societal expectations of masculinity. The current report presents a study exploring the pathways through which social media addiction contributes to masculine depression, specifically examining the r…
Continuing bonds and the posthumous child
The strategies that bereaved individuals use to establish an ongoing bond with the deceased have attracted considerable attention. However, the narratives of young widows pregnant at the time of their partner's death reveal unique strategies that have not yet received attention in the literature. This interpretive phenomenological research explores the strategies employed by 13 Israeli widows who lost their partners while pregnant. Continuing bon…
Rescuing beyond cure
Rescue fantasies, or the desire to "save" patients, are common among healthcare providers. However, in palliative care, when curing is not an option, these fantasies may conflict with the realities of end-of-life care. This study explores how palliative care staff modify their rescue fantasies to align with the unique characteristics of their work. Thirteen staff members from an Israeli hospital's palliative care unit participated in in-depth, se…
Echoes of loss
This qualitative study explored the long-term effects of childhood bereavement after the death of a parent on adult spousal and parental relationships. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, we conducted in-depth interviews with nine Israeli adults who lost a parent in childhood. The study drew on the dual process model of coping with loss to examine how early loss of a parent is expressed through adult relationships. Three main themes e…
Parts that hold one together
Exposure to dead bodies is widely recognized as a profoundly traumatic experience that is frequently linked to elevated levels of psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the strategies implemented by body handlers to preserve their psychological well-being while fulfilling their duties. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 Israeli reservist soldiers called up to duty to handle human remains following the October…
Stigmatized grief
The increasing phenomenon of gay fatherhood through surrogacy has garnered significant academic interest, with most research focusing on motivations for choosing surrogacy as a path to parenthood. However, no study to date has examined the experiences of pregnancy loss among gay men using surrogacy. This study aims to explore the experiences of Israeli gay fathers who pursued gestational surrogacy abroad and faced pregnancy loss. Through thematic…
When the mirror breaks
Despite well-documented intimacy within twin relationships, meaning-making processes following twin loss remain underexplored. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), this study investigated how individuals reconstruct meaning after losing a twin. Semi-structured interviews with eleven adult twins who lost a twin identified two primary themes: (a) physical amputation and (b) alone in a world meant for two. Participants utilized embo…
Losing a child with a severe developmental intellectual disability
Caring for a child with a severe developmental intellectual disability is often extremely challenging. Consequently, if such a child passes away, the grieving process may be complex. In the present study, we sought to characterize Israeli mothers' meaning (re)construction in the face of such loss. Eight mothers who lost a child with severe developmental intellectual disability participated in in-depth semistructured interviews. Employing Interpre…
Prenatal twin-less twins
Congenital loss involves the loss of an immediate family member, specifically a parent or sibling, either during or prior to birth, and bears unique bereavement-related challenges. The current study investigated the unique congenital loss experiences of those who lost a twin sibling in utero. Through analysis of interviews with 18 Jewish Israeli participants who encountered this type of twin loss, a more comprehensive understanding of their exper…
Grief from Afar
Based on continuing bonds theory, this research assessed the manifestation of a continuing relationship for bereaved parents with their deceased offspring who is buried in a different country. This qualitative interpretive phenomenological study is based on interviews with seven bereaved parents whose offspring died during military service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and were buried in Israel, whilst the parents live outside of Israel. Ana…
Parent–child triangles and family loyalties as psychological arenas of grief manifestation among adults who lost a parent at a young age
The current qualitative interpretative phenomenological study explored the intricate experiences of Israeli adults who lost a parent during childhood and subsequently navigated the challenges of adapting to a stepfamily dynamic. Through semistructured interviews, nine participants revealed three key themes: "Unbreakable Bonds: Loyalty to the Deceased Parent," illustrating efforts to preserve the original family structure amid changes; "Replacemen…
Perceiving refugees as threats may backfire on one’s health
In the recent years, research on the conditions, under which members of the host countries such as Germany perceive refugees as threatening and respond with negative attitudes, has increased. However, little attention has been given to the implications that subjective perceptions of threat among the host community may have for their own psychological health. Using integrated threat theory, the current study examined the relationships between perc…
Intolerance to uncertainty and self-efficacy as mediators between personality traits and adjustment disorder in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic
Navigating the paradox
Losing a spouse is a traumatic experience, especially at a younger age. This experience is arguably more intense and complex if the woman becomes a widow while pregnant. In the current study, we examined the strategies Israeli women who became widows while pregnant utilized to reconcile life and death. Twelve adult women who became widows while pregnant participated in this study, which involved in-depth semi-structured interviews. A thematic ana…
Being a parent, emotional stability, and adjustment disorder symptoms in the face of Covid ‐19
Mitigating Loss and Trauma
The current study sheds light on the continuing bonds experience of adult Israeli daughters whose mothers were murdered by their fathers. Through 11 semi structured interviews, common externalized and internalized continuing bonds with the deceased mothers were closely examined. The interpreted results supported the existence of bonds, yet revealed a unique manifestation; the bonds were purposefully and defensively restricted, which seemed to be …
Designing in-depth semi-structured interviews for revealing meaning reconstruction after loss
The recent upsurge in the use of qualitative empirical studies, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of human reactions to loss, requires a methodological account of how to conduct better qualitative research with regard to data collection. This paper offers six general interview guidelines aimed at assisting researchers to achieve quality interviews in qualitative bereavement studies, based on the theoretical framework of meaning (re)constru…
Bodies as means for continuing post-death relationships
Secondary analysis of data from 30 people in three interview studies shows that bereaved people use their own and the deceased's body in their continuing efforts to maintain a relationship with the departed. Following the continuing bond perspective, the study reveals three body-associated strategies for maintaining post-death relationships: (a) the presence of the deceased in the bereaved's body, (b) body-associated actions and activities, and (…
The Construction of Troubled and Credible Patients
In this article, the authors select two categories of dying patients, "troubled" and "credible," from two larger studies conducted in three palliative care settings. They explore how nurses construct dying patients' moral identities and how they use emotion talk to interpret patients' behavior. The authors carried out a microanalysis of talk-in-action using discourse analysis and conversation analysis. Strategies used for the construction of mora…
Psychological Distress and Intention to Leave the Profession
The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between psychological distress among social workers and their intention to leave the profession through the economic and social exchange perspective. The research sample was comprised of 380 Israeli social workers who manually filled in structured questionnaires regarding psychological distress, economic and social exchange between employees and employers in their workplace, self-def…
You did not desert me my brothers in arms”
This qualitative study provides an in-depth account of the continuing bond experience of bereaved Israeli men who have lost a comrade with whom they served in mandatory military service (a brother in arms). Our study findings indicate that bereaved men experienced continuing bond relationships with their deceased brothers in arms on two axes-an internal axis and an external axis. Together, the two axes connected the bereaved to the deceased. Furt…
A Trisonance
The current qualitative study aimed to examine the narrative identities of women bereaved to intimate partner femicide. Eleven adult Israeli female offspring whose biological mothers were murdered by their biological fathers were interviewed for the purpose of this study. Due to the uniqueness of their loss experience and circumstances, participants' identity is narrated as a "trisonance": They are not like their fathers, their mothers, nor as so…
He put his a** in your faces
In this collaborative autoethnographic piece, we present voices through critical incident technique replaying the same event at an academic conference, all seeking to understand how and why the disruption of voice occurs and what to do to counter it. We contextualize these experiences in the ideal of “sustainability of qualitative inquiry” through a feminist reflexive process, problematizing the potential for critical qualitative inquiry. We ques…
Congenital loss
The loss of a family member is often conceptualized as a disruption in one's life story. However, when a loss occurs prior to, or during, one's birth, the bereaved life stories are not interrupted by the loss, but rather begin with loss. The paper offers a new conceptualization of these losses as "congenital losses" and captures the core aspects of this phenomenon. A qualitative phenomenological analysis of 34 in-depth semi-structured interviews …
Grief from Afar
Based on continuing bonds theory, this research assessed the manifestation of a continuing relationship for bereaved parents with their deceased offspring who is buried in a different country. This qualitative interpretive phenomenological study is based on interviews with seven bereaved parents whose offspring died during military service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and were buried in Israel, whilst the parents live outside of Israel. Ana…
Parent–child triangles and family loyalties as psychological arenas of grief manifestation among adults who lost a parent at a young age
The current qualitative interpretative phenomenological study explored the intricate experiences of Israeli adults who lost a parent during childhood and subsequently navigated the challenges of adapting to a stepfamily dynamic. Through semistructured interviews, nine participants revealed three key themes: "Unbreakable Bonds: Loyalty to the Deceased Parent," illustrating efforts to preserve the original family structure amid changes; "Replacemen…
Navigating the paradox
Losing a spouse is a traumatic experience, especially at a younger age. This experience is arguably more intense and complex if the woman becomes a widow while pregnant. In the current study, we examined the strategies Israeli women who became widows while pregnant utilized to reconcile life and death. Twelve adult women who became widows while pregnant participated in this study, which involved in-depth semi-structured interviews. A thematic ana…
Mitigating Loss and Trauma
The current study sheds light on the continuing bonds experience of adult Israeli daughters whose mothers were murdered by their fathers. Through 11 semi structured interviews, common externalized and internalized continuing bonds with the deceased mothers were closely examined. The interpreted results supported the existence of bonds, yet revealed a unique manifestation; the bonds were purposefully and defensively restricted, which seemed to be …
Adjustment Disorder Amongst Welfare Social Service Clients
Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to common life events. Levels of adjustment disorder can serve as one of the indicators of the effectiveness of social services interventions. Yet, the role of service receipt period and of social worker alternation in explaining levels of adjustment disorder remains unclear. In order to explore this issue, structured questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of 190 clients of a social servic…
Neither here nor there and a little bit of both
Losing a baby to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) triggers a severe loss reaction. The severity of the loss may be attributed to the baby's age, the lack of satisfactory explanation for the death, and a lack of social recognition. The current study aimed to examine the loss experience of Israeli parents ( N = 12) who lost a baby to SIDS through the theoretical lens of ambiguous loss. A deductive and inductive thematic analysis revealed that, f…
Meanings attributed by bereaved unmarried intimate partners of fallen soldiers to their loss
The death of a partner may be stressful for unmarried intimate partners as they lack legal status vis-à-vis the partner, and, thus, lack sufficient cultural support. This qualitative study examined the meaning attributed to the loss by 12 Israeli bereaved intimate partners of fallen soldiers. Through applying a constructivist-narrative methodology, we derived three clusters from interviews with the intimate partners: (a) The relationships never e…
Concern and death anxiety during an ongoing terror wave
The current study examined whether emotional concern over one's security situation is connected with death anxiety during an ongoing terror wave, and whether type of exposure (media exposure vs. contact with witnesses) moderates this connection. A total of 345 individuals, aged 18-70, were sampled during an ongoing wave of terror in Israel and filled out scales measuring death anxiety, concern over security situation, and type of exposure. Result…
The Construction of Troubled and Credible Patients
In this article, the authors select two categories of dying patients, "troubled" and "credible," from two larger studies conducted in three palliative care settings. They explore how nurses construct dying patients' moral identities and how they use emotion talk to interpret patients' behavior. The authors carried out a microanalysis of talk-in-action using discourse analysis and conversation analysis. Strategies used for the construction of mora…
The experience of women carriers of BRCA mutations following risk-reducing surgery
In this qualitative study, we examine the experience of 13 Jewish Israeli women carriers of BRCA mutations following risk-reducing surgery. Thematic analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interview texts yielded three themes: (a) dialectic of vulnerability and control, (b) presentation of self as a "normal" woman, and (c) genetic chain of negative life events and guilt. Aspects of Israeli culture impacting participants' experiences are: personal a…
Justifications of feticide
This qualitative research explores the justifications that Israeli women provided for their decision to end their late-stage pregnancies, or in other words to undergo feticide. A constructivist approach was used, as it recognizes the significance of sociocultural narratives in the construction of people's experiences. Data from in-depth interviews were analyzed using an adapted version of constant comparative analysis to identify and develop cate…
Israeli mothers’ meaning reconstruction in the aftermath of homicide
This study is the first to our knowledge to provide an in-depth account of the meanings reconstructed by bereaved Israeli mothers of homicide victims. Homicide survivors tend to receive little or no support from society; this is especially true in Israel, where homicide victims are a neglected population whose voice is socially muted. Constructivist theories have informed understanding of grief, emphasizing the role of meaning reconstruction in a…
Bodies as means for continuing post-death relationships
Secondary analysis of data from 30 people in three interview studies shows that bereaved people use their own and the deceased's body in their continuing efforts to maintain a relationship with the departed. Following the continuing bond perspective, the study reveals three body-associated strategies for maintaining post-death relationships: (a) the presence of the deceased in the bereaved's body, (b) body-associated actions and activities, and (…
Concern and death anxiety during an ongoing terror wave
The current study examined whether emotional concern over one's security situation is connected with death anxiety during an ongoing terror wave, and whether type of exposure (media exposure vs. contact with witnesses) moderates this connection. A total of 345 individuals, aged 18-70, were sampled during an ongoing wave of terror in Israel and filled out scales measuring death anxiety, concern over security situation, and type of exposure. Result…
Mothers' Continuing Bond With the Baby
The nature of the ongoing bond maintained by the bereaved with the deceased has attracted considerable attention, but studies have generally ignored postdeath relationships when loss occurs in utero. The goal of this research was to reach an interpretive understanding of the continuing bond experience among Israeli mothers who underwent feticide, examining the strategies they use in maintaining a postdeath relationship with a child they did not k…
Body Perception and Organ Donation
The view of the body in sociological, psychological, and gender studies may be broadly summarized to three metaphors: (a) the body as a machine, (b) the body as Self, and (c) the body as sacred and sanctified entity. Each of these philosophical views has an impact on organ donation. The current study aimed at revealing body perception of bereaved Israeli parents who agreed to donate organs of their deceased child. A deductive and inductive themat…
“If only…”
When grief over the death of a loved one becomes complicated, protracted and circular, ruminative counterfactual thinking in which the bereaved relentlessly but vainly seeks to somehow reverse the tragedy of the loss often plays a contributory role in sustaining the person's suffering. In this article we summarize the growing evidence implicating this cognitive process in interfering with meaning reconstruction following loss, and identify four f…
Death anxiety and psychological distress post-donation in non-directed living kidney donors
The current study sought to assess death anxiety and psychological distress among kidney donors, in comparison to a control population. Seventy-eight non-directed living kidney donors were recruited through the Israeli voluntary kidney donation association. This sample was compared to 396 participants from a control population. The results revealed that non-directed living kidney donors had higher levels of death anxiety in comparison to the cont…
Meanings attributed by bereaved unmarried intimate partners of fallen soldiers to their loss
The death of a partner may be stressful for unmarried intimate partners as they lack legal status vis-à-vis the partner, and, thus, lack sufficient cultural support. This qualitative study examined the meaning attributed to the loss by 12 Israeli bereaved intimate partners of fallen soldiers. Through applying a constructivist-narrative methodology, we derived three clusters from interviews with the intimate partners: (a) The relationships never e…
Designing in-depth semi-structured interviews for revealing meaning reconstruction after loss
The recent upsurge in the use of qualitative empirical studies, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of human reactions to loss, requires a methodological account of how to conduct better qualitative research with regard to data collection. This paper offers six general interview guidelines aimed at assisting researchers to achieve quality interviews in qualitative bereavement studies, based on the theoretical framework of meaning (re)constru…
Out of the Depths Have I Called Thee”
According to Terror Management Theory, there are three common buffers that minimize the anxiety of mortality salience: affirmation of one's cultural worldview, the self and one's personal values, and one's significance in the context of close personal relationships. The current study aimed to explore the manner by which Jewish Israeli undertakers manage their constant exposure to death and buffer against death anxiety. A deductive and inductive t…
Empty Chairs at Empty Tables”
The rise in research publications over the last few decades about disenfranchised grief has deepened our understanding of this field. Importantly, it raises awareness and validates human experiences of bereavement, which are often socially ignored, muted, and stigmatized. However, while researchers in the field actively engage in the task of "enfranchisement," as they present their work at scientific conferences, they might experience what we ter…
Neither here nor there and a little bit of both
Losing a baby to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) triggers a severe loss reaction. The severity of the loss may be attributed to the baby's age, the lack of satisfactory explanation for the death, and a lack of social recognition. The current study aimed to examine the loss experience of Israeli parents ( N = 12) who lost a baby to SIDS through the theoretical lens of ambiguous loss. A deductive and inductive thematic analysis revealed that, f…
You did not desert me my brothers in arms”
This qualitative study provides an in-depth account of the continuing bond experience of bereaved Israeli men who have lost a comrade with whom they served in mandatory military service (a brother in arms). Our study findings indicate that bereaved men experienced continuing bond relationships with their deceased brothers in arms on two axes-an internal axis and an external axis. Together, the two axes connected the bereaved to the deceased. Furt…
Adjustment Disorder in the Face of Covid-19 Outbreak
Based on the theoretical view of Terror Management Theory, the current research examines whether higher levels of death anxiety symptoms, in the face of the COVID-19 outbreak, increase the extent to which participants are exposed to information regarding the spread of the pandemic, as well as the fear of contagion and symptoms of hypochondriasis, which all in turn increase symptoms of adjustment disorder. A total number of 302 participants filled…
A time to be silent and a time to speak
This qualitative study explored the intergenerational family narratives around loss and bereavement as perceived by 12 Israeli adults, whose fathers died before they were born. Using the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach, the intergenerational narrative process was examined as it appeared in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Three phases of this process were identified: (1) the first generation: establishing the rule of silenc…
Psychological Distress and Intention to Leave the Profession
The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between psychological distress among social workers and their intention to leave the profession through the economic and social exchange perspective. The research sample was comprised of 380 Israeli social workers who manually filled in structured questionnaires regarding psychological distress, economic and social exchange between employees and employers in their workplace, self-def…
Being a parent, emotional stability, and adjustment disorder symptoms in the face of Covid ‐19
Mitigating Loss and Trauma
The current study sheds light on the continuing bonds experience of adult Israeli daughters whose mothers were murdered by their fathers. Through 11 semi structured interviews, common externalized and internalized continuing bonds with the deceased mothers were closely examined. The interpreted results supported the existence of bonds, yet revealed a unique manifestation; the bonds were purposefully and defensively restricted, which seemed to be …
A Trisonance
The current qualitative study aimed to examine the narrative identities of women bereaved to intimate partner femicide. Eleven adult Israeli female offspring whose biological mothers were murdered by their biological fathers were interviewed for the purpose of this study. Due to the uniqueness of their loss experience and circumstances, participants' identity is narrated as a "trisonance": They are not like their fathers, their mothers, nor as so…
He put his a** in your faces
In this collaborative autoethnographic piece, we present voices through critical incident technique replaying the same event at an academic conference, all seeking to understand how and why the disruption of voice occurs and what to do to counter it. We contextualize these experiences in the ideal of “sustainability of qualitative inquiry” through a feminist reflexive process, problematizing the potential for critical qualitative inquiry. We ques…
Congenital loss
The loss of a family member is often conceptualized as a disruption in one's life story. However, when a loss occurs prior to, or during, one's birth, the bereaved life stories are not interrupted by the loss, but rather begin with loss. The paper offers a new conceptualization of these losses as "congenital losses" and captures the core aspects of this phenomenon. A qualitative phenomenological analysis of 34 in-depth semi-structured interviews …
Adjustment Disorder Amongst Welfare Social Service Clients
Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to common life events. Levels of adjustment disorder can serve as one of the indicators of the effectiveness of social services interventions. Yet, the role of service receipt period and of social worker alternation in explaining levels of adjustment disorder remains unclear. In order to explore this issue, structured questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of 190 clients of a social servic…
Psychology (38 obras) · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health (29 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Sociology (18 obras) · Developmental psychology (17 obras) · Qualitative research (16 obras) · Medicine (14 obras) · Psychotherapist (14 obras) · Migration, Health and Trauma (13 obras) · Social Psychology (13 obras)