Frederick J Simoons
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 227948 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Frederick J Simoons |
| PRENOMES | Frederick J |
| SOBRENOME | Simoons |
| ASSINATURA | SIMOONS F J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Davis |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 216 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1958 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2014 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Food in China
This volume is a study of Chinese food from a cultural and historical perspective. Its focus is on traditional China before establishment of the People's Republic. It identifies and provides comprehensive information on a broad range of Chinese food plants and animals for general readers, as well as for specialists whose interests have led them to
Persistence of lactase activity among Northern Europeans
Considered in this paper is a broad range of evidence bearing on the calcium absorption hypothesis that has been advanced to explain high frequencies of the gene for persistence of lactase activity (PLA) among adults in northern Europe. According to that hypothesis, lactase‐sufficient individuals in early northern Europe enjoyed a selective advantage over lactase‐deficient ones that led to high incidences of PLA in adults of the region. Northern …
Malaria as a clue to understanding the history of favism and its bearing on the favism hypothesis
Dogflesh eating by humans in sub‐Saharan Africa
This paper describes the eating and rejection of dogflesh by native peoples in Africa south of the Sahara. Its focus is geographic and culture historical, and its principal concern is with sociocultural factors related to the practice of dog eating by humans (cynophagy): perceptions of the dog, role of the dog in human society and economy, social and ritual contexts of dog eating, and environmental, religious and other factors that have favored t…
Eat Not This Flesh
Hailed as a classic when initially published in 1961, Eat Not This Flesh was the first book that explored, from a historical and cultural perspective, taboos against eating certain kinds of flesh. Frederick J. Simoons's research remains original and invaluable, the only attempt of its kind to reconstruct the origin and spread of food avoidances while challenging current Western explanations. In this expanded and updated edition, Simoons integrate…
Research Publications
The Traditional Role of the Mithan or Gayal Among the Aka of Arunachal Pradesh, India
The mithan or gayal (Bos [Bibos] frontalis), a domesticated bovine found previously to play an unusual role in the socio-religious life of various hill tribes of the Indo-Burma borderlands, is considered as it fits into the life of the Aka, a tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh, India
Dogs as Human Food in Northwest Africa
Quantum Adjustment, Macroevolution, and the Social Field
Ever since the neo-Darwinian synthesis, stability models have dominated both ecology and population genetics. This has discouraged the biological study of progressive evolution. The introduction of biological models into cultural anthropology has been marked by an emphasis upon stability models as well, and progressive evolution in cultural systems has therefore not received adequate attention. Recent developments in the life sciences, however, h…
Questions in the Sacred-Cow Controversy [and Comments and Reply]
Contrary to Marvin Harris's hypothesis, desiccation and population increase in India following 1000 B.C. are highly unlikely to have been the origin of the Hindu ban on cow slaughter and beef eating. In many places in present-day India,"wild" and stray cattle are serious problem to farmers. The sacred-cow concept contributes to a significant waste of beef and inefficiency in cattle breeding. Homes for old cows are basically religious institutions…
Lactose Malabsorption in Africa
In the mid-1960's, in a study of teen-agers and adults in Baltimore, Cuatrecasas et al; discerned striking ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption (usually hereafter designated LM). Those medical researchers found only 16% (3 of 19) of a group of whites to be lactose malabsorbers, compared to 73% (30 of 41) of a group of blacks. Since that time, additional studies have greatly extended our knowledge of LM…
Ecology, Evolution, and the Search for Cultural Origins
This paper examines the ecological explanation offered by Marvin Harris for the origin of pig prohibition in Islam, using the case to evaluate the functional-ecological paradigm and its treatment of cultural origins. Five majorpoints are addressed. First, a survey of the biological literature reveals that functional-ecological theory and evolutionary theory are distinct, but related. While functional ecology explains how systems work, evolutionar…
The purificatory role of the five products of the cow in Hinduism
The modern Hindu use of the “five products of the cow” (milk, curd, ghi, urine, and dung) in ritual purification is examined. The five products’ value in such purification today, as in ancient India, is clearly linked to the sanctity of the cow. The earliest Indian literary reference to the five products being used in ritual purification, moreover, dates from the same historical period that the sacred cow concept itself developed. Thus it is almo…
Fish as forbidden food
This paper is concerned with the avoidance of fish as human food in the Indian subcontinent and nearby areas, from a cultural and historical point of view. Three factors are identified that now influence, or may have once influenced people to avoid fish. First there is the view that fish are dirty creatures and that fishing and fish‐eating are low‐class activities; this is especially common in areas of nomadic tradition. Second there is belief in…
Rejection of fish as human food in Africa
This paper considers the rejection of fish as human food among various African peoples, its distribution and manifestations, its diffusion in historic and prehistoric times, and its possible origins. It is suggested that ultimately the avoidance may derive from the scorn pastoralists commonly exhibit for farmers and their life and ways
Contemporary Research Themes in the Cultural Geography of Domesticated Animals
AFEW decades ago most geographers agreed that regional study was the core of the field, a consensus which may have restricted their research directions but which usually left them quite knowledgeable about the works of their fellows. Today, on the contrary, we are less in agreement about the nature of geography and tend to pursue our research interests regardless of where they lead. One result of this tendency has been that geographers are increa…
The sacred cow and the constitution of India
The sacred cow concept of Hindu India has many interesting and important socio‐cultural and ecological manifestations. This article focuses on one of these: the ban on cow slaughter included in the Constitution of India, and the legal controversy that followed efforts to implement the ban. The conclusion is reached that to understand the problem one should not focus narrowly on the unquestioned economic utility of cattle in Indian life, that one …
The determinants of dairying and milk use in the old world
This paper weighs the various hypotheses that have been advanced by scholars to explain a curious problem in the geography of food and nutrition. This problem is why, in pre‐modern times, two practices—dairying and use of the milk of domestic animals in human diet—failed to spread into all parts of the Old World where milkable animals were present. The conclusion is reached that this failure cannot be explained, as is commonly done, in terms of a…
The Antiquity of Dairying in Asia and Africa
EDUARD HAHN, writing in the late nineteenth century' and basing his views largely on archeological and literary remains of the great civilizations of Babylonia and Assyria which date from about 1800 B.C. and later, advanced the hypothesis that Mesopotamia was the place of earliest milking, that common cattle (Bos taurus) were the first domesticated animals to be milked, and that initially they were milked to provide offerings, intended to assure …
Geography of Domestication
More on Higham's Study of Bovine Bones
A Ceremonial Ox of India
A Ceremonial Ox of India
A report is given of a detailed study of the cultural geography of the mithan (Bos frontalis), a domesticated bovine that is not milked. Topics include the physical and behavioral characteristics of the mithan; its role in several ethnic groups of India; its role in society and economy; and its domestication, with reference to the domestication of common cattle
A Ceremonial Ox of India
Africa, A Geographical Study
Eat Not This Flesh
Hailed as a classic when initially published in 1961, Eat Not This Flesh was the first book that explored, from a historical and cultural perspective, taboos against eating certain kinds of flesh. Frederick J. Simoons's research remains original and invaluable, the only attempt of its kind to reconstruct the origin and spread of food avoidances while challenging current Western explanations. In this expanded and updated edition, Simoons integrate…
Ecology, Evolution, and the Search for Cultural Origins
This paper examines the ecological explanation offered by Marvin Harris for the origin of pig prohibition in Islam, using the case to evaluate the functional-ecological paradigm and its treatment of cultural origins. Five majorpoints are addressed. First, a survey of the biological literature reveals that functional-ecological theory and evolutionary theory are distinct, but related. While functional ecology explains how systems work, evolutionar…
Cultures and Societies of Africa
Questions in the Sacred-Cow Controversy [and Comments and Reply]
Contrary to Marvin Harris's hypothesis, desiccation and population increase in India following 1000 B.C. are highly unlikely to have been the origin of the Hindu ban on cow slaughter and beef eating. In many places in present-day India,"wild" and stray cattle are serious problem to farmers. The sacred-cow concept contributes to a significant waste of beef and inefficiency in cattle breeding. Homes for old cows are basically religious institutions…
Some Questions on the Economic Prehistory of Ethiopia
This paper considers several questions in the economic prehistory of Ethiopia. Who domesticated the banana-like ensete, the food plant which in parts of southern Ethiopia forms a monoculture? Was the ensete cultivated in ancient Egypt? Was it once cultivated extensively in northern Ethiopia as a food plant? Did the Semites, who invaded Ethiopia from South Arabia, starting about 1000 B.C., introduce the plough to Ethiopia and first develop cereal-…
Northwest Ethiopia
A study of the peoples and economy of Ethiopia's Northwest, the homeland of the Amhara people and the center of medieval Abyssinia. The author deals with local people and relies heavily on firsthand observations made during the eight months he spent there in 1953-54, supplemented and put into cultural and historical perspective by material gathered during his travels elsewhere in Ethiopia and in the Sudan, Uganda, the Belgian Congo, and Nigeria, …
Africa
Geography of Domestication
Contemporary Research Themes in the Cultural Geography of Domesticated Animals
AFEW decades ago most geographers agreed that regional study was the core of the field, a consensus which may have restricted their research directions but which usually left them quite knowledgeable about the works of their fellows. Today, on the contrary, we are less in agreement about the nature of geography and tend to pursue our research interests regardless of where they lead. One result of this tendency has been that geographers are increa…
The Antiquity of Dairying in Asia and Africa
EDUARD HAHN, writing in the late nineteenth century' and basing his views largely on archeological and literary remains of the great civilizations of Babylonia and Assyria which date from about 1800 B.C. and later, advanced the hypothesis that Mesopotamia was the place of earliest milking, that common cattle (Bos taurus) were the first domesticated animals to be milked, and that initially they were milked to provide offerings, intended to assure …
Eat Not This Flesh
Quantum Adjustment, Macroevolution, and the Social Field
Ever since the neo-Darwinian synthesis, stability models have dominated both ecology and population genetics. This has discouraged the biological study of progressive evolution. The introduction of biological models into cultural anthropology has been marked by an emphasis upon stability models as well, and progressive evolution in cultural systems has therefore not received adequate attention. Recent developments in the life sciences, however, h…
An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800
Dogs as Human Food in Northwest Africa
A Ceremonial Ox of India
Lactose Malabsorption in Africa
In the mid-1960's, in a study of teen-agers and adults in Baltimore, Cuatrecasas et al; discerned striking ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption (usually hereafter designated LM). Those medical researchers found only 16% (3 of 19) of a group of whites to be lactose malabsorbers, compared to 73% (30 of 41) of a group of blacks. Since that time, additional studies have greatly extended our knowledge of LM…
The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa
The Agricultural Implements and Cutting Tools of Begemder and Semyen, Ethiopia
The Agricultural Implements and Cutting Tools of Begemder and Semyen, Ethiopia
Snow in Ethiopia
AMONG the most persistent contradictory statements about Africa are those which deal with the question of snow in Ethiopia. Does true snow fall in Ethiopia? Are there snow-capped mountains in that country? Does the Nile flood derive to any extent from the melting of the Ethiopian snows? The differences of opinion on these questions had their origins in the Mediterranean world in classical times in the controversy that raged about the causes of th…
The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa
Africa
Northwest Ethiopia
A study of the peoples and economy of Ethiopia's Northwest, the homeland of the Amhara people and the center of medieval Abyssinia. The author deals with local people and relies heavily on firsthand observations made during the eight months he spent there in 1953-54, supplemented and put into cultural and historical perspective by material gathered during his travels elsewhere in Ethiopia and in the Sudan, Uganda, the Belgian Congo, and Nigeria, …
Cultures and Societies of Africa
Northwest Ethiopia
Northwest Ethiopia
Eat Not This Flesh
An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800
Some Questions on the Economic Prehistory of Ethiopia
This paper considers several questions in the economic prehistory of Ethiopia. Who domesticated the banana-like ensete, the food plant which in parts of southern Ethiopia forms a monoculture? Was the ensete cultivated in ancient Egypt? Was it once cultivated extensively in northern Ethiopia as a food plant? Did the Semites, who invaded Ethiopia from South Arabia, starting about 1000 B.C., introduce the plough to Ethiopia and first develop cereal-…
Africa, A Geographical Study
A Ceremonial Ox of India
A Ceremonial Ox of India
A Ceremonial Ox of India
A report is given of a detailed study of the cultural geography of the mithan (Bos frontalis), a domesticated bovine that is not milked. Topics include the physical and behavioral characteristics of the mithan; its role in several ethnic groups of India; its role in society and economy; and its domestication, with reference to the domestication of common cattle
The Antiquity of Dairying in Asia and Africa
EDUARD HAHN, writing in the late nineteenth century' and basing his views largely on archeological and literary remains of the great civilizations of Babylonia and Assyria which date from about 1800 B.C. and later, advanced the hypothesis that Mesopotamia was the place of earliest milking, that common cattle (Bos taurus) were the first domesticated animals to be milked, and that initially they were milked to provide offerings, intended to assure …
Geography of Domestication
More on Higham's Study of Bovine Bones
The sacred cow and the constitution of India
The sacred cow concept of Hindu India has many interesting and important socio‐cultural and ecological manifestations. This article focuses on one of these: the ban on cow slaughter included in the Constitution of India, and the legal controversy that followed efforts to implement the ban. The conclusion is reached that to understand the problem one should not focus narrowly on the unquestioned economic utility of cattle in Indian life, that one …
The determinants of dairying and milk use in the old world
This paper weighs the various hypotheses that have been advanced by scholars to explain a curious problem in the geography of food and nutrition. This problem is why, in pre‐modern times, two practices—dairying and use of the milk of domestic animals in human diet—failed to spread into all parts of the Old World where milkable animals were present. The conclusion is reached that this failure cannot be explained, as is commonly done, in terms of a…
The purificatory role of the five products of the cow in Hinduism
The modern Hindu use of the “five products of the cow” (milk, curd, ghi, urine, and dung) in ritual purification is examined. The five products’ value in such purification today, as in ancient India, is clearly linked to the sanctity of the cow. The earliest Indian literary reference to the five products being used in ritual purification, moreover, dates from the same historical period that the sacred cow concept itself developed. Thus it is almo…
Fish as forbidden food
This paper is concerned with the avoidance of fish as human food in the Indian subcontinent and nearby areas, from a cultural and historical point of view. Three factors are identified that now influence, or may have once influenced people to avoid fish. First there is the view that fish are dirty creatures and that fishing and fish‐eating are low‐class activities; this is especially common in areas of nomadic tradition. Second there is belief in…
Rejection of fish as human food in Africa
This paper considers the rejection of fish as human food among various African peoples, its distribution and manifestations, its diffusion in historic and prehistoric times, and its possible origins. It is suggested that ultimately the avoidance may derive from the scorn pastoralists commonly exhibit for farmers and their life and ways
Contemporary Research Themes in the Cultural Geography of Domesticated Animals
AFEW decades ago most geographers agreed that regional study was the core of the field, a consensus which may have restricted their research directions but which usually left them quite knowledgeable about the works of their fellows. Today, on the contrary, we are less in agreement about the nature of geography and tend to pursue our research interests regardless of where they lead. One result of this tendency has been that geographers are increa…
Lactose Malabsorption in Africa
In the mid-1960's, in a study of teen-agers and adults in Baltimore, Cuatrecasas et al; discerned striking ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption (usually hereafter designated LM). Those medical researchers found only 16% (3 of 19) of a group of whites to be lactose malabsorbers, compared to 73% (30 of 41) of a group of blacks. Since that time, additional studies have greatly extended our knowledge of LM…
Geography (27 obras) · Biology (16 obras) · History (13 obras) · Sociology (13 obras) · Ecology (10 obras) · Ancient history (9 obras) · Anthropology (9 obras) · Archaeology (9 obras) · History (9 obras) · Political science (9 obras)