M L Gro
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 23157 |
|---|---|
| NOME | M L Gro |
| PRENOMES | M L |
| SOBRENOME | Gro |
| ASSINATURA | GRO M L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Haifa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5835-7879 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 45 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 115 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1982 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Black Box Warfare
How is AI transforming decision-making in modern conflict? This study provides a unique empirical window into that question by deploying a high-fidelity replica of an AI decision-support system (DSS) used in military targeting. After reconstructing the interface and functionality of the real-world system, we tested its impact on combat decisions in two experiments involving 2,015 Israeli military personnel. Contrary to widespread fears of automat…
Susceptibility to misinformation and propaganda during wartime
Advances in digital technologies have facilitated the creation and dissemination of misinformation, creating a complex information ecosystem where distinguishing between real and fake content has become increasingly challenging. Wars, in particular, present a unique case in which misinformation is often weaponized to shape public perception, both domestically and internationally. While individual differences in susceptibility to misinformation ar…
Treating the innocent victims of trolleys and war
Both trolleys and war leave innocent victims to suffer death and injury. Trolley problems accounting for the injured, and not only the dead, tease out intuitions about liability that enhance our understanding of the obligation to provide compensation and medical care to civilian victims of war. Like many trolley victims, civilians in war may suffer justifiable, excusable, or negligent harms that demand compensation. Chief among these is collatera…
Maintaining Health Care in Occupied Ukraine
Following Russia's occupation of Eastern Ukraine, local health care professionals, particularly hospital administrators and public health officials, have faced criminal charges of medical collaboration for taking senior managerial positions in the occupation regime and allocating resources to the Russian army. Although Ukraine is entitled to prosecute collaborators who threaten its national security, the grounds for criminalizing medical administ…
From active duty to activism
Trigger warning This article deals with combat experiences and their consequences and could be potentially disturbing. Introduction Moral injury (MI) is a severe form of combat trauma that shatters soldiers’ moral bearings as the result of killing in war. Among the myriad ways that moral injury affects veterans’ reintegration into civilian life, its impact on political and societal reintegration remains largely unstudied but crucial for personal,…
Terrorized by Immigration? Threat Perceptions and Policy Preferences
Does exposure to terrorism affect attitudes toward immigration policy? If so, is it the sense of threat that impacts these attitudes? Previous studies could not find conclusive evidence of increasing hostility toward out-groups as a direct consequence of terrorist events, as they struggle to separate attitudinal migration policy preferences and reactions to terrorism. Drawing on intergroup threat theory, we conducted two original public opinion p…
Cyberattacks, Psychological Distress, and Military Escalation
To what extent can cyberattacks wreak havoc and terrorize modern society? Until now, this question has revolved around the potential of cyber operations to cause physical destruction or other material harm. In this paper, we propose a broader interpretation. We submit that assessing cyber-threats through the prism of physical destruction has obscured the human dimension of the threat. Instead, we propose calculating the gravity of cyberattacks by…
Cyber Terrorism and Public Support for Retaliation – A Multi-Country Survey Experiment
Does exposure to cyber terrorism prompt calls for retaliatory military strikes? By what psychological mechanism does it do so? Through a series of controlled, randomized experiments, this study exposed respondents (n = 2,028) to television news reports depicting cyber and conventional terror attacks against critical infrastructures in the United States, United Kingdom and Israel. The findings indicate that only lethal cyber terrorism triggers str…
A fragile public preference for cyber strikes
To what extent does the public support the use of cyber weapons? We propose that public exposure to the destructive potential of cyber-attacks will dispel the clear cross-national preference for cyber strikes. To test this, we conducted two survey experiments (n = 2,585) that examine support for cyber versus conventional military strikes in the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel. In study 1, we exposed respondents to television news report…
A Cyberterrorism Effect? Emotional Reactions to Lethal Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
To what extent does exposure to cyberterrorism arouse negative emotions? Cyberterrorism has developed the potential to cause similarly lethal consequences to conventional terrorism, especially when targeted at critical infrastructures. But like conventional terrorism, cyberterrorism aims to terrorize, and exposure to cyberterror attacks can affect emotional responses. This article is based on an experiment that explores emotional responses to cyb…
Can You Engage in Political Activity Without Internet Access? The Social Effects of Internet Deprivation
To what extent can you engage in political activity in the modern age without Internet access? The growing dependence on Internet access to fulfill basic civil functions is threatened by increasing personal and societal cyber vulnerability. In this article, we explore the extent to which citizens are able, or unable, to engage in specific political activities in the absence of Internet connectivity. To concretize the subject, we test how Internet…
Backfire
Although nonviolent resistance assumes the moral high ground because its tactics do not intend to harm adversaries, severe ethical difficulties arise when nonviolent activists intentionally provoke harm to themselves. This occurs in a process called “backfire,” as hunger strikers or demonstrators provoke a disproportionately brutal and often lethal response from their adversaries to draw world attention and sympathy to their cause. As cases studi…
The Deaths of Combatants
Although there are few restrictions on killing combatants, the contemporary law of war bans weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. Because military necessity and humanitarian norms often conflict, no clear regulations have emerged. Instead, states sometimes ban weapons because they cause horrific wounds. But this determination is subjective and has led the Red Cross to seek objective medical guidelines on unnecessary suf…
Using action methods to counter social isolation and shame among gay men
Despite legal and cultural amelioration of homophobia, shame and internalized homophobia persist with concomitant adverse health and mental health consequences. J. L. Moreno's system of psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy offers approaches that help counter shame and internalized homophobia and increase peer support among diverse groups of gay men. Sociometric tools help create safety, establish group cohesion, build interpersonal co…
Military Medical Ethics for the 21st Century
The Ethics of Insurgency
As insurgencies rage, a burning question remains: how should insurgents fight technologically superior state armies? Commentators rarely ask this question because the catchphrase 'we fight by the rules, but they don't' is nearly axiomatic. But truly, are all forms of guerrilla warfare equally reprehensible? Can we think cogently about just guerrilla warfare? May guerrilla tactics such as laying improvised explosive devices (IEDs), assassinating i…
Communitarian Bioethics
Just War Theory and the 2008–09 Gaza Invasion
July 01 2013 Just War Theory and the 2008–09 Gaza Invasion Davis Brown, Davis Brown Davis Brown is an assistant professor of political science at Maryville University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Michael L. Gross, Michael L. Gross Michael L. Gross is Professor of International Relations at the University of Haifa. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Tamar Meisels, Tamar Meisels…
Asymmetric war, symmetrical intentions
During asymmetric war, a state actor often faces charges of disproportionate harm while the weaker, nonstate side must defend itself against charges of terrorism. Because the state actor faces an adversary embedded among civilians, and the nonstate actor confronts an opponent whose military targets are often so well protected that only its nonmilitary targets are vulnerable, it is difficult for either side to fight without harming civilians. Whil…
Negative Liberty
From Medical Neutrality to Medical Immunity
To what extent are physicians neutral in war? After all, the job of any army medical corps is to maintain the fitness of the armed forces and to return the wounded to duty so they can fight again. Military surgeons, medics, and nurses support armies in the most fundamental way and insure their fighting capability. In what way, then, are they neutral
Bad Advice
Like the paired snakes of the caduceus, pathology and homosexuality became intertwined when medicine propped up a post-Enlightenment decline in religious authority by transforming moral disapproval into diagnoses of disease. Sex between men entered public health discourse as “gay bowel syndrome,” decades before methodologically sound social surveys demonstrated that heterosexual couples account for a much larger proportion of episodes of anal int…
Wartime Medical Ethics
Killing Civilians Intentionally
Journal Article Killing Civilians Intentionally: Double Effect, Reprisal, and Necessity in the Middle East Get access Michael L. Gross Michael L. Gross MICHAEL L. GROSS is senior lecturer in the Division of International Relations, The University of Haifa, Israel. He is the author of Ethics and Activism: The Theory and Practice of Political Morality (Cambridge, 1997) and the forthcoming, Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine an…
Bioethics and Armed Conflict
Medical ethics in times of war are fundamentally different from those in times of peace. War brings military and medical values into conflict, often overwhelming other moral obligations, such as a doctor's charge to relieve suffering, in the face of military necessity
Cyber Terrorism and Public Support for Retaliation – A Multi-Country Survey Experiment
Does exposure to cyber terrorism prompt calls for retaliatory military strikes? By what psychological mechanism does it do so? Through a series of controlled, randomized experiments, this study exposed respondents (n = 2,028) to television news reports depicting cyber and conventional terror attacks against critical infrastructures in the United States, United Kingdom and Israel. The findings indicate that only lethal cyber terrorism triggers str…
Fighting by other Means in the Mideast
Israel's efforts to quell violence during the recent conflict with the Palestinians include targeted assassinations of militia leaders. The international community permits the use of lethal force in only two cases, law enforcement and just war, and assassination cannot be justified in either. In the context of law enforcement, assassination remains prohibited as a form of extra-legal execution, regardless of Israel's status as an occupying power.…
A fragile public preference for cyber strikes
To what extent does the public support the use of cyber weapons? We propose that public exposure to the destructive potential of cyber-attacks will dispel the clear cross-national preference for cyber strikes. To test this, we conducted two survey experiments (n = 2,585) that examine support for cyber versus conventional military strikes in the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel. In study 1, we exposed respondents to television news report…
Cyberattacks, Psychological Distress, and Military Escalation
To what extent can cyberattacks wreak havoc and terrorize modern society? Until now, this question has revolved around the potential of cyber operations to cause physical destruction or other material harm. In this paper, we propose a broader interpretation. We submit that assessing cyber-threats through the prism of physical destruction has obscured the human dimension of the threat. Instead, we propose calculating the gravity of cyberattacks by…
The Second Wave Will Drown Us
TWO YEARS AGO, IN THESE pages, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) forecast a resurgent HIV epidemic among US men who have sex with men (MSM). Nationwide surveillance data had not yet shown a higher rate of new infections, but congruent indicators from sexually transmitted disease registries and studies of self-reported risk behavior all suggested that the consistent practice of safer sex was eroding.1 Earlier this year, the C…
Moral Judgment, Organizational Incentives and Collective Action
Abortion politics affords an opportunity to examine how moral judgments are translated into collective action. Two approaches are examined. Cogni tive developmental theory underscores moral development as a necessary condition of activism while rational choice theory emphasizes the necessity of appropriate incentive structures as a condition of participation in purposive organizations. Each theory is operationalized and the effects of moral devel…
Jewish Rescue in Holland and France during the Second World War
In this article Jewish rescue is analyzed as a collective action problem rather than as a question of altruism. Data were collected from 174 rescuers in France and Holland to measure rescue along three dimensions: the motivations of rescue, the cognitive structure of rescue motivations, and the relative importance of personal motivations and incentives in the context of collective action. Three principal conclusions emerge from this study. First,…
Asymmetric war, symmetrical intentions
During asymmetric war, a state actor often faces charges of disproportionate harm while the weaker, nonstate side must defend itself against charges of terrorism. Because the state actor faces an adversary embedded among civilians, and the nonstate actor confronts an opponent whose military targets are often so well protected that only its nonmilitary targets are vulnerable, it is difficult for either side to fight without harming civilians. Whil…
Killing Civilians Intentionally
Journal Article Killing Civilians Intentionally: Double Effect, Reprisal, and Necessity in the Middle East Get access Michael L. Gross Michael L. Gross MICHAEL L. GROSS is senior lecturer in the Division of International Relations, The University of Haifa, Israel. He is the author of Ethics and Activism: The Theory and Practice of Political Morality (Cambridge, 1997) and the forthcoming, Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine an…
Moral Reasoning and Ideological Affiliation
While theories of moral development claim to be structural and bias-free, empirical data consistently report significantly lower levels of moral development among political conservatives. These findings are disturbing for two reasons: either they cast doubt on the bias-free claim of cognitive developmental theory, or they point to afundamental moralflaw in conservative political ideology. To understand the relationship of moral development and po…
The Collective Dimensions of Political Morality
Collective moral action is analysed using two models: a deontological, non-strategic model emphasizing right moral judgment and individual action and a rational, strategic model emphasizing the need to overcome free-rider problems. While these models fail to explain satisfactorily collective moral action each provides valuable insights which are used to examine three case studies: successful collective action to rescue Jews in Europe and failed a…
Terrorized by Immigration? Threat Perceptions and Policy Preferences
Does exposure to terrorism affect attitudes toward immigration policy? If so, is it the sense of threat that impacts these attitudes? Previous studies could not find conclusive evidence of increasing hostility toward out-groups as a direct consequence of terrorist events, as they struggle to separate attitudinal migration policy preferences and reactions to terrorism. Drawing on intergroup threat theory, we conducted two original public opinion p…
Backfire
Although nonviolent resistance assumes the moral high ground because its tactics do not intend to harm adversaries, severe ethical difficulties arise when nonviolent activists intentionally provoke harm to themselves. This occurs in a process called “backfire,” as hunger strikers or demonstrators provoke a disproportionately brutal and often lethal response from their adversaries to draw world attention and sympathy to their cause. As cases studi…
HIV Topical Microbicides
Six HIV candidate microbicides are scheduled to enter 6 large-scale effectiveness trials in the next year. The selection of products for testing and the design of this group of trials should be reconsidered to provide an answer to a key question now before the field: Does a sulfonated polyanion, delivered intravaginally as a gel, block HIV attachment to target cells with sufficient potency to protect women from sexually acquired HIV infection? Pa…
Ethics education and physician morality
Using action methods to counter social isolation and shame among gay men
Despite legal and cultural amelioration of homophobia, shame and internalized homophobia persist with concomitant adverse health and mental health consequences. J. L. Moreno's system of psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy offers approaches that help counter shame and internalized homophobia and increase peer support among diverse groups of gay men. Sociometric tools help create safety, establish group cohesion, build interpersonal co…
Just War Theory and the 2008–09 Gaza Invasion
July 01 2013 Just War Theory and the 2008–09 Gaza Invasion Davis Brown, Davis Brown Davis Brown is an assistant professor of political science at Maryville University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Michael L. Gross, Michael L. Gross Michael L. Gross is Professor of International Relations at the University of Haifa. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Tamar Meisels, Tamar Meisels…
Negative Liberty
Regulating Torture in a Democracy
Since 1987, Israel has publicly confronted the issue of torture when a state commission of inquiry tried to formulate guidelines for "moderate physical pressure." Shrouded in secrecy, these regulations did not restrain torture but only led to increasingly degrading practices. In 1999, Israel's Supreme Court repudiated these same guidelines and reiterated the ban on torture. Judicial directives reduced the incidence of torture but allowed interrog…
A Feminist Agenda on Reproductive Technology
Book reviewed in this article: The Custom-Made Child? Women-Centered Perspectives. Helen B. Holmes, Betty B. Hoskins, Michael Gross, editors
Birth Control and Controlling Birth
Birth Control and Controlling Birth
Birth Control and Controlling Birth
Reproductive Technologies: The Birth of a Women-Centered Analysis.- Ethics of Contraceptive Development and Deployment.- Historical Styles of Contraceptive Advocacy.- Ethical Problems in Government-Funded Contraceptive Research.- Value Conflicts in Biomedical Research into Future Contraceptives.- Status of Contraceptive Technology Development.- Women-Controlled Research.- Woman-Controlled Birth Control: A Feminist Analysis of Natural Birth Contro…
The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation. George Klosko
The Collective Dimensions of Political Morality
Collective moral action is analysed using two models: a deontological, non-strategic model emphasizing right moral judgment and individual action and a rational, strategic model emphasizing the need to overcome free-rider problems. While these models fail to explain satisfactorily collective moral action each provides valuable insights which are used to examine three case studies: successful collective action to rescue Jews in Europe and failed a…
Jewish Rescue in Holland and France during the Second World War
In this article Jewish rescue is analyzed as a collective action problem rather than as a question of altruism. Data were collected from 174 rescuers in France and Holland to measure rescue along three dimensions: the motivations of rescue, the cognitive structure of rescue motivations, and the relative importance of personal motivations and incentives in the context of collective action. Three principal conclusions emerge from this study. First,…
Moral Judgment, Organizational Incentives and Collective Action
Moral Judgment, Organizational Incentives and Collective Action
Abortion politics affords an opportunity to examine how moral judgments are translated into collective action. Two approaches are examined. Cogni tive developmental theory underscores moral development as a necessary condition of activism while rational choice theory emphasizes the necessity of appropriate incentive structures as a condition of participation in purposive organizations. Each theory is operationalized and the effects of moral devel…
Moral Reasoning and Ideological Affiliation
While theories of moral development claim to be structural and bias-free, empirical data consistently report significantly lower levels of moral development among political conservatives. These findings are disturbing for two reasons: either they cast doubt on the bias-free claim of cognitive developmental theory, or they point to afundamental moralflaw in conservative political ideology. To understand the relationship of moral development and po…
Ethics Committees in Israel
Ethics and Activism
Part I. The Philosophy of Political Morality: 1. Weak political morality 2. Strong political morality Part II. The Psychology of Political Morality: 3. Ethics and moral judgement: the dynamics of cognitive development 4. Efficacy and political action: the logic of collective behavior Part III. The Practice of Political Morality: 5. The politics of rescue: ethics and activism during wartime 6. The politics of abortion: ethics and activism in the U…
Autonomy and Paternalism in Communitarian Society Patient Rights in Israel
The Israeli Patient Rights Act attempts to accommodate personal autonomy within an avowedly paternalist communitarian state. Although Israel is still groping toward a solution, the legislation begins to show the different form a communitarian version of autonomy must take
Ethics education and physician morality
Randomized Controlled Trial of Audio Computer-assisted Self-Interviewing
Recent studies have reported on the utility of audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) in surveys of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors that involve a single assessment. This paper reports the results of a test of ACASI within a longitudinal study of HIV risk behavior and infection. Study participants (gay men (n = 1,974) and injection drug users (n = 903)) were randomly assigned to either ACASI or interviewer-administere…
The Second Wave Will Drown Us
TWO YEARS AGO, IN THESE pages, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) forecast a resurgent HIV epidemic among US men who have sex with men (MSM). Nationwide surveillance data had not yet shown a higher rate of new infections, but congruent indicators from sexually transmitted disease registries and studies of self-reported risk behavior all suggested that the consistent practice of safer sex was eroding.1 Earlier this year, the C…
Preemptive Use of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent Sexual Transmission of Hiv to High-Risk Uninfected MSM
In the June 2003 issue of the Journal, I posed the rhetorical question of why clinical trials of “pre-exposure prophylaxis” against sexual transmission were being planned for populations in developing countries, but not for men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at high risk of contracting HIV in the United States.1 As that issue of the Journal was in press, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published plans to support a random…
Fighting by other Means in the Mideast
Israel's efforts to quell violence during the recent conflict with the Palestinians include targeted assassinations of militia leaders. The international community permits the use of lethal force in only two cases, law enforcement and just war, and assassination cannot be justified in either. In the context of law enforcement, assassination remains prohibited as a form of extra-legal execution, regardless of Israel's status as an occupying power.…
Bioethics and Armed Conflict
Medical ethics in times of war are fundamentally different from those in times of peace. War brings military and medical values into conflict, often overwhelming other moral obligations, such as a doctor's charge to relieve suffering, in the face of military necessity
HIV Topical Microbicides
Six HIV candidate microbicides are scheduled to enter 6 large-scale effectiveness trials in the next year. The selection of products for testing and the design of this group of trials should be reconsidered to provide an answer to a key question now before the field: Does a sulfonated polyanion, delivered intravaginally as a gel, block HIV attachment to target cells with sufficient potency to protect women from sexually acquired HIV infection? Pa…
Regulating Torture in a Democracy
Since 1987, Israel has publicly confronted the issue of torture when a state commission of inquiry tried to formulate guidelines for "moderate physical pressure." Shrouded in secrecy, these regulations did not restrain torture but only led to increasingly degrading practices. In 1999, Israel's Supreme Court repudiated these same guidelines and reiterated the ban on torture. Judicial directives reduced the incidence of torture but allowed interrog…
Wartime Medical Ethics
Killing Civilians Intentionally
Journal Article Killing Civilians Intentionally: Double Effect, Reprisal, and Necessity in the Middle East Get access Michael L. Gross Michael L. Gross MICHAEL L. GROSS is senior lecturer in the Division of International Relations, The University of Haifa, Israel. He is the author of Ethics and Activism: The Theory and Practice of Political Morality (Cambridge, 1997) and the forthcoming, Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine an…
Bad Advice
Like the paired snakes of the caduceus, pathology and homosexuality became intertwined when medicine propped up a post-Enlightenment decline in religious authority by transforming moral disapproval into diagnoses of disease. Sex between men entered public health discourse as “gay bowel syndrome,” decades before methodologically sound social surveys demonstrated that heterosexual couples account for a much larger proportion of episodes of anal int…
From Medical Neutrality to Medical Immunity
To what extent are physicians neutral in war? After all, the job of any army medical corps is to maintain the fitness of the armed forces and to return the wounded to duty so they can fight again. Military surgeons, medics, and nurses support armies in the most fundamental way and insure their fighting capability. In what way, then, are they neutral
Political science (32 obras) · Law (30 obras) · Politics (24 obras) · Sociology (24 obras) · Psychology (19 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Social Psychology (14 obras) · Medicine (13 obras) · Torture, Ethics, and Law (12 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras)