Mikael Rask Madsen
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 246068 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Mikael Rask Madsen |
| PRENOMES | Mikael Rask |
| SOBRENOME | Madsen |
| ASSINATURA | MADSEN M R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Copenhagen |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1473-6727 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 180 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 40 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2004 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Organisational tool, legal concept or democratic principle? The three forms of subsidiarity and their implications for the European Court of Human Rights
One of the most striking developments in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights Court over the past decade is the development a new doctrine of subsidiarity that has been presented as democracy-enhancing. This article explores this turn to subsidiarity in European human rights to assess the extent to which it is positively contributing to democracy. The article does so by first unpacking the notion of subsidiarity, arguing that it is …
From “Global Scripts” to “Street Fights”
This article argues that the globalization of law is not collapsing under contemporary pressures but is instead being reconfigured through intensified contestation and shifting political alignments. While post-Cold War scholarship often portrayed legal globalization as a linear expansion of liberal legality, anchored in human rights, rule of law, and international institutions, recent developments have defied that narrative. Challenges to the leg…
International courts and sovereignty politics
In recent times, several international courts (ICs) have faced resistance from their member states. A recurring narrative used to justify states’ backlash against ICs has been that ICs are increasingly overreaching and essentially interfering with states’ sovereignty. This article explores what backlash over sovereignty actually entails, highlighting a diverse set of political agendas and strategies. The article first develops an analytical matri…
Aux origines nationalistes de l’état-providence danois
Contesting the World
Over the past thirty years, norms research has evolved into a significant subfield within International Relations and beyond. 'Contesting the World' delves into the development of norms, exploring their emergence, change and legitimacy on both domestic and international levels. This in-depth volume presents the interpretation-contestation framework, positioning it as the primary theoretical mechanism for understanding norms. Leading scholars span…
An Unlikely Rights Revolution
Why have civil society groups in Scandinavia increasingly turned to legal mobilization in recent decades? In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, a legal-political culture based on parliamentary supremacy, deferential judiciaries, strong-state corporatism, and jurisprudential scepticism towards rights talk supposedly discourages groups in civil society from seeking societal change through litigation. Yet, in all three countries, diverse groups and organi…
When the Sun, the Moon and the Stars Align
This article analyses LGBTQIA+ rights and death penalty litigation in the Caribbean and East Africa before and after the establishment of new regional international courts. LGBTQIA+ rights and the death penalty are both difficult and contested issues where global movements and litigation strategies easily clash with local sentiments. For litigation to have an impact in such issue areas, the article finds that three elements must align. First, the…
Un scandale danois
Alors que le Danemark est auréolé d’une réputation flatteuse concernant le fonctionnement de l’État de droit dans les classements internationaux, la décision du gouvernement d’abattre tous les visons d’élevage par peur d’une mutation du coronavirus a terni le tableau. En particulier lorsqu’on a découvert qu’il n’y avait pas de base légale pour cette décision très importante, impliquant les acteurs de la santé et de la police et ayant abouti à l’e…
The situated and bounded rationality of international courts
Understanding international judicial behaviour requires the development of a perspective that considers both individual and collective action. On the one hand, individual judges are influenced and shaped by their background and trajectory prior to their international judicial appointment; on the other hand, when appointed to international courts, they become part of a particular social setting and group dynamic. The article provides an interpreti…
Sovereignty, Substance, and Public Support for European Courts’ Human Rights Rulings
Is the public backlash against human rights rulings from European courts driven by substantive concerns over case outcomes, procedural concerns over sovereignty, or combinations thereof? We conducted preregistered survey experiments in Denmark, France, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom using three vignettes: a foreigner who faces extradition, a person fighting a fine for burning Qurans, and a home owner contesting eviction. Each vignette vari…
Regime Entanglement in the Emergence of Interstitial Legal Fields
Cet article examine les processus politiques et juridiques par lesquels les droits de l'homme et le droit de la migration ont été confondus – nous l’appellerons plus généralement ici « l'enchevêtrement des régimes ». L'enchevêtrement des régimes implique que les différents domaines du droit non seulement interagissent, mais soient plus étroitement liés et s'influencent mutuellement. Les droits de l'homme et le droit de la migration ont historique…
Da Expansão Ao Backlash? A Corte Europeia De Direitos Humanos E a Transformação Da Europa - Doi
2 Embora a expresso "compliance" tenha sido principalmente traduzida por "cumprimento", especialmente em referncia ao cumprimento de sentenas emitidas pela Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos, preferiu-se manter a expresso em lngua inglesa em alguns casos por ela melhor expressar uma srie de comportamentos e mecanismos relacionados obedincia ao sistema e implementao de um tratado ao qual um Estado se engaja a cumprir. (
Unity in Diversity” Reloaded
The European Convention of Human Rights system was originally created to sound the alarm if democracy was threatened in the member states. Yet, it eventually developed into a very different system with a focus on providing individual justice in an ever growing number of member states. This transformation has raised fundamental questions as to the level of difference and diversity allowed within the common European human rights space. Was the syst…
Two-level politics and the backlash against international courts
Are international institutions more prone to face backlash politics than domestic ones? Are international institutions easy targets for satisfying domestic political interests? Using the case of the recent criticism of the European Court of Human Rights, the article explores whether international institutions are more susceptible to face backlash politics than domestic ones due to the dual nature of international politics. The empirical study, fo…
Les affaires du droit
Il ne fait guère de doute qu’Yves Dezalay et Bryant Garth ont fourni les travaux les plus aboutis conceptuellement et les plus approfondis de la mondialisation du droit à ce jour. D’une manière générale, ces recherches sont une mine d’informations empiriques et analytiques rarement rencontrées dans d’autres études sur de tels phénomènes structurels. Ce qui apparaît peut-être moins clairement dans la réception de ces recherches, ce sont les concep…
International Court Authority
Identifying the “varied authority” of international adjudicators as a common object of inquiry, this book develops a framework to conceptualize and analyze international court authority with the goal of assessing how contextual factors affect international courts’ authority, and therby their political and legal influence. Scholars drawn from a range of academic disciplines—namely law, political science, and sociology—have contributed to this book…
Conclusion
This concluding chapter returns to the conjectures developed in Chapter 2, extracting insights from the book’s empirical chapters to explore how context shapes the authority of ICs. While several of the conjectures were confirmed, others were not. We focus in particular on the limited impact of IC design features, the distinctive challenges faced by international criminal tribunals, and by ICs created during the post-Cold War era. The final secti…
The Sadc Tribunal
This chapter uses the trajectory of the Southern African Development Community (“SADC”) Tribunal to chart sociopolitical constraints on international judicial lawmaking. It studies the SADC Tribunal backlash case, which paved the way for a curtailment of the Tribunal’s authority, stripping the Tribunal of both private access and its jurisdiction over human rights. Showing how jurisprudential engagement with sociopolitical context plays a signific…
Special Issue – Resistance to International Courts Introduction and Conclusion
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Backlash against international courts
The paper investigates and theorises different forms and patterns of resistance to international courts (ICs) and develops an analytical framework for explaining their variability. In order to make intelligible the resistance that many ICs are currently facing, the paper first unpacks the concept of resistance. It then introduces a key distinction between mere pushback from individual Member States or other actors, seeking to influence the future…
Toleration, Synthesis or Replacement? The ‘Empirical Turn’ and its Consequences for the Science of International Law
One of the most striking trends in contemporary international law (IL) scholarship is the turn to empirical research methods. Some see this as sign of progress, whereas others call for caution or even show hostility. With a view to the future of IL scholarship, however, all sides in this at times heated debate seem to have considerable problems keeping a clear focus on the key question: What are the implications of this empirical turn in terms of…
Tomlinson v. Belize; Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago
This article is a commentary on two of the latest decisions of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), Tomlinson v. Belize, and Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago. In these two cases, the CCJ was called to rule over the legality under the Treaty of Chaguaramas of the Immigration Acts of Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, both of which contain express provisions banning the entry of homosexuals into those two countries. The CCJ rejected the two cases by …
High Stakes and Persistent Challenges – A Rejoinder to Klabbers and Augsberg
In this separate rejoinder to Jan Klabbers' and Ino Augsberg's comments to the articles in the symposium on New Legal Realism in International Law ( Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 28:2, 2015), we respond from the point of view of the European New Legal Realism (ENLR) as propounded in our initial contribution to the symposium. Agreeing with Ingo Venzke who wrote in his introduction to the symposium that ‘stakes are high’ in the debat…
European New Legal Realism and International Law
International law remains in many ways a challenge to legal science. As in domestic law, the available options appear to be exhausted by either internal doctrinal approaches, or external approaches applying more general empirical methods from the social sciences. This article claims that, while these major positions obviously provide interesting insights, none of them manage to make international law intelligible in a broader sense. Instead, it a…
The return of sociology in Danish socio-legal studies
This paper surveys recent trends in the development of the sociology of law in Denmark. The overall argument of the paper is that, currently, the sociology of law in Denmark is marked by a striking sociological and more specifically institutional and empirical turn. This new direction in scholarship suggests not only a renewed research focus on the institutional dimensions of law but it also – and very differently from work from the 1980s and 199…
Backlash against international courts
The paper investigates and theorises different forms and patterns of resistance to international courts (ICs) and develops an analytical framework for explaining their variability. In order to make intelligible the resistance that many ICs are currently facing, the paper first unpacks the concept of resistance. It then introduces a key distinction between mere pushback from individual Member States or other actors, seeking to influence the future…
From Cold War Instrument to Supreme European Court
The history of the genesis and institutionalization of the European Convention on Human Rights offers a striking account of the innovation of a new legal subject and practice—European human rights—that went along with, but also beyond, the political and legal genesis of Europe following World War II. The rise of the European human rights institutions shows not only how law and lawyers played key roles in the early politics of European integration…
Sovereignty, Substance, and Public Support for European Courts’ Human Rights Rulings
Is the public backlash against human rights rulings from European courts driven by substantive concerns over case outcomes, procedural concerns over sovereignty, or combinations thereof? We conducted preregistered survey experiments in Denmark, France, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom using three vignettes: a foreigner who faces extradition, a person fighting a fine for burning Qurans, and a home owner contesting eviction. Each vignette vari…
The Force of Law and Lawyers
Looking back 25 years after the publication of Pierre Bourdieu's seminal article “The Force of Law,” we inquire into the background for the weak reception of his work in law and society studies. We argue that the differences in the conceptions of law, state, and society between US law and society scholarship and French historical sociology have made it hard to transfer the theory across the Atlantic. We further contend that the impact of Bourdieu…
Reflexivity and the Construction of the International Object
Journal Article Reflexivity and the Construction of the International Object: The Case of Human Rights Get access Mikael Rask Madsen Mikael Rask Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 259–275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2011.00133.x Published: 14 September 2011
Fields of Global Governance
Journal Article Fields of Global Governance: How Transnational Power Elites Can Make Global Governance Intelligible Get access Niilo Kauppi, Niilo Kauppi CNRS Strasbourg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mikael R. Madsen Mikael R. Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages…
European New Legal Realism and International Law
International law remains in many ways a challenge to legal science. As in domestic law, the available options appear to be exhausted by either internal doctrinal approaches, or external approaches applying more general empirical methods from the social sciences. This article claims that, while these major positions obviously provide interesting insights, none of them manage to make international law intelligible in a broader sense. Instead, it a…
Introduction to Symposium“A Different Reading of the International”
This special issue of International Political Sociology consists of a symposium of papers that demonstrate the possibilities applying the political sociology of Pierre Bourdieu to international studies, both theoretically and empirically. The papers are all derived from a panel entitled “A Different Reading of the International” organized at the 2010 ISA Annual Conference in New Orleans. Correspondingly, the main claim of this special issue is th…
Two-level politics and the backlash against international courts
Are international institutions more prone to face backlash politics than domestic ones? Are international institutions easy targets for satisfying domestic political interests? Using the case of the recent criticism of the European Court of Human Rights, the article explores whether international institutions are more susceptible to face backlash politics than domestic ones due to the dual nature of international politics. The empirical study, fo…
Institutions et acteurs
La recherche sociologique sur l’Union européenne offer une alternative indispensable aux habituelles approches de l’UE dominées par l’économie, le droit, les relations internationales et les sciences politiques. Toutefois, jusqu’à présent, cette alternative sociologique a surtout consisté en l’adaptation de la terminologie sociologique telle que « construction sociale » ou « identité » et en l’introduction de nouveaux objets de recherche, telles …
The return of sociology in Danish socio-legal studies
This paper surveys recent trends in the development of the sociology of law in Denmark. The overall argument of the paper is that, currently, the sociology of law in Denmark is marked by a striking sociological and more specifically institutional and empirical turn. This new direction in scholarship suggests not only a renewed research focus on the institutional dimensions of law but it also – and very differently from work from the 1980s and 199…
Special Issue – Resistance to International Courts Introduction and Conclusion
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The International Judiciary as Transnational Power Elite
Journal Article The International Judiciary as Transnational Power Elite Get access Mikael R. Madsen Mikael R. Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 332–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12063 Published: 26 August 2014
The situated and bounded rationality of international courts
Understanding international judicial behaviour requires the development of a perspective that considers both individual and collective action. On the one hand, individual judges are influenced and shaped by their background and trajectory prior to their international judicial appointment; on the other hand, when appointed to international courts, they become part of a particular social setting and group dynamic. The article provides an interpreti…
Tomlinson v. Belize; Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago
This article is a commentary on two of the latest decisions of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), Tomlinson v. Belize, and Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago. In these two cases, the CCJ was called to rule over the legality under the Treaty of Chaguaramas of the Immigration Acts of Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, both of which contain express provisions banning the entry of homosexuals into those two countries. The CCJ rejected the two cases by …
High Stakes and Persistent Challenges – A Rejoinder to Klabbers and Augsberg
In this separate rejoinder to Jan Klabbers' and Ino Augsberg's comments to the articles in the symposium on New Legal Realism in International Law ( Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 28:2, 2015), we respond from the point of view of the European New Legal Realism (ENLR) as propounded in our initial contribution to the symposium. Agreeing with Ingo Venzke who wrote in his introduction to the symposium that ‘stakes are high’ in the debat…
Make law, not war
Malgre leur appartenance au club tres ferme des pionniers et des exportateurs des droits de l’homme, le Royaume-Uni et la France ont ete surpris par l’internationalisation des droits de l’homme. Fortes de leurs grandes traditions dans ce domaine, ces societes imperiales ont confortablement presuppose que la legalisation et l’institutionnalisation des droits de l’homme au niveau international constituaient une simple europeanisation de leurs propr…
An Unlikely Rights Revolution
Why have civil society groups in Scandinavia increasingly turned to legal mobilization in recent decades? In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, a legal-political culture based on parliamentary supremacy, deferential judiciaries, strong-state corporatism, and jurisprudential scepticism towards rights talk supposedly discourages groups in civil society from seeking societal change through litigation. Yet, in all three countries, diverse groups and organi…
Make law, not war
Malgre leur appartenance au club tres ferme des pionniers et des exportateurs des droits de l’homme, le Royaume-Uni et la France ont ete surpris par l’internationalisation des droits de l’homme. Fortes de leurs grandes traditions dans ce domaine, ces societes imperiales ont confortablement presuppose que la legalisation et l’institutionnalisation des droits de l’homme au niveau international constituaient une simple europeanisation de leurs propr…
La Cour qui venait du froid. »
The Court that Came in from the Cold. Human Rights in the Building of Europe after the War A product of cold war strategies as much as post-war legal and political universalist ideologies, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (EHRC) and its institutions have gradually taken on a paramount position in European human rights law. Through the accounts given by key actors responsible for the institutional…
Les formes de l'activité politique
Henimod entreprenant miljøpraksis - en præliminær analyse af dansk miljøekspertise som socialt felt
From militant to entrepreneu-rial environmental practice: on the construction and trans-formation of a Danish field of environmental expertise By tracing the trajectories of holders of environmental expertise, this article attempts to understand the social construction of environmental protection measures in Denmark. The focus is not on these measures, per se, but rather on them as the product of inter-professional battles in, out and around that…
From Cold War Instrument to Supreme European Court
The history of the genesis and institutionalization of the European Convention on Human Rights offers a striking account of the innovation of a new legal subject and practice—European human rights—that went along with, but also beyond, the political and legal genesis of Europe following World War II. The rise of the European human rights institutions shows not only how law and lawyers played key roles in the early politics of European integration…
Introduktion
Institutions et acteurs
La recherche sociologique sur l’Union européenne offer une alternative indispensable aux habituelles approches de l’UE dominées par l’économie, le droit, les relations internationales et les sciences politiques. Toutefois, jusqu’à présent, cette alternative sociologique a surtout consisté en l’adaptation de la terminologie sociologique telle que « construction sociale » ou « identité » et en l’introduction de nouveaux objets de recherche, telles …
La fabrique des traités européens
L’article analyse la genèse de la Charte européenne des droits fondamentaux comme un exemple de fabrique d’un traité européen. Le processus de négociation de la Charte y est examiné à la fois comme un processus à court terme et à long terme. S’agissant du processus à court terme, l’analyse met en lumière les efforts déployés en vue d’établir un nouveau cadre de négociation sous la forme d’une Convention. En ce qui concerne la Charte dans la longu…
Introduction to Symposium“A Different Reading of the International”
This special issue of International Political Sociology consists of a symposium of papers that demonstrate the possibilities applying the political sociology of Pierre Bourdieu to international studies, both theoretically and empirically. The papers are all derived from a panel entitled “A Different Reading of the International” organized at the 2010 ISA Annual Conference in New Orleans. Correspondingly, the main claim of this special issue is th…
Reflexivity and the Construction of the International Object
Journal Article Reflexivity and the Construction of the International Object: The Case of Human Rights Get access Mikael Rask Madsen Mikael Rask Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 259–275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2011.00133.x Published: 14 September 2011
The Force of Law and Lawyers
Looking back 25 years after the publication of Pierre Bourdieu's seminal article “The Force of Law,” we inquire into the background for the weak reception of his work in law and society studies. We argue that the differences in the conceptions of law, state, and society between US law and society scholarship and French historical sociology have made it hard to transfer the theory across the Atlantic. We further contend that the impact of Bourdieu…
Transnational Power Elites
Making Human Rights Intelligible
Human rights have become a defining feature of contemporary society, permeating public discourse on politics, law and culture. But why did human rights emerge as a key social force in our time and what is the relationship between rights and the structures of both national and international society? By highlighting the institutional and socio-cultural context of human rights, this timely and thought-provoking collection provides illuminating insig…
Transnational Power Elites
The return of sociology in Danish socio-legal studies
This paper surveys recent trends in the development of the sociology of law in Denmark. The overall argument of the paper is that, currently, the sociology of law in Denmark is marked by a striking sociological and more specifically institutional and empirical turn. This new direction in scholarship suggests not only a renewed research focus on the institutional dimensions of law but it also – and very differently from work from the 1980s and 199…
The International Judiciary as Transnational Power Elite
Journal Article The International Judiciary as Transnational Power Elite Get access Mikael R. Madsen Mikael R. Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 332–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12063 Published: 26 August 2014
Fields of Global Governance
Journal Article Fields of Global Governance: How Transnational Power Elites Can Make Global Governance Intelligible Get access Niilo Kauppi, Niilo Kauppi CNRS Strasbourg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mikael R. Madsen Mikael R. Madsen University of Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Political Sociology, Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages…
High Stakes and Persistent Challenges – A Rejoinder to Klabbers and Augsberg
In this separate rejoinder to Jan Klabbers' and Ino Augsberg's comments to the articles in the symposium on New Legal Realism in International Law ( Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 28:2, 2015), we respond from the point of view of the European New Legal Realism (ENLR) as propounded in our initial contribution to the symposium. Agreeing with Ingo Venzke who wrote in his introduction to the symposium that ‘stakes are high’ in the debat…
European New Legal Realism and International Law
International law remains in many ways a challenge to legal science. As in domestic law, the available options appear to be exhausted by either internal doctrinal approaches, or external approaches applying more general empirical methods from the social sciences. This article claims that, while these major positions obviously provide interesting insights, none of them manage to make international law intelligible in a broader sense. Instead, it a…
Toleration, Synthesis or Replacement? The ‘Empirical Turn’ and its Consequences for the Science of International Law
One of the most striking trends in contemporary international law (IL) scholarship is the turn to empirical research methods. Some see this as sign of progress, whereas others call for caution or even show hostility. With a view to the future of IL scholarship, however, all sides in this at times heated debate seem to have considerable problems keeping a clear focus on the key question: What are the implications of this empirical turn in terms of…
Tomlinson v. Belize; Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago
This article is a commentary on two of the latest decisions of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), Tomlinson v. Belize, and Tomlinson v. Trinidad and Tobago. In these two cases, the CCJ was called to rule over the legality under the Treaty of Chaguaramas of the Immigration Acts of Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, both of which contain express provisions banning the entry of homosexuals into those two countries. The CCJ rejected the two cases by …
International Court Authority
Identifying the “varied authority” of international adjudicators as a common object of inquiry, this book develops a framework to conceptualize and analyze international court authority with the goal of assessing how contextual factors affect international courts’ authority, and therby their political and legal influence. Scholars drawn from a range of academic disciplines—namely law, political science, and sociology—have contributed to this book…
Conclusion
This concluding chapter returns to the conjectures developed in Chapter 2, extracting insights from the book’s empirical chapters to explore how context shapes the authority of ICs. While several of the conjectures were confirmed, others were not. We focus in particular on the limited impact of IC design features, the distinctive challenges faced by international criminal tribunals, and by ICs created during the post-Cold War era. The final secti…
The Sadc Tribunal
This chapter uses the trajectory of the Southern African Development Community (“SADC”) Tribunal to chart sociopolitical constraints on international judicial lawmaking. It studies the SADC Tribunal backlash case, which paved the way for a curtailment of the Tribunal’s authority, stripping the Tribunal of both private access and its jurisdiction over human rights. Showing how jurisprudential engagement with sociopolitical context plays a signific…
Special Issue – Resistance to International Courts Introduction and Conclusion
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Political science (34 obras) · Law (22 obras) · Sociology (21 obras) · Politics (16 obras) · Law (12 obras) · Philosophy (12 obras) · Human rights (10 obras) · International Law and Human Rights (10 obras) · European and International Law Studies (9 obras) · Judicial and Constitutional Studies (9 obras)