George B Ploubidis
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 2639340 |
|---|---|
| NOME | George B Ploubidis |
| PRENOMES | George B |
| SOBRENOME | Ploubidis |
| ASSINATURA | PLOUBIDIS G B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7065-1875 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 134 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2010 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Chronic health conditions and health-related economic inactivity in midlife
Background Health-related economic inactivity is a growing concern in the United Kingdom but little is known about how the relationship between health and work participation has changed across cohorts. Methods We used data from two British birth cohorts born in 1958 (National Child Development Study, n = 9,761) and 1970 (British Cohort Study, n = 7,336). We examined how self-reported chronic health conditions at age 42 (longstanding illness, obes…
Covid-19, economic downturn, and long-term trajectories of population mental health
Background We examined long-term trajectories of mental (ill-)health in two British generations (‘Baby boomers’ and ‘Generation X’) across the life-course, including the COVID-19 lockdowns and the following cost-of-living increases. We analysed inequalities by generation, gender, socioeconomic position (SEP), and their intersections, and explored the relationship between inflation and mental (ill-)health post-lockdown. Methods and Findings We use…
Socioeconomic and sex inequalities in parent‐reported adolescent mental ill‐health
BACKGROUND: Studies using symptom-based screeners have suggested that mental ill-health has increased in adolescents in recent decades, however, few studies have tested the equivalence of their instruments, which is critical for inferring changes in prevalence. In addition, little research has explored whether socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex inequalities in adolescent mental health have changed over time. METHODS: Using structural equation m…
Older Adults in the United States Have Worse Cardiometabolic Health Compared to England
Explanations for lagging life expectancy in the United States compared to other high-income countries have focused largely on "deaths of despair," but attention has also shifted to the role of stalling improvements in cardiovascular disease and the obesity epidemic. Using harmonized data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we assess differences in self-reported and objective measures of health, amon…
Mental and social wellbeing and the UK coronavirus job retention scheme
During the early stages of the pandemic, those furloughed had increased risk of poor mental and social wellbeing, but furloughed workers fared better than those who became unemployed, suggesting that furlough may have partly mitigated poorer outcomes
Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity
Prevalence of multimorbidity was high in mid-life (33.8% at age 46-48) in Britain. Potentially modifiable early-life exposures, including early-life social circumstances, cognitive, physical and emotional development, were associated with elevated risk of mid-life multimorbidity
Influence of childhood socioeconomic position and ability on mid-life cognitive function
BACKGROUND: Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is robustly associated with cognitive function later in life. However, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct relationship, or an indirect association via modifiable factors such as educational attainment and occupation. We sought to clarify these associations using retrospectively harmonised data from three ongoing British birth cohorts. METHODS: We analysed data from the 1946 National Sur…
Changes in the behavioural determinants of health during the Covid-19 pandemic
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have far-reaching consequences on population health. We investigated whether these consequences included changes in health-impacting behaviours which are important drivers of health inequalities. METHODS: Using data from five representative British cohorts (born 2000-2002, 1989-1990, 1970, 1958 and 1946), we investigated sleep, physical activity (exercise), diet and alcohol intake (N=14 297). We in…
The relationship between child behaviour problems at school entrance and teenage vocabulary acquisition
Behaviour problems in early childhood have a lasting impact on cognitive development and education attainment in later adolescence and into adulthood. Here we address the relationship conduct and hyperactivity problems at school entrance, and vocabulary acquisition in adolescence. We compare performance in identical assessments across two generations of British children born 30 years apart in 1970 ( n = 15,676) and 2000/2 ( n = 16,628) and find t…
Fertility History and Biomarkers Using Prospective Data
Research on the later-life health implications of fertility history has predominantly considered associations with mortality or self-reported indicators of health. Most of this previous research has either not been able to account for selection factors related to both early-life and later-life health or has had to rely on retrospectively reported accounts of childhood circumstances. Using the 1958 National Child Development Study, and in particul…
Living longer but not necessarily healthier
Despite improvements in life expectancy, there is uncertainty on whether the increase in years of healthy life expectancy has kept pace. In this paper we explore whether there is empirical support for the expansion of morbidity hypothesis in the population aged 25-64 living in England. Nationally representative cohorts born between 1945 and 1980 are constructed from repeated annual cross-sections of the Health Survey for England, 1991-2014. Later…
Association of nursery and early school attendance with later health behaviours, biomedical risk factors, and mortality
BACKGROUND: Although early life education for improved long-term health and the amelioration of socioeconomically generated inequalities in chronic disease is advocated in influential policy statements, the evidence base is very modest. AIMS: To address this dearth of evidence using data from a representative UK national birth cohort study. METHODS: The analytical sample comprised men and women in the 1958 birth cohort study with prospectively ga…
Inequity in out-of-pocket payments for hospitalisation in India
High OOPP for hospitalisation and greater inequity among older population calls for better risk pooling and prepayment mechanisms in India
Quasi-experimental evidence on short- and long-term consequences of bullying victimization
Exposure to bullying victimization is associated with a wide-range of short and long-term adverse outcomes. However, the extent to which these associations reflect a causal influence of bullying victimization remains disputed. Here, we aimed to provide the most stringent evidence regarding the consequences of bullying victimization by meta-analyzing all relevant quasi-experimental (QE) studies. Multilevel random effects models and metaregression …
Testing Comparability Between Retrospective Life History Data and Prospective Birth Cohort Study Data
The findings on the one hand provide some reassurance to the growing literature using life history data to determine life course associations with later life wellbeing. On the other hand, the findings show an overestimation in the retrospective data, in part, arising from the absence in life history data of childhood measures that are not well suited to retrospective collection
Horizontal inequity in outpatient care use and untreated morbidity
Equity in healthcare has been a long-term guiding principle of health policy in India. We estimate the change in horizontal inequities in healthcare use over two decades comparing the older population (60 years or more) with the younger population (under 60 years). We used data from the nationwide healthcare surveys conducted in India by the National Sample Survey Organization in 1995-96 and 2014 with sample sizes 633 405 and 335 499, respectivel…
Life-course partnership history and midlife health behaviours in a population-based birth cohort
BACKGROUND: Marital and partnership history is strongly associated with health in midlife and later life. However, the role of health behaviours as an explanatory mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate prospective associations between life-course partnership trajectories (taking into account timing, non-marital cohabitation, remarriage and marital transitions) and health behaviours measured in midlife. METHODS: We ana…
Factors across the life course predict women’s change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and in midlife
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking before, during and after pregnancy remains one of the few preventable factors associated with poor health outcomes for mothers and their children. We investigate predictors across the life course for change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and whether this change predicts smoking status in midlife. METHODS: Data were from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort). We included female cohort m…
The influence of private primary schooling on children's learning
Much has been made of the academic success of children who have attended private secondary schools in Britain, but far less attention has been directed to whether there are similar benefits from attending a private primary school. Using data from three British birth cohorts—born in 1958, 1970 and 2000/1—this paper profiles the family background and personal characteristics of children at state‐funded and private fee‐paying schools and then invest…
Impact of Integrated Services on HIV Testing
The impact of integrated reproductive health and HIV services on HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake was assessed among 882 Kenyan family planning clients using a nonrandomized cohort design within six intervention and six “comparison” facilities. The effect of integration on HTC goals (two tests over two years) was assessed using conditional logistic regression to test four “integration” exposures: a training and reorganization intervention;…
Ploubidis et al. Respond
Thank you for the opportunity to respond to Strohschein’s letter regarding our published article in AJPH. The main issue raised by Strohschein is that our study lacks a test of interaction for one of our findings, namely that men derive more health benefits from marriage than women. Strohschein cites a newspaper article, which appears to reference our article. Unfortunately, the newspaper article misrepresents our findings. We simply did not find…
Is “Sexual Competence” at First Heterosexual Intercourse Associated With Subsequent Sexual Health Status
The timing of first sexual intercourse is often defined in terms of chronological age, with particular focus on "early" first sex. Arguments can be made for a more nuanced concept of readiness and appropriateness of timing of first intercourse. Using data from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), conducted in 2010-2012, this study examined whether a context-based measure of first intercourse-termed sexual compe…
Do routinely measured risk factors for obesity explain the sex gap in its prevalence? Observations from Saudi Arabia
Our analysis shows that most commonly measured risk factors for obesity do not explain the sex differences in its prevalence in the Saudi context. Further research is needed to understand what might explain the female excess in obesity prevalence. We discuss how data related to the lived experience of Saudi men and women may tap into underlying mechanisms by which the sex difference in obesity prevalence are produced
Women’s empowerment in agriculture and child nutritional status in rural Nepal
Objective To examine the association between women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age in rural Nepal. Design Cross-sectional survey of 4080 households conducted in 2012. Data collected included: child and maternal anthropometric measurements; child age and sex; maternal age, education, occupation and empowerment in agriculture; and household size, number of children, religion, caste and agro-ec…
Life-Course Partnership Status and Biomarkers in Midlife
Objectives. We examined the association between trajectories of partnership status over the life course and objectively measured health indicators in midlife. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (1981, 1991, 2000, and 2002–2004) of the British National Child Development Study (NCDS), a prospective cohort study that includes all people born in Britain during 1 week in March 1958 (n = 18 558). Results. After controlling for selection attributable to…
Quasi-experimental evidence on short- and long-term consequences of bullying victimization
Exposure to bullying victimization is associated with a wide-range of short and long-term adverse outcomes. However, the extent to which these associations reflect a causal influence of bullying victimization remains disputed. Here, we aimed to provide the most stringent evidence regarding the consequences of bullying victimization by meta-analyzing all relevant quasi-experimental (QE) studies. Multilevel random effects models and metaregression …
Lifelong Socio Economic Position and biomarkers of later life health
The relative contribution of early or later life Socio Economic Position (SEP) to later life health is not fully understood and there are alternative hypotheses about the pathways through which they may influence health. We used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing with a formal approach for the identification of mediating factors in order to investigate alternative hypotheses about life course influences on biomarkers of later life…
Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index
INTRODUCTION: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position (SEP) in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective SEP indicators are infrequently used in health research. METHODS: We use data from 11 280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subject…
Living longer but not necessarily healthier
Despite improvements in life expectancy, there is uncertainty on whether the increase in years of healthy life expectancy has kept pace. In this paper we explore whether there is empirical support for the expansion of morbidity hypothesis in the population aged 25-64 living in England. Nationally representative cohorts born between 1945 and 1980 are constructed from repeated annual cross-sections of the Health Survey for England, 1991-2014. Later…
Health Measurement in Population Surveys
Our primary aim is to develop and validate a population health metric for survey-based health assessment that combines information from both self-reported and observer-measured health indicators. A secondary objective is to use this index to examine gender and socioeconomic differentials in the health status of older people. We use data from the second wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) conducted in 2004 (N = 8,870). Informat…
An Evaluation of the Precision of Measurement of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales in a Population Sample
The aim of this study is to assess the effective measurement range of Ryff's Psychological Well-being scales (PWB). It applies normal ogive item response theory (IRT) methodology using factor analysis procedures for ordinal data based on a limited information estimation approach. The data come from a sample of 1,179 women participating in a midlife follow-up of a national birth cohort study in the UK. The PWB scales incorporate six dimensions: au…
Is “Sexual Competence” at First Heterosexual Intercourse Associated With Subsequent Sexual Health Status
The timing of first sexual intercourse is often defined in terms of chronological age, with particular focus on "early" first sex. Arguments can be made for a more nuanced concept of readiness and appropriateness of timing of first intercourse. Using data from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), conducted in 2010-2012, this study examined whether a context-based measure of first intercourse-termed sexual compe…
Testing Comparability Between Retrospective Life History Data and Prospective Birth Cohort Study Data
The findings on the one hand provide some reassurance to the growing literature using life history data to determine life course associations with later life wellbeing. On the other hand, the findings show an overestimation in the retrospective data, in part, arising from the absence in life history data of childhood measures that are not well suited to retrospective collection
Life-Course Partnership Status and Biomarkers in Midlife
Objectives. We examined the association between trajectories of partnership status over the life course and objectively measured health indicators in midlife. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (1981, 1991, 2000, and 2002–2004) of the British National Child Development Study (NCDS), a prospective cohort study that includes all people born in Britain during 1 week in March 1958 (n = 18 558). Results. After controlling for selection attributable to…
Fertility History and Biomarkers Using Prospective Data
Research on the later-life health implications of fertility history has predominantly considered associations with mortality or self-reported indicators of health. Most of this previous research has either not been able to account for selection factors related to both early-life and later-life health or has had to rely on retrospectively reported accounts of childhood circumstances. Using the 1958 National Child Development Study, and in particul…
The influence of private primary schooling on children's learning
Much has been made of the academic success of children who have attended private secondary schools in Britain, but far less attention has been directed to whether there are similar benefits from attending a private primary school. Using data from three British birth cohorts—born in 1958, 1970 and 2000/1—this paper profiles the family background and personal characteristics of children at state‐funded and private fee‐paying schools and then invest…
Impact of Integrated Services on HIV Testing
The impact of integrated reproductive health and HIV services on HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake was assessed among 882 Kenyan family planning clients using a nonrandomized cohort design within six intervention and six “comparison” facilities. The effect of integration on HTC goals (two tests over two years) was assessed using conditional logistic regression to test four “integration” exposures: a training and reorganization intervention;…
Older Adults in the United States Have Worse Cardiometabolic Health Compared to England
Explanations for lagging life expectancy in the United States compared to other high-income countries have focused largely on "deaths of despair," but attention has also shifted to the role of stalling improvements in cardiovascular disease and the obesity epidemic. Using harmonized data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we assess differences in self-reported and objective measures of health, amon…
Association of nursery and early school attendance with later health behaviours, biomedical risk factors, and mortality
BACKGROUND: Although early life education for improved long-term health and the amelioration of socioeconomically generated inequalities in chronic disease is advocated in influential policy statements, the evidence base is very modest. AIMS: To address this dearth of evidence using data from a representative UK national birth cohort study. METHODS: The analytical sample comprised men and women in the 1958 birth cohort study with prospectively ga…
Life-course partnership history and midlife health behaviours in a population-based birth cohort
BACKGROUND: Marital and partnership history is strongly associated with health in midlife and later life. However, the role of health behaviours as an explanatory mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate prospective associations between life-course partnership trajectories (taking into account timing, non-marital cohabitation, remarriage and marital transitions) and health behaviours measured in midlife. METHODS: We ana…
Mental and social wellbeing and the UK coronavirus job retention scheme
During the early stages of the pandemic, those furloughed had increased risk of poor mental and social wellbeing, but furloughed workers fared better than those who became unemployed, suggesting that furlough may have partly mitigated poorer outcomes
Influence of childhood socioeconomic position and ability on mid-life cognitive function
BACKGROUND: Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is robustly associated with cognitive function later in life. However, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct relationship, or an indirect association via modifiable factors such as educational attainment and occupation. We sought to clarify these associations using retrospectively harmonised data from three ongoing British birth cohorts. METHODS: We analysed data from the 1946 National Sur…
Changes in the behavioural determinants of health during the Covid-19 pandemic
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have far-reaching consequences on population health. We investigated whether these consequences included changes in health-impacting behaviours which are important drivers of health inequalities. METHODS: Using data from five representative British cohorts (born 2000-2002, 1989-1990, 1970, 1958 and 1946), we investigated sleep, physical activity (exercise), diet and alcohol intake (N=14 297). We in…
Inequity in out-of-pocket payments for hospitalisation in India
High OOPP for hospitalisation and greater inequity among older population calls for better risk pooling and prepayment mechanisms in India
Socioeconomic Position and Health-Seeking Behavior for Hearing Loss Among Older Adults in England
Among the noninstitutionalized older population of England, SEP-related inequalities exist in the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss. However, SEP is not strongly associated with progression in the remaining stages of health-seeking process during and after an individual's contact with the health system
The relationship between child behaviour problems at school entrance and teenage vocabulary acquisition
Behaviour problems in early childhood have a lasting impact on cognitive development and education attainment in later adolescence and into adulthood. Here we address the relationship conduct and hyperactivity problems at school entrance, and vocabulary acquisition in adolescence. We compare performance in identical assessments across two generations of British children born 30 years apart in 1970 ( n = 15,676) and 2000/2 ( n = 16,628) and find t…
Horizontal inequity in outpatient care use and untreated morbidity
Equity in healthcare has been a long-term guiding principle of health policy in India. We estimate the change in horizontal inequities in healthcare use over two decades comparing the older population (60 years or more) with the younger population (under 60 years). We used data from the nationwide healthcare surveys conducted in India by the National Sample Survey Organization in 1995-96 and 2014 with sample sizes 633 405 and 335 499, respectivel…
Factors across the life course predict women’s change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and in midlife
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking before, during and after pregnancy remains one of the few preventable factors associated with poor health outcomes for mothers and their children. We investigate predictors across the life course for change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and whether this change predicts smoking status in midlife. METHODS: Data were from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort). We included female cohort m…
The Natsal-SF Measure of Sexual Function
The Natsal-SF is a psychometrically validated measure of sexual function for use in community health surveys, derived from 17 questions reflecting three components of sexual function. Scoring requires knowledge of complex statistical modeling and, given the methodological complexities, we assessed the validity of two simplified scoring methods calculated using the factor loadings produced when originally modeling the Natsal-SF items. Method 1 use…
When to Use Broader Internalising and Externalising Subscales Instead of the Hypothesised Five Subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
An Evaluation of the Precision of Measurement of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales in a Population Sample
The aim of this study is to assess the effective measurement range of Ryff's Psychological Well-being scales (PWB). It applies normal ogive item response theory (IRT) methodology using factor analysis procedures for ordinal data based on a limited information estimation approach. The data come from a sample of 1,179 women participating in a midlife follow-up of a national birth cohort study in the UK. The PWB scales incorporate six dimensions: au…
Health differentials in the older population of England
From a policy perspective there is therefore an indication that population interventions to reduce health differentials and thus improve the overall health of the older population should focus on material circumstances and population based interventions to promote healthy lifestyles
Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index
INTRODUCTION: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position (SEP) in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective SEP indicators are infrequently used in health research. METHODS: We use data from 11 280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subject…
Health Measurement in Population Surveys
Our primary aim is to develop and validate a population health metric for survey-based health assessment that combines information from both self-reported and observer-measured health indicators. A secondary objective is to use this index to examine gender and socioeconomic differentials in the health status of older people. We use data from the second wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) conducted in 2004 (N = 8,870). Informat…
Sexual function in Britain
BACKGROUND: Despite its importance to sexual health and wellbeing, sexual function is given little attention in sexual health policy. Population-based studies are needed to understand sexual function across the life course. METHODS: We undertook a probability sample survey (the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles [Natsal-3]) of 15,162 individuals aged 16-74 years who lived in Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales). Interviews…
Socio-economic factors associated with maternal health-seeking behaviours among women from poor households in rural Egypt
Coverage of basic maternal health interventions and utilisation of private providers are lower among rural poor women in Upper Egypt than nationally. Variables capturing socio-cultural resourcefulness and economic resourcefulness were useful predictors of ANC and facility delivery. Further understanding of issues surrounding availability, affordability and quality of maternal health services among the poor is crucial to eliminating inequalities i…
Using multi-level data to estimate the effect of an ‘alcogenic’ environment on hazardous alcohol consumption in the former Soviet Union
Socioeconomic Position and Health-Seeking Behavior for Hearing Loss Among Older Adults in England
Among the noninstitutionalized older population of England, SEP-related inequalities exist in the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss. However, SEP is not strongly associated with progression in the remaining stages of health-seeking process during and after an individual's contact with the health system
Lifelong Socio Economic Position and biomarkers of later life health
The relative contribution of early or later life Socio Economic Position (SEP) to later life health is not fully understood and there are alternative hypotheses about the pathways through which they may influence health. We used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing with a formal approach for the identification of mediating factors in order to investigate alternative hypotheses about life course influences on biomarkers of later life…
Do routinely measured risk factors for obesity explain the sex gap in its prevalence? Observations from Saudi Arabia
Our analysis shows that most commonly measured risk factors for obesity do not explain the sex differences in its prevalence in the Saudi context. Further research is needed to understand what might explain the female excess in obesity prevalence. We discuss how data related to the lived experience of Saudi men and women may tap into underlying mechanisms by which the sex difference in obesity prevalence are produced
Women’s empowerment in agriculture and child nutritional status in rural Nepal
Objective To examine the association between women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age in rural Nepal. Design Cross-sectional survey of 4080 households conducted in 2012. Data collected included: child and maternal anthropometric measurements; child age and sex; maternal age, education, occupation and empowerment in agriculture; and household size, number of children, religion, caste and agro-ec…
Life-Course Partnership Status and Biomarkers in Midlife
Objectives. We examined the association between trajectories of partnership status over the life course and objectively measured health indicators in midlife. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (1981, 1991, 2000, and 2002–2004) of the British National Child Development Study (NCDS), a prospective cohort study that includes all people born in Britain during 1 week in March 1958 (n = 18 558). Results. After controlling for selection attributable to…
The Natsal-SF Measure of Sexual Function
The Natsal-SF is a psychometrically validated measure of sexual function for use in community health surveys, derived from 17 questions reflecting three components of sexual function. Scoring requires knowledge of complex statistical modeling and, given the methodological complexities, we assessed the validity of two simplified scoring methods calculated using the factor loadings produced when originally modeling the Natsal-SF items. Method 1 use…
Ploubidis et al. Respond
Thank you for the opportunity to respond to Strohschein’s letter regarding our published article in AJPH. The main issue raised by Strohschein is that our study lacks a test of interaction for one of our findings, namely that men derive more health benefits from marriage than women. Strohschein cites a newspaper article, which appears to reference our article. Unfortunately, the newspaper article misrepresents our findings. We simply did not find…
Is “Sexual Competence” at First Heterosexual Intercourse Associated With Subsequent Sexual Health Status
The timing of first sexual intercourse is often defined in terms of chronological age, with particular focus on "early" first sex. Arguments can be made for a more nuanced concept of readiness and appropriateness of timing of first intercourse. Using data from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), conducted in 2010-2012, this study examined whether a context-based measure of first intercourse-termed sexual compe…
Testing Comparability Between Retrospective Life History Data and Prospective Birth Cohort Study Data
The findings on the one hand provide some reassurance to the growing literature using life history data to determine life course associations with later life wellbeing. On the other hand, the findings show an overestimation in the retrospective data, in part, arising from the absence in life history data of childhood measures that are not well suited to retrospective collection
Horizontal inequity in outpatient care use and untreated morbidity
Equity in healthcare has been a long-term guiding principle of health policy in India. We estimate the change in horizontal inequities in healthcare use over two decades comparing the older population (60 years or more) with the younger population (under 60 years). We used data from the nationwide healthcare surveys conducted in India by the National Sample Survey Organization in 1995-96 and 2014 with sample sizes 633 405 and 335 499, respectivel…
Life-course partnership history and midlife health behaviours in a population-based birth cohort
BACKGROUND: Marital and partnership history is strongly associated with health in midlife and later life. However, the role of health behaviours as an explanatory mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate prospective associations between life-course partnership trajectories (taking into account timing, non-marital cohabitation, remarriage and marital transitions) and health behaviours measured in midlife. METHODS: We ana…
Factors across the life course predict women’s change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and in midlife
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking before, during and after pregnancy remains one of the few preventable factors associated with poor health outcomes for mothers and their children. We investigate predictors across the life course for change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and whether this change predicts smoking status in midlife. METHODS: Data were from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort). We included female cohort m…
The influence of private primary schooling on children's learning
Much has been made of the academic success of children who have attended private secondary schools in Britain, but far less attention has been directed to whether there are similar benefits from attending a private primary school. Using data from three British birth cohorts—born in 1958, 1970 and 2000/1—this paper profiles the family background and personal characteristics of children at state‐funded and private fee‐paying schools and then invest…
Impact of Integrated Services on HIV Testing
The impact of integrated reproductive health and HIV services on HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake was assessed among 882 Kenyan family planning clients using a nonrandomized cohort design within six intervention and six “comparison” facilities. The effect of integration on HTC goals (two tests over two years) was assessed using conditional logistic regression to test four “integration” exposures: a training and reorganization intervention;…
Association of nursery and early school attendance with later health behaviours, biomedical risk factors, and mortality
BACKGROUND: Although early life education for improved long-term health and the amelioration of socioeconomically generated inequalities in chronic disease is advocated in influential policy statements, the evidence base is very modest. AIMS: To address this dearth of evidence using data from a representative UK national birth cohort study. METHODS: The analytical sample comprised men and women in the 1958 birth cohort study with prospectively ga…
Inequity in out-of-pocket payments for hospitalisation in India
High OOPP for hospitalisation and greater inequity among older population calls for better risk pooling and prepayment mechanisms in India
Quasi-experimental evidence on short- and long-term consequences of bullying victimization
Exposure to bullying victimization is associated with a wide-range of short and long-term adverse outcomes. However, the extent to which these associations reflect a causal influence of bullying victimization remains disputed. Here, we aimed to provide the most stringent evidence regarding the consequences of bullying victimization by meta-analyzing all relevant quasi-experimental (QE) studies. Multilevel random effects models and metaregression …
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