Reid Hastie
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 266208 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Reid Hastie |
| PRENOMES | Reid |
| SOBRENOME | Hastie |
| ASSINATURA | HASTIE R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Chicago |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 519 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1977 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
The Preference for Moderation Scale
We propose that individual differences in the value placed on the principle of moderation exist and influence many aspects of consumer decision-making. The idea that moderation is an important guiding norm of human behavior is prevalent throughout history and an explicit theme in many philosophies, religions, and cultures. Yet, moderation has not been studied as an individual-level determinant of consumer behavior. We develop a scale that measure…
The case for relative plausibility theory
Allen and Pardo's Relative Plausibility Model provides a mostly valid descriptive model for the reasoning of fact-finders like American jurors. My major reservations on the project concern the incompleteness of the authors’ review of empirical, behavioral research relevant to their proposal. The merits of the project as a normative model are less satisfying and, again, the review of relevant sources seems incomplete
Herd Behavior
There are many manifestations of herding in the human species—one of the most socially interdependent species on the earth. Herding here refers to an alignment of thoughts or behaviors of individuals in a group through local interactions among individuals rather through than some purposeful coordination by a central authority in the group. Herding underlies many collective phenomena in the Internet era, ranging from everyday social behavior, cons…
Reasoning about causal relationships
Over the last decade, a normative framework for making causal inferences, Bayesian Probabilistic Causal Networks, has come to dominate psychological studies of inference based on causal relationships. The following causal networks-[X→Y→Z, X←Y→Z, X→Y←Z]-supply answers for questions like, "Suppose both X and Y occur, what is the probability Z occurs?" or "Suppose you intervene and make Y occur, what is the probability Z occurs?" In this review, we …
Naïve theories of causal force and compression of elapsed time judgments
Recent research has shown that when people perceive a causal relation between 2 events, they "compress" the intervening elapsed time. The present work shows that a naïve mechanical-physical conception of causality, in which causal forces are believed to dissipate over time, underlies the estimates of shorter elapsed time. Being primed with alternative, nondissipative causal mechanisms and having the cognitive capacity to consider such mechanisms …
When Deliberation Produces Extremism
What are the effects of deliberation about political issues by likeminded people? An experimental investigation involving two deliberative exercises, one among self-identified liberals and another among self-identified conservatives, showed that participants' views became more extreme after deliberation. Deliberation also increased consensus and significantly reduced diversity of opinion within the two groups. Even anonymous statements of persona…
What's next? Judging sequences of binary events
The authors review research on judgments of random and nonrandom sequences involving binary events with a focus on studies documenting gambler's fallacy and hot hand beliefs. The domains of judgment include random devices, births, lotteries, sports performances, stock prices, and others. After discussing existing theories of sequence judgments, the authors conclude that in many everyday settings people have naive complex models of the mechanisms …
Introduction to the special issue
Dynamic networks and other thought systems
Explanations determine the impact of information on financial investment judgments
Previous research has shown that some types of judgments are influenced by the results of an explanation-seeking comprehension process. The present experiments investigated novice investors' stock price forecasts and investment decisions. Information presented in a narrative story order was hypothesized to promote the construction of a coherent mental representation that would affect how information was interpreted and subsequently used to predic…
The Robust Beauty of Majority Rules in Group Decisions
How should groups make decisions? The authors provide an original evaluation of 9 group decision rules based on their adaptive success in a simulated test bed environment. When the adaptive success standard is applied, the majority and plurality rules fare quite well, performing at levels comparable to much more resource-demanding rules such as an individual judgment averaging rule. The plurality rule matches the computationally demanding Condorc…
Illusions of Gender
Mental Representations of Persons and Personality
The impact of information on small group choice
The impact of information on an aggregate decision is directly related to the number of members of the aggregate who know the information prior to the group decision. This experiment obtains this common knowledge effect in small group choice. Group discussion affects group choice in some cases, signaled by group choices that overturn the choice of a majority of the group members. In those overturned majorities, moreover, the group tended to choos…
Proper analysis of the accuracy of group judgments
Modern societies rely heavily on groups to make important economic and political decisions. However, a review of research on group processes shows that progress has been slow in the delineation of the conditions that promote or impede efficient, accurate group judgments. One reason for the slow progress is that research methods and data analysis in this area are varied, difficult to compare, and often substandard. In this review, the authors summ…
Cognitive Approaches to Judgment and Decision Making
Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective (Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Anchored narratives
The common knowledge effect
The hypothesis that the influence of an item of information on a group judgment is directly related to the number of group members who hold that information before group discussion was tested. Three-member groups read short descriptions of students and were asked to make individual and then group consensus judgments about those students' grades in the course. Information held by all members before group discussion had more influence on the group …
Explaining the evidence
This research investigates the Story Model, Pennington and Hastie's (1986, 1988) explanationbased theory of decision making for juror decisions. In Experiment 1, varying the ease with which stories could be constructed affected verdict judgments and the impact of credibility evidence. Memory for evidence in all conditions was equivalent, implying that the story structure was a mediator of decisions and of the impact of credibility evidence. In Ex…
Hindsight
A computer simulation model of person memory
Perception of variability in category development
The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line.
Five alternative information processing models that relate memory for evidence to judgments based on the evidence are identified in the current social cognition literature: independent processing, biased retrieval, biased encoding, and incongruity-biased encoding. A distinction between two types of judgment tasks, memory-based versus on-line, is introduced and is related to the five process models. In memory-based tasks where the availability mod…
Evidence evaluation in complex decision making
Person memory
The common knowledge effect
The hypothesis that the influence of an item of information on a group judgment is directly related to the number of group members who hold that information before group discussion was tested. Three-member groups read short descriptions of students and were asked to make individual and then group consensus judgments about those students' grades in the course. Information held by all members before group discussion had more influence on the group …
Causes and effects of causal attribution
The Robust Beauty of Majority Rules in Group Decisions
How should groups make decisions? The authors provide an original evaluation of 9 group decision rules based on their adaptive success in a simulated test bed environment. When the adaptive success standard is applied, the majority and plurality rules fare quite well, performing at levels comparable to much more resource-demanding rules such as an individual judgment averaging rule. The plurality rule matches the computationally demanding Condorc…
Explaining the evidence
This research investigates the Story Model, Pennington and Hastie's (1986, 1988) explanationbased theory of decision making for juror decisions. In Experiment 1, varying the ease with which stories could be constructed affected verdict judgments and the impact of credibility evidence. Memory for evidence in all conditions was equivalent, implying that the story structure was a mediator of decisions and of the impact of credibility evidence. In Ex…
Hindsight
Perception of variability in category development
Evidence evaluation in complex decision making
The independence of evaluative and item information
When Deliberation Produces Extremism
What are the effects of deliberation about political issues by likeminded people? An experimental investigation involving two deliberative exercises, one among self-identified liberals and another among self-identified conservatives, showed that participants' views became more extreme after deliberation. Deliberation also increased consensus and significantly reduced diversity of opinion within the two groups. Even anonymous statements of persona…
Illusions of Gender
Another look at sex stereotypes and social judgments
Locksley, Borgida, Brekke, and Hepburn (1980) assert that subjects fall prey to the base-rate fallacy when they make stereotype-related trait judgments. They found that subjects ignored their stereotypes when trait judgments were made in the presence of trait-related behavioral information. The present article reexamines those findings with respect to two issues: (a) the use of a normative criterion in comparison with subjects' judgments and (b) …
What's next? Judging sequences of binary events
The authors review research on judgments of random and nonrandom sequences involving binary events with a focus on studies documenting gambler's fallacy and hot hand beliefs. The domains of judgment include random devices, births, lotteries, sports performances, stock prices, and others. After discussing existing theories of sequence judgments, the authors conclude that in many everyday settings people have naive complex models of the mechanisms …
Proper analysis of the accuracy of group judgments
Modern societies rely heavily on groups to make important economic and political decisions. However, a review of research on group processes shows that progress has been slow in the delineation of the conditions that promote or impede efficient, accurate group judgments. One reason for the slow progress is that research methods and data analysis in this area are varied, difficult to compare, and often substandard. In this review, the authors summ…
The impact of information on small group choice
The impact of information on an aggregate decision is directly related to the number of members of the aggregate who know the information prior to the group decision. This experiment obtains this common knowledge effect in small group choice. Group discussion affects group choice in some cases, signaled by group choices that overturn the choice of a majority of the group members. In those overturned majorities, moreover, the group tended to choos…
A computer simulation model of person memory
Reasoning about causal relationships
Over the last decade, a normative framework for making causal inferences, Bayesian Probabilistic Causal Networks, has come to dominate psychological studies of inference based on causal relationships. The following causal networks-[X→Y→Z, X←Y→Z, X→Y←Z]-supply answers for questions like, "Suppose both X and Y occur, what is the probability Z occurs?" or "Suppose you intervene and make Y occur, what is the probability Z occurs?" In this review, we …
Juror decision-making models
Naïve theories of causal force and compression of elapsed time judgments
Recent research has shown that when people perceive a causal relation between 2 events, they "compress" the intervening elapsed time. The present work shows that a naïve mechanical-physical conception of causality, in which causal forces are believed to dissipate over time, underlies the estimates of shorter elapsed time. Being primed with alternative, nondissipative causal mechanisms and having the cognitive capacity to consider such mechanisms …
The Preference for Moderation Scale
We propose that individual differences in the value placed on the principle of moderation exist and influence many aspects of consumer decision-making. The idea that moderation is an important guiding norm of human behavior is prevalent throughout history and an explicit theme in many philosophies, religions, and cultures. Yet, moderation has not been studied as an individual-level determinant of consumer behavior. We develop a scale that measure…
Learning as accumulation
A special data acquisition technique was applied to determine the acoustic plane-wave reflection and transmission properties of a plane-parallel aluminum plate. In this technique, the reflected and transmitted wavefield along a plane or line normal to the reflected or transmitted wave vector is recorded at equidistant receiver positions. The obtained traces are subsequently added up in the temporal domain to satisfy plane-wave conditions, thus ef…
Introduction to the special issue
Helping Aboriginal Students to Understand Mathematics and Science Concepts
Teachers of Aboriginal children in Australia often have the problem of adapting or modifying curriculum materials which have been developed to meet the needs of the average white Australian/European child. For science and mathematics teachers especially, we believe that appropriate adaptation is essential to ensure that Aboriginal children are better able to comprehend the concepts involved. Many of these concepts at the primary school level invo…
The relationship of depth of processing to free recall in second and fourth graders
Learning as accumulation
A special data acquisition technique was applied to determine the acoustic plane-wave reflection and transmission properties of a plane-parallel aluminum plate. In this technique, the reflected and transmitted wavefield along a plane or line normal to the reflected or transmitted wave vector is recorded at equidistant receiver positions. The obtained traces are subsequently added up in the temporal domain to satisfy plane-wave conditions, thus ef…
Models of jury decision making
Several models of jury decision making are reviewed. In each instance the model is described and compared with related models, its assumptions are scrutinized, its fit to normative data is evaluated, and possible revisions and extensions of the model are discussed. Models reviewed include (a) multinomial decision schemes designed to adduce implicit decision rules used in jury decision making, (b) binomial models of jury voting that use simplifyin…
Models of jury decision making
The independence of evaluative and item information
Person memory
Social Psychology in Court
Juror decision-making models
Juror decision-making models
Inside the Jury
Causes and effects of causal attribution
Inside the Jury
Another look at sex stereotypes and social judgments
Locksley, Borgida, Brekke, and Hepburn (1980) assert that subjects fall prey to the base-rate fallacy when they make stereotype-related trait judgments. They found that subjects ignored their stereotypes when trait judgments were made in the presence of trait-related behavioral information. The present article reexamines those findings with respect to two issues: (a) the use of a normative criterion in comparison with subjects' judgments and (b) …
Helping Aboriginal Students to Understand Mathematics and Science Concepts
Teachers of Aboriginal children in Australia often have the problem of adapting or modifying curriculum materials which have been developed to meet the needs of the average white Australian/European child. For science and mathematics teachers especially, we believe that appropriate adaptation is essential to ensure that Aboriginal children are better able to comprehend the concepts involved. Many of these concepts at the primary school level invo…
The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line.
Five alternative information processing models that relate memory for evidence to judgments based on the evidence are identified in the current social cognition literature: independent processing, biased retrieval, biased encoding, and incongruity-biased encoding. A distinction between two types of judgment tasks, memory-based versus on-line, is introduced and is related to the five process models. In memory-based tasks where the availability mod…
Evidence evaluation in complex decision making
Perception of variability in category development
A computer simulation model of person memory
Hindsight
Explaining the evidence
This research investigates the Story Model, Pennington and Hastie's (1986, 1988) explanationbased theory of decision making for juror decisions. In Experiment 1, varying the ease with which stories could be constructed affected verdict judgments and the impact of credibility evidence. Memory for evidence in all conditions was equivalent, implying that the story structure was a mediator of decisions and of the impact of credibility evidence. In Ex…
The common knowledge effect
The hypothesis that the influence of an item of information on a group judgment is directly related to the number of group members who hold that information before group discussion was tested. Three-member groups read short descriptions of students and were asked to make individual and then group consensus judgments about those students' grades in the course. Information held by all members before group discussion had more influence on the group …
Anchored narratives
Cognitive Approaches to Judgment and Decision Making
Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective (Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Mental Representations of Persons and Personality
Psychology (32 obras) · Cognitive psychology (22 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (13 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Political science (9 obras) · Cognition (8 obras) · Jury Decision Making Processes (8 obras) · Mathematics (8 obras) · Social Psychology (8 obras)