J R Crawford
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 272250 |
|---|---|
| NOME | J R Crawford |
| PRENOMES | J R |
| SOBRENOME | Crawford |
| ASSINATURA | CRAWFORD J R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Yale University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 33 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 33 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1920 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Anatoly Liberman. In Prayer and Laughter
Wizardry Allegations where no Diviner was Present
A diviner was not present or immediately responsible for comparatively few of the wizardry allegations known to me; but although the number of cases where no diviner was involved is comparatively small, such cases are of importance. Where a diviner is involved, the reason why a person is named as a wizard, at least as far as the onlookers are concerned, is simply because the diviner says she is a wizard. It is true that divination techniques may …
Divination in General
It seems to me that divination techniques can be roughly divided into three classes which, for want of better terms, I name: psychic psychological casual
Beliefs in the Manifestations of Witchcraft
The forms of witchcraft are believed to be as protean as the forms of evil itself. There is scarcely a calamity or misfortune of any sort which may not be attributed to a witch; she can ride by air at night or bind the lightning to her will; she can use her familiars as vehicles of her power; she knows the secrets of all medicines; she can make the snake strike or the elephant kill its hunter. Whereas beliefs in the nature of witchcraft must diff…
The Cure of the Witch
M any people take the attitude that ‘once a witch, always a witch’ and for this reason when a witch is ‘caught’ by a diviner the efforts of the community are usually aimed at removing her from the community. If, however, a woman is in this way driven from her husband’s village she is, unless she is to become a wandering prostitute, obliged to return to her parents. Usually a woman’s parents will offer her hospitality and—if they believe her to be…
Shona Names
O ne way in which a Shona may make an allegation of wizardry is in giving a name to a child or, even, to a dog. Apart from the mutupo and chidawo , the clan and sub-clan names which a Shona inherits from his father, he has a name by which he is ordinarily known and which is normally given him when he is born. He may, if he chooses, rename himself in later life. On occasion, the name used in later life may have originated as a nickname. This may r…
Evidence of Wizardry Beliefs in Criminal Cases
Beliefs in wizardry may be relevant in a criminal prosecution in a number of ways. It may be the beliefs of the person accused which are on trial, as where a person is prosecuted for indicating a &s;witch&s; in contravention of section 3 of the Witchcraft Suppression Act. In the case of R v William the accused, who committed a murder in order to obtain human flesh as medicine for gambling, was sentenced to death by the High Court sitting at Umtal…
The Supernatural Indication of a Wizard
Wizards can be indicated supernaturally, according to the Shona, in a number of ways. However, dreams of wizardry are said to be in a rather different category since, if one dreams of wizardry and wakes up feeling weak and exhausted, there can be little doubt that one has, indeed, been wizarded. Wizards can be indicated supernaturally, according to the Shona, in a number of ways. Perhaps the most important of these is by means of dreams and throu…
Divination in the Pentecostal Churches
The court records show clearly the very great importance of the prophets of the pentecostal churches in divining the cause of disease and indicating wizards. Divinations in which medicine is produced are numerous and, in many cases, the production almost seems to form the major purpose and the consummation of the ceremony. As usual in Pentecostal churches the ceremony which follows falls into two parts, the congregation first singing the hymns of…
Witchcraft and Misfortune
Witchcraft is closely associated with religion, it is closely associated with beliefs relating to the cause of disease and misfortune. It is, indeed, believed to be one of the more important causes of afflictions of all kinds. For this reason it is necessary to say something as to Shona beliefs as to the cause of such evils. It is thought that this can cause practically any misfortune from the cutting of a shoe strap to the death of numbers of pe…
Traditional Diviners and Divination Methods
While various methods of divination are common to all tribal groups in Southern Rhodesia certain methods would seem to have a definite prestige amongst individual groups. A description of divination methods must, therefore, take into account the various ethnic groupings. The traditional isangoma of the Nguni peoples was, as well as a diviner of the cause of sickness, a &s;rainmaker&s; divining the cause of drought and prescribing the remedy. The …
Conclusion
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book provides most obvious symptom of social change in the material studied was the popularity of the prophets of the Pentecostal Churches. Some churches have even developed new forms of the ordeal; here the manner in which the Churches have tried to make good the vacuum occasioned by the prohibition of the poison ordeal is particula…
The Ordeal
Three sorts of ordeal were examined; the two traditional forms of ordeal—the poison ordeal—the boiling water ordeal, and a new form of ordeal involving the use of the medicine muchapi. On the whole it would seem that the use of the medicine muchapi is the main feature of the cult which has been borrowed by Rhodesian diviners, other features largely disappearing. Four records of cases in which the poison ordeal was administered were examined by th…
The Basis of Wizardry Beliefs
Belief in wizardry provides a solution to the problem of causation. The basic assumption of the believer in wizardry, which is also one of the basic assumptions of the believers in most religions, is that misfortune and death do not occur fortuitously but are caused by some external agency. Whether people believe in a God or gods or in the ancestral spirits or the forces of nature these entities are usually regarded as being essentially good. Inc…
The Cure of the Wizard’s Victim
As is the case throughout the world, if a person becomes ill a cure is sought. Here again, I can only speak at any length about Shona beliefs and cures, insufficient material being available to me on the Ndebele. However, Shona belief in this regard would seem to me to be very similar to those of the other Rhodesian groups.
Behaviour of Persons Involved
The person most concerned in an allegation of wizardry is the person accused of being a wizard. In the court cases people indicated as being wizards frequently denied the charge. By &s;non-violent&s; consequences the author means divorce, ostracism and the general hostility of the community. Clearly the number of cases examined is too small to regard the figures given as entirely reliable; but two points would appear to emerge. Firstly, that in o…
The Pattern of Accusations
If any meaningful analysis is to be made of the pattern of wizardry accusations it must be assumed that the figures given above reflect, to some extent, the pattern of wizardry allegations in the societies concerned or a particular aspect of such allegations. It is well known that allegations of wizardry are common between co-wives. The situation is complicated because social tensions between two persons may result in an allegation of wizardry ag…
Magical Vengeance Against a Wizard
There is a number of vengeance magic amongst the Shona. One method, stated to be common, is by raising the spirit of the dead man so that it becomes ngozi. The affliction caused by the ngozi to the family of the wizard will continue until peace is made with the original victim&s;s family, whether by offering a daughter or otherwise. A method believed to be used by many nganga is to send chikwambo or runhare. Again, where chikwambo is used to aven…
Evidence and Confessions of Wizardry
The Problem of the Confession of Witchcraft
I shall , now and then, have occasion to make use of confessions of witchcraft made by persons either in court or during the course of investigations into the commission of criminal offences. Of cases containing records of such confessions three are so important that it is necessary to give a full account of them. They are cases in which a certain amount of repetition of evidence is unavoidable since the nature and extent of the corroboration of …
Protection Against Wizardry
N early all children and many adults carry with them charms to protect themselves against wizardry. A frequent form taken by these charms amongst the Shona is a cloth circlet, the zango , worn around the arm which has protective medicine sewn into it.
Witchcraft and Religion
This chapter associates with witchcraft in Central and Northern Mashonaland is the mazenda shave or, according to Gelfand, one of the varieties of this shave. The following extracts from the case R v Zindoga alias Nice illustrates the manner in which this spirit is supposed to behave. A man had died and a number of women washed the body and then guarded it overnight, as is customary to prevent witches interfering with it. On the other hand, it is…
The Making of a Shona Witch
Hrafnkel or the Ambiguities
Book Review| April 01 2018 Hrafnkel or the Ambiguities: Hard Cases, Hard Choices William Ian Miller. Hrafnkel or the Ambiguities: Hard Cases, Hard Choices. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. xv + 257. Jackson Crawford Jackson Crawford University of Colorado Boulder Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scandinavian Studies (2018) 90 (1): 133–135. https://doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.90.1.0133 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon…
Witchcraft and Sorcery in Rhodesia
Originally published in 1967, this book is a study of witchcraft and sorcery among the Shona, Ndebele and Kalanga peoples of Zimbabwe. It analyses in their social context verbatim evidence and confessions from a comprehensive series of judicial records. It provides the first systematic demonstration of the importance and the exstent to which such sources can be used to make a detailed analysis of the character and range of beliefs and motives. Th…
The Monk's Kop Ossuary
This paper describes the excavation of a cave used for funerary purposes in the Mtoroshanga district of Rhodesia. The cave was found to contain a large quantity of skeletal material and pottery, together with the personal ornaments of the persons interred there. The physical type represented is similar to that of the modern Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa. Bodies had been placed in the cave surrounded by pottery—although pottery, unlike…
Witchcraft and Sorcery in Rhodesia
Witchcraft and Sorcery in Rhodesia
Originally published in 1967, this book is a study of witchcraft and sorcery among the Shona, Ndebele and Kalanga peoples of Zimbabwe. It analyses in their social context verbatim evidence and confessions from a comprehensive series of judicial records. It provides the first systematic demonstration of the importance and the exstent to which such sources can be used to make a detailed analysis of the character and range of beliefs and motives. Th…
Pageant technique
A Middle Stone Age Assemblage from Pretoria
Some Soapstone Artifacts from Inyanga
A Middle Stone Age Site from the Umvukwes, Southern Rhodesia
An Early Iron Age Site from the Kimberley Reef Mine, Bindura
The Monk's Kop Ossuary
This paper describes the excavation of a cave used for funerary purposes in the Mtoroshanga district of Rhodesia. The cave was found to contain a large quantity of skeletal material and pottery, together with the personal ornaments of the persons interred there. The physical type represented is similar to that of the modern Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa. Bodies had been placed in the cave surrounded by pottery—although pottery, unlike…
Witchcraft and Sorcery in Rhodesia
Personal Disturbance Scale
The two-component structure of anxiety and depression items of the short form Personal Disturbance Scale, reported in an earlier clinical study of 480 adult psychiatric patients, was substantially replicated in a large nonclinical sample of 758 adults
Wizardry Allegations where no Diviner was Present
A diviner was not present or immediately responsible for comparatively few of the wizardry allegations known to me; but although the number of cases where no diviner was involved is comparatively small, such cases are of importance. Where a diviner is involved, the reason why a person is named as a wizard, at least as far as the onlookers are concerned, is simply because the diviner says she is a wizard. It is true that divination techniques may …
Divination in General
It seems to me that divination techniques can be roughly divided into three classes which, for want of better terms, I name: psychic psychological casual
Beliefs in the Manifestations of Witchcraft
The forms of witchcraft are believed to be as protean as the forms of evil itself. There is scarcely a calamity or misfortune of any sort which may not be attributed to a witch; she can ride by air at night or bind the lightning to her will; she can use her familiars as vehicles of her power; she knows the secrets of all medicines; she can make the snake strike or the elephant kill its hunter. Whereas beliefs in the nature of witchcraft must diff…
The Cure of the Witch
M any people take the attitude that ‘once a witch, always a witch’ and for this reason when a witch is ‘caught’ by a diviner the efforts of the community are usually aimed at removing her from the community. If, however, a woman is in this way driven from her husband’s village she is, unless she is to become a wandering prostitute, obliged to return to her parents. Usually a woman’s parents will offer her hospitality and—if they believe her to be…
Shona Names
O ne way in which a Shona may make an allegation of wizardry is in giving a name to a child or, even, to a dog. Apart from the mutupo and chidawo , the clan and sub-clan names which a Shona inherits from his father, he has a name by which he is ordinarily known and which is normally given him when he is born. He may, if he chooses, rename himself in later life. On occasion, the name used in later life may have originated as a nickname. This may r…
Evidence of Wizardry Beliefs in Criminal Cases
Beliefs in wizardry may be relevant in a criminal prosecution in a number of ways. It may be the beliefs of the person accused which are on trial, as where a person is prosecuted for indicating a &s;witch&s; in contravention of section 3 of the Witchcraft Suppression Act. In the case of R v William the accused, who committed a murder in order to obtain human flesh as medicine for gambling, was sentenced to death by the High Court sitting at Umtal…
The Supernatural Indication of a Wizard
Wizards can be indicated supernaturally, according to the Shona, in a number of ways. However, dreams of wizardry are said to be in a rather different category since, if one dreams of wizardry and wakes up feeling weak and exhausted, there can be little doubt that one has, indeed, been wizarded. Wizards can be indicated supernaturally, according to the Shona, in a number of ways. Perhaps the most important of these is by means of dreams and throu…
Divination in the Pentecostal Churches
The court records show clearly the very great importance of the prophets of the pentecostal churches in divining the cause of disease and indicating wizards. Divinations in which medicine is produced are numerous and, in many cases, the production almost seems to form the major purpose and the consummation of the ceremony. As usual in Pentecostal churches the ceremony which follows falls into two parts, the congregation first singing the hymns of…
Witchcraft and Misfortune
Witchcraft is closely associated with religion, it is closely associated with beliefs relating to the cause of disease and misfortune. It is, indeed, believed to be one of the more important causes of afflictions of all kinds. For this reason it is necessary to say something as to Shona beliefs as to the cause of such evils. It is thought that this can cause practically any misfortune from the cutting of a shoe strap to the death of numbers of pe…
Traditional Diviners and Divination Methods
While various methods of divination are common to all tribal groups in Southern Rhodesia certain methods would seem to have a definite prestige amongst individual groups. A description of divination methods must, therefore, take into account the various ethnic groupings. The traditional isangoma of the Nguni peoples was, as well as a diviner of the cause of sickness, a &s;rainmaker&s; divining the cause of drought and prescribing the remedy. The …
Conclusion
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book provides most obvious symptom of social change in the material studied was the popularity of the prophets of the Pentecostal Churches. Some churches have even developed new forms of the ordeal; here the manner in which the Churches have tried to make good the vacuum occasioned by the prohibition of the poison ordeal is particula…
The Ordeal
Three sorts of ordeal were examined; the two traditional forms of ordeal—the poison ordeal—the boiling water ordeal, and a new form of ordeal involving the use of the medicine muchapi. On the whole it would seem that the use of the medicine muchapi is the main feature of the cult which has been borrowed by Rhodesian diviners, other features largely disappearing. Four records of cases in which the poison ordeal was administered were examined by th…
The Basis of Wizardry Beliefs
Belief in wizardry provides a solution to the problem of causation. The basic assumption of the believer in wizardry, which is also one of the basic assumptions of the believers in most religions, is that misfortune and death do not occur fortuitously but are caused by some external agency. Whether people believe in a God or gods or in the ancestral spirits or the forces of nature these entities are usually regarded as being essentially good. Inc…
The Cure of the Wizard’s Victim
As is the case throughout the world, if a person becomes ill a cure is sought. Here again, I can only speak at any length about Shona beliefs and cures, insufficient material being available to me on the Ndebele. However, Shona belief in this regard would seem to me to be very similar to those of the other Rhodesian groups.
Behaviour of Persons Involved
The person most concerned in an allegation of wizardry is the person accused of being a wizard. In the court cases people indicated as being wizards frequently denied the charge. By &s;non-violent&s; consequences the author means divorce, ostracism and the general hostility of the community. Clearly the number of cases examined is too small to regard the figures given as entirely reliable; but two points would appear to emerge. Firstly, that in o…
The Pattern of Accusations
If any meaningful analysis is to be made of the pattern of wizardry accusations it must be assumed that the figures given above reflect, to some extent, the pattern of wizardry allegations in the societies concerned or a particular aspect of such allegations. It is well known that allegations of wizardry are common between co-wives. The situation is complicated because social tensions between two persons may result in an allegation of wizardry ag…
Magical Vengeance Against a Wizard
There is a number of vengeance magic amongst the Shona. One method, stated to be common, is by raising the spirit of the dead man so that it becomes ngozi. The affliction caused by the ngozi to the family of the wizard will continue until peace is made with the original victim&s;s family, whether by offering a daughter or otherwise. A method believed to be used by many nganga is to send chikwambo or runhare. Again, where chikwambo is used to aven…
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