Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 281956 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy |
| PRENOMES | Pierre-Arnaud |
| SOBRENOME | Chouvy |
| ASSINATURA | CHOUVY P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Pôle de Recherche pour l'Organisation et la Diffusion de l'Information Géographique |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6577-4718 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2004 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Policy reform and the international future of Moroccan Cannabis production
In 2023, Morocco produced the first legal Cannabis crop of any illegal hashish-producing country, only three years after it legalised the cultivation of Cannabis for medical and industrial purposes. Nevertheless, as the country continues to amend its regulatory framework and economic policies, numerous questions and uncertainties persist regarding the success of its strategy for the export of Cannabis products and the evolution of its domestic co…
International property rights for Cannabis landraces and terroir products. The case of Moroccan Cannabis and hashish
Contribution à une définition terminologique de « drogue »
En français, la qualification de drogue relève davantage d’un processus d’évaluation que de description et les définitions du terme « drogue » sont majoritairement connotatives et culturelles et non désignatives ou dénotatives. La grande majorité des définitions sont donc de type lexicographique plutôt que de type terminologique, ce qui explique qu’il soit fréquemment reproché que la qualification d’un produit en tant que drogue ne repose pas sur…
Why the concept of terroir matters for drug cannabis production
Le cannabis marocain, du territoire au terroir
L’objectif de cet article consiste à préciser les concepts-clés de terroir et de variété de pays en les appliquant à la spécificité de la culture du cannabis et de la production de haschich dans le Rif (Maroc), en montrant notamment comment et pourquoi tant le terroir que la variété de pays sont issus du territoire autant qu’ils le caractérisent. C’est la question de l’existence, du devenir et de la valorisation d’un terroir du cannabis, et plus …
Cannabis cultivation in the world
Despite cannabis being the most common illegal drug crop in the world and its worldwide presence, very little is known about its production, trade, and consumption at the global scale. This is due mostly to over a century of global prohibition and the dangers associated to researching illegal drug crop production. Worse, the limited data available about cannabis cultivation is most often inaccurate, unreliable, and highly controversial. While thi…
Illegal cannabis cultivation in the world, and as a subject in academic research
Illegal cannabis cultivation as a worldwide phenomenon is the theme of this edition of EchoGeo. As expected, putting together a special issue on illegal cannabis cultivation in the world is challenging since very few scholars conduct on-location research on cultivation specifically and also because very few authors have in-depth knowledge of the plant’s history, botany, agronomy, or even industry. This is, of course, because most of the world’s d…
Territorial control and the scope and resilience of cannabis and other illegal drug crop cultivation
As revealed by the examples of Morocco, northeast India, Afghanistan, Burma/Myanmar, and the United States of America, degrees of politico-territorial control or law-enforcement deficit by the state can explain, to some extent, the existence of large expanses of illegal drug cultivation. Causes of politico-territorial control deficit are many and non-exclusive. They include armed conflicts, corruption, loosely integrated territories, and lack of …
Agricultural innovations in Morocco’s cannabis industry
L’échec de la guerre contre la drogue
International audience
The myth of the narco-state
Despite being used repeatedly in different contexts, the term “narco-state” has never been satisfactorily defined or explained. In fact, the existence of the narco-state is almost always taken for granted. This article will argue, on the basis of a review of existing definitions and of selected case studies, that there is no such thing as a narco-state and that using the term tends to oversimplify if not mask the complex socio-political and econo…
Hashish revival in Morocco
Finding an alternative to illicit opium production in Afghanistan, and elsewhere
Prohibition attempts have failed for over a century, as the case of Afghanistan shows. There are many and complex reasons for this. Illicit opium production has benefited from synergies between war economies and drug economies, in Afghanistan and elsewhere. It has also thrived on economic underdevel opment and poverty. Part of the problem is that illicit opium production largely outlives war and that economic development can only occur in countri…
Opium
Known to the Greeks as opos or opion , as afiun in Persian and Arabic, and fuyung in Chinese, opium is at once a palliative and a poison. Its exotic origins, its literary associations, and the properties that are, often erroneously, attributed to it have ensured an ongoing air of mystery. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy reveals the long and fascinating history of a powerful and addictive drug and explores the changing fortunes of the modern-day illicit opiu…
Opium Et Développement Alternatif en Asie
Despite a century of global prohibition, the world?s illicit opium production has never been as important as in the 2000s. But for a few exceptions, opium bans, forced eradication, and alternative development have failed to reach their ultimate goal : achieving supply reduction in source countries. While, on one hand, repressive measures have not evolved much during past decades and still need to prove their worth, on the other hand the economic …
Détours d’horizons
Finding the right subject is the hardest part.Mary Ellen Mark, photojournaliste et portraitiste américaine.A la différence du photographe, le géographe ne peut à l’évidence pas se contenter de traiter son sujet par la photographie. Mais rien ne l’oblige non plus à recourir à la photographie uniquement pour illustrer, voire soutenir, son discours scientifique. La photographie peut en effet aussi offrir au chercheur le luxe de pouvoir aborder le su…
L’échec mondial de la lutte antidrogue
Afghan opium production doubled between 2002 and 2008 in spite of a regime change in Kabul, the political support and military and economic aid of the international community, as well as counternarcotics measures. The history of international drugs in Asia is rich in counternarcotics failures, despite a few successes. Such past experiences are lessons to be learned for the Afghan authorities and the international community
Glossary
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian NationsATS: Amphetamine-type stimulantsCIA: Central Intelligence Agency (USA)CPB: Communist Party of BurmaCPT: Communist Party of ThailandCSOC: Communist Suppression Office Command (Thailand), renamed Internal Security Office Command or ISOC in 1973 (see entry below)
Yaa Baa’s Prime Target — The Youth
In 1993, the Thailand Development Research Institute estimated that less than 300,000 people regularly consumed methamphetamine. Peasants and agricultural labourers represented 65 per cent of this population, while the inhabitants of shantytowns made up only seven per cent. The general belief that the drug was consumed mainly by truck drivers was not confirmed, as they represented only six per cent of users. The Institute’s study of yaa baa consu…
From the Producer to the Consumer
A Chain of MiddlemenIt is not easy to describe the chain of middlemen that makes up metham-phetamine networks in Thailand. Middleman practices differ according to the economic situation, the players, and market needs. For yaa baa to reach the Thai consumer from Burma, where it is most often produced, many different types of circuits are possible. Drugs might change hands numerous times; alternatively, they migh
The Historical and Geographic Context of the Golden Triangle
Gold and the Triangle1The “Golden Triangle” in mainland Southeast Asia is one of the two main areas of illicit opiate production in the world. In addition, it is also from there that hundreds of millions of methamphetamine pills are sourced. More precisely, it is in the highlands of the fan-shaped region of northern Indochina, in the hilly and mountainous outskirt
Youth, Drugs, and Thailand’s Institutional Culture
Individuals in Thailand who become monks, or Buddhist educators, come from a great range of professions and livelihoods. They might be hermits here, village priests there, developers elsewhere, astrologists, healers, miracle-workers, preachers, scholars, or teachers and educators. The sangha (Buddhist community) that was founded to live a life of detachment from the world is in fact attached to it — certainly as regards food and money, but also i…
Methamphetamine Production and Traffic in Mainland Southeast Asia
The Explosion of Yaa Baa Production in the Golden TriangleFor some years now the Golden Triangle, an Asian region traditionally devoted to opium poppy cultivation,1 has begun to see the intensive production of new kinds of illicit drugs — in particular, amphetamine- type stimulants or ATS, including methamphetamine or yaa baa. Amphetamine derivatives
Conclusion
From a geopolitical point of view, this study has chronicled how the explosive growth of methamphetamine consumption in Thailand has been made possible by production of the drug in Burma, on the other side of an 1800-km mountainous frontier that divides the two countries. The configuration of such a frontier region makes it difficult, if not impossible, to exercise strict control over any type of trafficking that occurs through it. But political …
A Difficult Legacy for the Younger Generations
A Tradition of Political, Economic and Social ControlIn many Western countries emerging capitalism brought in its wake values such as individualism, liberalism, and by extension, democracy. From the outset, the capitalist system that developed in the West was opposed to absolutism. In Thailand, however, an aristocracy was able to co-exist harmoniously with capitalism.
Yaa Baa
The abuse of methamphetamines in Southeast Asia has become a major problem over the past decade. Thailand has been particularly hard hit: methamphetamine abuse now affects all sectors of Thai society. In the early 1990s, methamphetamine manufacturers moved their laboratories across the border into Burma, and began large-scale production. The new cheaper product, yaa baa or 'madness medicine', flooded the local market and spread quickly to the sur…
The myth of the narco-state
Despite being used repeatedly in different contexts, the term “narco-state” has never been satisfactorily defined or explained. In fact, the existence of the narco-state is almost always taken for granted. This article will argue, on the basis of a review of existing definitions and of selected case studies, that there is no such thing as a narco-state and that using the term tends to oversimplify if not mask the complex socio-political and econo…
Cannabis cultivation in the world
Despite cannabis being the most common illegal drug crop in the world and its worldwide presence, very little is known about its production, trade, and consumption at the global scale. This is due mostly to over a century of global prohibition and the dangers associated to researching illegal drug crop production. Worse, the limited data available about cannabis cultivation is most often inaccurate, unreliable, and highly controversial. While thi…
Why the concept of terroir matters for drug cannabis production
Territorial control and the scope and resilience of cannabis and other illegal drug crop cultivation
As revealed by the examples of Morocco, northeast India, Afghanistan, Burma/Myanmar, and the United States of America, degrees of politico-territorial control or law-enforcement deficit by the state can explain, to some extent, the existence of large expanses of illegal drug cultivation. Causes of politico-territorial control deficit are many and non-exclusive. They include armed conflicts, corruption, loosely integrated territories, and lack of …
Illegal cannabis cultivation in the world, and as a subject in academic research
Illegal cannabis cultivation as a worldwide phenomenon is the theme of this edition of EchoGeo. As expected, putting together a special issue on illegal cannabis cultivation in the world is challenging since very few scholars conduct on-location research on cultivation specifically and also because very few authors have in-depth knowledge of the plant’s history, botany, agronomy, or even industry. This is, of course, because most of the world’s d…
Opium
Known to the Greeks as opos or opion , as afiun in Persian and Arabic, and fuyung in Chinese, opium is at once a palliative and a poison. Its exotic origins, its literary associations, and the properties that are, often erroneously, attributed to it have ensured an ongoing air of mystery. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy reveals the long and fascinating history of a powerful and addictive drug and explores the changing fortunes of the modern-day illicit opiu…
Opium Et Développement Alternatif en Asie
Despite a century of global prohibition, the world?s illicit opium production has never been as important as in the 2000s. But for a few exceptions, opium bans, forced eradication, and alternative development have failed to reach their ultimate goal : achieving supply reduction in source countries. While, on one hand, repressive measures have not evolved much during past decades and still need to prove their worth, on the other hand the economic …
Détours d’horizons
Finding the right subject is the hardest part.Mary Ellen Mark, photojournaliste et portraitiste américaine.A la différence du photographe, le géographe ne peut à l’évidence pas se contenter de traiter son sujet par la photographie. Mais rien ne l’oblige non plus à recourir à la photographie uniquement pour illustrer, voire soutenir, son discours scientifique. La photographie peut en effet aussi offrir au chercheur le luxe de pouvoir aborder le su…
Glossary
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian NationsATS: Amphetamine-type stimulantsCIA: Central Intelligence Agency (USA)CPB: Communist Party of BurmaCPT: Communist Party of ThailandCSOC: Communist Suppression Office Command (Thailand), renamed Internal Security Office Command or ISOC in 1973 (see entry below)
Yaa Baa’s Prime Target — The Youth
In 1993, the Thailand Development Research Institute estimated that less than 300,000 people regularly consumed methamphetamine. Peasants and agricultural labourers represented 65 per cent of this population, while the inhabitants of shantytowns made up only seven per cent. The general belief that the drug was consumed mainly by truck drivers was not confirmed, as they represented only six per cent of users. The Institute’s study of yaa baa consu…
From the Producer to the Consumer
A Chain of MiddlemenIt is not easy to describe the chain of middlemen that makes up metham-phetamine networks in Thailand. Middleman practices differ according to the economic situation, the players, and market needs. For yaa baa to reach the Thai consumer from Burma, where it is most often produced, many different types of circuits are possible. Drugs might change hands numerous times; alternatively, they migh
The Historical and Geographic Context of the Golden Triangle
Gold and the Triangle1The “Golden Triangle” in mainland Southeast Asia is one of the two main areas of illicit opiate production in the world. In addition, it is also from there that hundreds of millions of methamphetamine pills are sourced. More precisely, it is in the highlands of the fan-shaped region of northern Indochina, in the hilly and mountainous outskirt
Youth, Drugs, and Thailand’s Institutional Culture
Individuals in Thailand who become monks, or Buddhist educators, come from a great range of professions and livelihoods. They might be hermits here, village priests there, developers elsewhere, astrologists, healers, miracle-workers, preachers, scholars, or teachers and educators. The sangha (Buddhist community) that was founded to live a life of detachment from the world is in fact attached to it — certainly as regards food and money, but also i…
Methamphetamine Production and Traffic in Mainland Southeast Asia
The Explosion of Yaa Baa Production in the Golden TriangleFor some years now the Golden Triangle, an Asian region traditionally devoted to opium poppy cultivation,1 has begun to see the intensive production of new kinds of illicit drugs — in particular, amphetamine- type stimulants or ATS, including methamphetamine or yaa baa. Amphetamine derivatives
Conclusion
From a geopolitical point of view, this study has chronicled how the explosive growth of methamphetamine consumption in Thailand has been made possible by production of the drug in Burma, on the other side of an 1800-km mountainous frontier that divides the two countries. The configuration of such a frontier region makes it difficult, if not impossible, to exercise strict control over any type of trafficking that occurs through it. But political …
A Difficult Legacy for the Younger Generations
A Tradition of Political, Economic and Social ControlIn many Western countries emerging capitalism brought in its wake values such as individualism, liberalism, and by extension, democracy. From the outset, the capitalist system that developed in the West was opposed to absolutism. In Thailand, however, an aristocracy was able to co-exist harmoniously with capitalism.
Types of Methamphetamine Users
Ideal TypesEvery individual is unique, but individuals are also products of cultural and social environments. They adopt social routines and learn to respect rituals and codes that make their behaviour more predictable than it might appear to be at first glance. Therefore a single individual’s behaviour can be compared to that of many others. From the diversity of human actions, sociologists try to bring out patterns
Methamphetamine Use Among Workers and Low-income Groups
The average age of yaa baa consumers in Thailand is between 16 and 23 years. As it is so popular with youngsters, methamphetamine use is also dramatically expanding in schools. Methamphetamine consumption among students throughout the country more than doubled between 1994 and 1998, according to data from the Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB).1 The figures follow an exponential trend, and are set to
Methamphetamine
AddictionLike many drugs, amphetamines and their derivatives can cause addiction. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines drug addiction as “a mental and sometimes also a physical state, resulting from the interaction between a product and an organism”. This interaction causes behavioural changes, and can drive the user to take the product continuously or periodically in order to experience its pleasurable mental
The Circuits of Yaa Baa
In 1998, Pino Arlacchi, Executive Director of the United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), declared before the General Assembly of the United Nations that amphetamine-type stimulants could become one of the major problems of the coming century.1 During the 1990s, the pace of growth of production and trafficking was higher for ATS than for heroin and cocaine. And, toward the end of the decade, even if one co
History of a Product and Its Production Techniques
History of Amphetamine and MethamphetamineAmphetamine was first synthesised in Germany in 1887. However, it was almost 30 years before a medical application was found for it at the end of the 1920s when the drug began to be widely used as an anti-depressant and a decongestant. It was also used to fight obesity, given that ephedrine — from which methamphetamine is produced — acts to reduce excess weight by stimulating
Yaa Baa
The abuse of methamphetamines in Southeast Asia has become a major problem over the past decade. Thailand has been particularly hard hit: methamphetamine abuse now affects all sectors of Thai society. In the early 1990s, methamphetamine manufacturers moved their laboratories across the border into Burma, and began large-scale production. The new cheaper product, yaa baa or 'madness medicine', flooded the local market and spread quickly to the sur…
L’échec mondial de la lutte antidrogue
Afghan opium production doubled between 2002 and 2008 in spite of a regime change in Kabul, the political support and military and economic aid of the international community, as well as counternarcotics measures. The history of international drugs in Asia is rich in counternarcotics failures, despite a few successes. Such past experiences are lessons to be learned for the Afghan authorities and the international community
Opium Et Développement Alternatif en Asie
Despite a century of global prohibition, the world?s illicit opium production has never been as important as in the 2000s. But for a few exceptions, opium bans, forced eradication, and alternative development have failed to reach their ultimate goal : achieving supply reduction in source countries. While, on one hand, repressive measures have not evolved much during past decades and still need to prove their worth, on the other hand the economic …
Détours d’horizons
Finding the right subject is the hardest part.Mary Ellen Mark, photojournaliste et portraitiste américaine.A la différence du photographe, le géographe ne peut à l’évidence pas se contenter de traiter son sujet par la photographie. Mais rien ne l’oblige non plus à recourir à la photographie uniquement pour illustrer, voire soutenir, son discours scientifique. La photographie peut en effet aussi offrir au chercheur le luxe de pouvoir aborder le su…
Opium
Known to the Greeks as opos or opion , as afiun in Persian and Arabic, and fuyung in Chinese, opium is at once a palliative and a poison. Its exotic origins, its literary associations, and the properties that are, often erroneously, attributed to it have ensured an ongoing air of mystery. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy reveals the long and fascinating history of a powerful and addictive drug and explores the changing fortunes of the modern-day illicit opiu…
Finding an alternative to illicit opium production in Afghanistan, and elsewhere
Prohibition attempts have failed for over a century, as the case of Afghanistan shows. There are many and complex reasons for this. Illicit opium production has benefited from synergies between war economies and drug economies, in Afghanistan and elsewhere. It has also thrived on economic underdevel opment and poverty. Part of the problem is that illicit opium production largely outlives war and that economic development can only occur in countri…
Hashish revival in Morocco
The myth of the narco-state
Despite being used repeatedly in different contexts, the term “narco-state” has never been satisfactorily defined or explained. In fact, the existence of the narco-state is almost always taken for granted. This article will argue, on the basis of a review of existing definitions and of selected case studies, that there is no such thing as a narco-state and that using the term tends to oversimplify if not mask the complex socio-political and econo…
L’échec de la guerre contre la drogue
International audience
Agricultural innovations in Morocco’s cannabis industry
Cannabis cultivation in the world
Despite cannabis being the most common illegal drug crop in the world and its worldwide presence, very little is known about its production, trade, and consumption at the global scale. This is due mostly to over a century of global prohibition and the dangers associated to researching illegal drug crop production. Worse, the limited data available about cannabis cultivation is most often inaccurate, unreliable, and highly controversial. While thi…
Illegal cannabis cultivation in the world, and as a subject in academic research
Illegal cannabis cultivation as a worldwide phenomenon is the theme of this edition of EchoGeo. As expected, putting together a special issue on illegal cannabis cultivation in the world is challenging since very few scholars conduct on-location research on cultivation specifically and also because very few authors have in-depth knowledge of the plant’s history, botany, agronomy, or even industry. This is, of course, because most of the world’s d…
Political science (15 obras) · Economics (9 obras) · Psychology (9 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Psychiatry (7 obras) · Business (6 obras) · Cannabis (6 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (6 obras) · Geography (6 obras) · Southeast Asian Sociopolitical Studies (6 obras)