R L Hopcroft
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 28509 |
|---|---|
| NOME | R L Hopcroft |
| PRENOMES | R L |
| SOBRENOME | Hopcroft |
| ASSINATURA | HOPCROFT R L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of North Carolina at Charlotte |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9629-7993 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 35 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 113 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1994 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Increasing Evolutionary Inequalities
Scholars using evolutionary theory in the social sciences (mostly outside of sociology) were the first to draw attention to inequalities in outcomes between children from single parent/other types of families and children from two biological parent families, and inequalities in outcomes between biological children and nonbiological children in families. There is now much evidence from sociology and other social science disciplines that outcomes o…
What makes a good social science theory, and why the evolutionary model of the actor is one
This paper presents the rules of science in general as the rules of social science and describes what makes a good theory in both science generally and social science specifically. We argue that good theory in science and social science can both explain and predict. Scientific theory at any level of analysis consists of deductively connected models of processes, and these processes and the entities they involve almost always are ideal types. Good…
Interview with Rosemary Hopcroft for Theory and Society
Husband’s income, wife’s income, and number of biological children in the U.S
Previous studies have found that the positive relationship between personal income and fertility for men in the United States is primarily due to childlessness among low-income men. Yet because of the opposite effects of income on fertility for men and women, it is important to examine the effects of income net of spouse's income. An analysis of income from all sources and biological fertility data for husbands and wives from the Survey of Income…
High income men have high value as long-term mates in the U.S
Is Fertility After the Demographic Transition Maladaptive?
Fitness is always relative to the fitness of others in the group or breeding population. Even in very low-fertility societies, individual fitness as measured by the share of genes in subsequent generations may still be maximized. Further, sexual selection theory from evolutionary biology suggests that the relationship between status and fertility will differ for males and females. For this reason it is important to examine the relationship betwee…
Sex Differences in the Association of Family and Personal Income and Wealth with Fertility in the United States
The New Evolutionary Sociology
Number of Childbearing Partners, Status, and the Fertility of Men and Women in the U.S
Theory from evolutionary biology suggests that status and access to resources will influence the number of mating partners somewhat differently for men and women, yet little previous research has examined the relationship between status and number of childbearing partners for men and women in the U.S. This paper uses newly available data on a large probability sample of the U.S. population (the Survey of Income and Program Participation) to evalu…
Comment on Lee and Conley (2016), “Does the Gender of Offspring Affect Parental Political Orientation?”
Lee and Conley (2016) find null effects of sex of the first-born child on political orientation in thirty-six countries. Null effects in statistical analyses may occur because there is no relationship between the variables in the population, in this case, between sex of the first-born child and political orientation. Null effects may also occur because of measurement error or noise in one or more of the variables. Unfortunately, Lee and Conley's …
Grand Challenges in Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology
SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE article Front. Sociol., 18 February 2016Sec. Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology Volume 1 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2016.00002
Parental Investments and Educational Outcomes
In the U.S. there is evidence of a Trivers-Willard (T-W) effect in educational attainment, such that the sons of high status fathers attain more education than the daughters, and the daughters of low status fathers attain more education than the sons. This paper seeks to uncover the mechanisms by which this T-W effect occurs. Data are from the High School and Beyond Study by the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. Results show that the…
Sex differences in the relationship between status and number of offspring in the contemporary U.S.
Evolutionary Sociology
The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education
Why is the sex gap in feelings of depression wider in high gender equity countries? The effect of children on the psychological well-being of men and women
Constructing Social Theory
A Choice Model of Occupational Status and Fertility
We use a few assumptions based on evolutionary reasoning to create a simple mathematical model of the relationships between a person's background status, investment in personal occupational status, personal occupational status, and fertility. The model generates seven predictions concerning these relationships and how they differ for men and women. For example, it predicts that background status will have a greater effect on personal occupational…
Gender Inequality in Interaction -- An Evolutionary Account
In this article I argue that evolutionary theorizing can help sociologists and feminists better understand gender inequality. Evolutionary theory explains why control of the sexuality of young women is a priority across most human societies both past and present. Evolutionary psychology has extended our understanding of male violence against women. Here I add to these theories andpresent a sexual selection argument to postulate possible evolved p…
The Evolved Actor in Sociology
In this article, I show that principles from both evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology inform a model of the actor that is usually implicit in sociological research on the family and social stratification. Making this evolved actor model explicit can unify and explain existing empirical sociological findings in these areas, and suggest new hypotheses for future research. I suggest the same is true in many other areas of sociology as w…
The Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
The sex difference in depression is well documented in westernized, developed societies, although there has been little quantitative cross- cultural research on the topic. In this study, we use multilevel logit models to examine sex differences in depression across 29 countries using data from the World Values Survey. We find that in no country are males more likely to be depressed than females. We also find that while levels of depression are hi…
Sex, status, and reproductive success in the contemporary United States
Status Characteristics Among Older Individuals
Previous theory and experimental research suggest that gender operates as a status characteristic in social interaction. Here I test an alternative hypothesis based on evolutionary psychology that gender may not work as a status characteristic when individuals are older (aged over 50). In an experimental study, pairs of subjects (young men with young women, older men with older women) were asked to make a series of decisions about a gender-neutra…
Parental Status and Differential Investment in Sons and Daughters
According to the Trivers-Willard (T-W) hypothesis there is an interaction between individual status and investment in offspring such that high-status individuals invest more in boys, and low-status individuals invest more in girls. Parental investment may be both physiological and affect the sex ratio of offspring, or it may be psychological and affect resource allocation to offspring. I test both components of the hypothesis using cumulative U.S…
Local Institutions and Rural Development in European History
Rising per capita incomes generated by rural development helped make the industrialization of Europe possible. The current dominant approaches to rural development in European history stress the role of either local class relations or state institutions. Both approaches ignore the role of local institutions. Although class relations and state institutions were important in rural development in European history, the regional analysis presented her…
Parental Status and Differential Investment in Sons and Daughters
According to the Trivers-Willard (T-W) hypothesis there is an interaction between individual status and investment in offspring such that high-status individuals invest more in boys, and low-status individuals invest more in girls. Parental investment may be both physiological and affect the sex ratio of offspring, or it may be psychological and affect resource allocation to offspring. I test both components of the hypothesis using cumulative U.S…
The Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
The sex difference in depression is well documented in westernized, developed societies, although there has been little quantitative cross- cultural research on the topic. In this study, we use multilevel logit models to examine sex differences in depression across 29 countries using data from the World Values Survey. We find that in no country are males more likely to be depressed than females. We also find that while levels of depression are hi…
The Social Origins of Agrarian Change in Late Medieval England
Agrarian change in late medieval England (about 1300-1500) was an important precursor of the agricultural revolution of later centuries. Recent historical scholarship shows pronounced regional differences in agrarian change during this period. This article uses both historical evidence and the results of a multivariate analysis to criticize various explanations of regional differences in agraian change. Neither population density, nor ecology, no…
The Authority Attainment of Women
Women receive better returns than men in authority in the competitive sector of the economy, all else being equal (including gender-type of occupation and firm size). This finding supports a hypothesis drawn from organizations theory and Becker (1971) (1957). In addition, this analysis shows that while differences in education and hours worked per week do help explain the gender difference in authority in the workplace, gender differences in dome…
Community, Capitalism, and Rebellion in Chiapas
In this paper, we examine the role of local land tenure, community solidarity, and recent commercialization in the 1994 rebellion in Chiapas. We find that neither the ejido land tenure system, nor community solidarity, nor community disruption and proletarianization due to recent economic change, may be considered as primary causal factors behind the revolt. We find the best explanation for the revolt to lie in the desire of certain groups, notab…
Maintaining the Balance of Power
The endurance of democracy in England from the late medieval period to the Glorious Revolution (1688) remains a puzzle. Many analysts agree that an important factor in maintaining constitutionalism in England during this pivotal period was the reliance of the English Crown on indirect taxation and suggest that this reliance occurred because taxation on trade was easy and lucrative in a commercialized economy. I show how this explanation is inadeq…
Parental Investments and Educational Outcomes
In the U.S. there is evidence of a Trivers-Willard (T-W) effect in educational attainment, such that the sons of high status fathers attain more education than the daughters, and the daughters of low status fathers attain more education than the sons. This paper seeks to uncover the mechanisms by which this T-W effect occurs. Data are from the High School and Beyond Study by the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. Results show that the…
Why is the sex gap in feelings of depression wider in high gender equity countries? The effect of children on the psychological well-being of men and women
Grand Challenges in Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology
SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE article Front. Sociol., 18 February 2016Sec. Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology Volume 1 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2016.00002
The New Evolutionary Sociology
The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education
A Choice Model of Occupational Status and Fertility
We use a few assumptions based on evolutionary reasoning to create a simple mathematical model of the relationships between a person's background status, investment in personal occupational status, personal occupational status, and fertility. The model generates seven predictions concerning these relationships and how they differ for men and women. For example, it predicts that background status will have a greater effect on personal occupational…
The Evolved Actor in Sociology
In this article, I show that principles from both evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology inform a model of the actor that is usually implicit in sociological research on the family and social stratification. Making this evolved actor model explicit can unify and explain existing empirical sociological findings in these areas, and suggest new hypotheses for future research. I suggest the same is true in many other areas of sociology as w…
Status Characteristics Among Older Individuals
Previous theory and experimental research suggest that gender operates as a status characteristic in social interaction. Here I test an alternative hypothesis based on evolutionary psychology that gender may not work as a status characteristic when individuals are older (aged over 50). In an experimental study, pairs of subjects (young men with young women, older men with older women) were asked to make a series of decisions about a gender-neutra…
Number of Childbearing Partners, Status, and the Fertility of Men and Women in the U.S
Theory from evolutionary biology suggests that status and access to resources will influence the number of mating partners somewhat differently for men and women, yet little previous research has examined the relationship between status and number of childbearing partners for men and women in the U.S. This paper uses newly available data on a large probability sample of the U.S. population (the Survey of Income and Program Participation) to evalu…
Gender Inequality in Interaction -- An Evolutionary Account
In this article I argue that evolutionary theorizing can help sociologists and feminists better understand gender inequality. Evolutionary theory explains why control of the sexuality of young women is a priority across most human societies both past and present. Evolutionary psychology has extended our understanding of male violence against women. Here I add to these theories andpresent a sexual selection argument to postulate possible evolved p…
Theoretical Implications of Regional Effects
Local economic institutions (systems of property rights and rules of land use) influenced the course of economic change in European history, as well as state formation and religious change. In this paper, I outline the theoretical implications of these regional effects. None of our existing macrolevel theories and explanations of the 'rise of the West' can adequately incorporate them, so I present an alternative theory, based on rational choice p…
What makes a good social science theory, and why the evolutionary model of the actor is one
This paper presents the rules of science in general as the rules of social science and describes what makes a good theory in both science generally and social science specifically. We argue that good theory in science and social science can both explain and predict. Scientific theory at any level of analysis consists of deductively connected models of processes, and these processes and the entities they involve almost always are ideal types. Good…
Sex Differences in the Association of Family and Personal Income and Wealth with Fertility in the United States
Local Institutions and Rural Development in European History
Rising per capita incomes generated by rural development helped make the industrialization of Europe possible. The current dominant approaches to rural development in European history stress the role of either local class relations or state institutions. Both approaches ignore the role of local institutions. Although class relations and state institutions were important in rural development in European history, the regional analysis presented her…
Rural Organization and Receptivity to Protestantism in Sixteenth-Century Europe
In this paper, I hypothesize and show evidence for a causal link between local land use systems and popular receptivity to ascetic, rationalist religions in sixteenth-century Germany, France, the Netherlands, and England. Rationalist religions typically received popular support in regions characterized by individual property rights in land and little communal control over agriculture. I argue that this social organization of agriculture gave rise…
Conceptualizing Regional Differences in Eighteenth-Century England
The Social Origins of Agrarian Change in Late Medieval England
Agrarian change in late medieval England (about 1300-1500) was an important precursor of the agricultural revolution of later centuries. Recent historical scholarship shows pronounced regional differences in agrarian change during this period. This article uses both historical evidence and the results of a multivariate analysis to criticize various explanations of regional differences in agraian change. Neither population density, nor ecology, no…
Conceptualizing Regional Differences in Eighteenth-Century England
The Authority Attainment of Women
Women receive better returns than men in authority in the competitive sector of the economy, all else being equal (including gender-type of occupation and firm size). This finding supports a hypothesis drawn from organizations theory and Becker (1971) (1957). In addition, this analysis shows that while differences in education and hours worked per week do help explain the gender difference in authority in the workplace, gender differences in dome…
Community, Capitalism, and Rebellion in Chiapas
In this paper, we examine the role of local land tenure, community solidarity, and recent commercialization in the 1994 rebellion in Chiapas. We find that neither the ejido land tenure system, nor community solidarity, nor community disruption and proletarianization due to recent economic change, may be considered as primary causal factors behind the revolt. We find the best explanation for the revolt to lie in the desire of certain groups, notab…
Rural Organization and Receptivity to Protestantism in Sixteenth-Century Europe
In this paper, I hypothesize and show evidence for a causal link between local land use systems and popular receptivity to ascetic, rationalist religions in sixteenth-century Germany, France, the Netherlands, and England. Rationalist religions typically received popular support in regions characterized by individual property rights in land and little communal control over agriculture. I argue that this social organization of agriculture gave rise…
Maintaining the Balance of Power
The endurance of democracy in England from the late medieval period to the Glorious Revolution (1688) remains a puzzle. Many analysts agree that an important factor in maintaining constitutionalism in England during this pivotal period was the reliance of the English Crown on indirect taxation and suggest that this reliance occurred because taxation on trade was easy and lucrative in a commercialized economy. I show how this explanation is inadeq…
Capitalists in Spite of Themselves
1. Something Happened 2. Feudal Dynamics 3. The Limits of Urban Capitalism 4. State Formation 5. A Dead End and a Detour: Spain and the Netherlands 6. Elite Defensiveness and the Transformation of Class Relations in Britain and France 7. Religions and Ideology 8. Conclusion Notes Bibliography
Regions, Institutions, and Agrarian Change in European History
Theoretical Implications of Regional Effects
Local economic institutions (systems of property rights and rules of land use) influenced the course of economic change in European history, as well as state formation and religious change. In this paper, I outline the theoretical implications of these regional effects. None of our existing macrolevel theories and explanations of the 'rise of the West' can adequately incorporate them, so I present an alternative theory, based on rational choice p…
Local Institutions and Rural Development in European History
Rising per capita incomes generated by rural development helped make the industrialization of Europe possible. The current dominant approaches to rural development in European history stress the role of either local class relations or state institutions. Both approaches ignore the role of local institutions. Although class relations and state institutions were important in rural development in European history, the regional analysis presented her…
Local Institutions and Rural Development in European History
Parental Status and Differential Investment in Sons and Daughters
According to the Trivers-Willard (T-W) hypothesis there is an interaction between individual status and investment in offspring such that high-status individuals invest more in boys, and low-status individuals invest more in girls. Parental investment may be both physiological and affect the sex ratio of offspring, or it may be psychological and affect resource allocation to offspring. I test both components of the hypothesis using cumulative U.S…
Sex, status, and reproductive success in the contemporary United States
Status Characteristics Among Older Individuals
Previous theory and experimental research suggest that gender operates as a status characteristic in social interaction. Here I test an alternative hypothesis based on evolutionary psychology that gender may not work as a status characteristic when individuals are older (aged over 50). In an experimental study, pairs of subjects (young men with young women, older men with older women) were asked to make a series of decisions about a gender-neutra…
The Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
The sex difference in depression is well documented in westernized, developed societies, although there has been little quantitative cross- cultural research on the topic. In this study, we use multilevel logit models to examine sex differences in depression across 29 countries using data from the World Values Survey. We find that in no country are males more likely to be depressed than females. We also find that while levels of depression are hi…
Gender Inequality in Interaction -- An Evolutionary Account
In this article I argue that evolutionary theorizing can help sociologists and feminists better understand gender inequality. Evolutionary theory explains why control of the sexuality of young women is a priority across most human societies both past and present. Evolutionary psychology has extended our understanding of male violence against women. Here I add to these theories andpresent a sexual selection argument to postulate possible evolved p…
The Evolved Actor in Sociology
In this article, I show that principles from both evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology inform a model of the actor that is usually implicit in sociological research on the family and social stratification. Making this evolved actor model explicit can unify and explain existing empirical sociological findings in these areas, and suggest new hypotheses for future research. I suggest the same is true in many other areas of sociology as w…
A Choice Model of Occupational Status and Fertility
We use a few assumptions based on evolutionary reasoning to create a simple mathematical model of the relationships between a person's background status, investment in personal occupational status, personal occupational status, and fertility. The model generates seven predictions concerning these relationships and how they differ for men and women. For example, it predicts that background status will have a greater effect on personal occupational…
Constructing Social Theory
Why is the sex gap in feelings of depression wider in high gender equity countries? The effect of children on the psychological well-being of men and women
The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education
Sex differences in the relationship between status and number of offspring in the contemporary U.S.
Evolutionary Sociology
Comment on Lee and Conley (2016), “Does the Gender of Offspring Affect Parental Political Orientation?”
Lee and Conley (2016) find null effects of sex of the first-born child on political orientation in thirty-six countries. Null effects in statistical analyses may occur because there is no relationship between the variables in the population, in this case, between sex of the first-born child and political orientation. Null effects may also occur because of measurement error or noise in one or more of the variables. Unfortunately, Lee and Conley's …
Grand Challenges in Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology
SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE article Front. Sociol., 18 February 2016Sec. Evolutionary Sociology and Biosociology Volume 1 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2016.00002
Sociology (29 obras) · Economics (19 obras) · Political science (18 obras) · Demography (14 obras) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (14 obras) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (12 obras) · Psychology (12 obras) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (11 obras) · Population (10 obras) · Fertility (8 obras)