Janne Kivivuori
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 285102 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Janne Kivivuori |
| PRENOMES | Janne |
| SOBRENOME | Kivivuori |
| ASSINATURA | KIVIVUORI J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Helsinki |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3572-0791 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 114 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1998 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Hate crime offending among European youth
Crime motivated by hate toward social groups and identities is a major social problem. Due to the rise of interethnic, ideological, and religious tensions, the criminal policy relevance of this crime has increased. One compelling question for hate crime researchers has been whether hate crime is different from general crime. In this study, we draw on the most recent available comparative European dataset, the third sweep of the International Self…
Substance use patterns and homicide in Finland, 2002–2022
Due to the increase in the use of illicit drugs in western Europe, key policy stakeholders and researchers have increasingly focused on the drugs-violence nexus. However, previous research on changing substance use patterns among homicide offenders, particularly studies that consider alcohol and drugs simultaneously, remains limited. Comparative analyses of youth- versus adult-perpetrated homicides from a substance use perspective are particularl…
Young People’s Experiences with Online and Offline Crime
Cybercrime Correlates Among Adolescents in Europe and South America
Cybercrime is increasingly recognized as a global issue, with adolescents being a key group as crime trends shift online. However, relatively little is known about the prevalence of cybercrime, its specific risk factors, and how they differ across high and low-middle-income countries. This highlights the need for more cross-national comparative studies on the cybercriminal behavior of young people. This study examines the prevalence of four types…
Crime and Civilization
Crime and Civilization presents a history of the rise of criminology in the first part of the nineteenth century. The story begins in 1827, in Paris, when the first modern national crime statistic was published. The Compte général de l’administration de la justice criminelle en France was a paradigmatic game changer, sending shock waves across European intellectual circles interested in the analysis of crime. The new concept of national crime sta…
The future of interpersonal violence research
Interpersonal violence is a high-priority issue for the general public, policymakers, and academics. It is commonly defined as the use of physical force - threatened or actual - with the intent to cause harm or injury (Dahlberg & Krug, 2002 ), and can be contrasted with collective or political forms of violence. Its negative consequences range from immediate effects, such as personal harm and injury, to longer-term consequences for offenders, vic…
Homicide drop in seven European countries
This study examines homicide trends in seven European countries – Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland – all of which manifested a substantial drop in homicide mortality between 1990 and 2016. By using data from the European Homicide Monitor, a coding scheme created to enable cross-country comparisons, combined with the national cause-of-death statistics, we explore generality versus specificity of the homi…
European Homicide Monitor
Homicide as the most serious form of lethal violence has always represented an important research focus in criminology. Much of the existing research, however, is based on aggregated homicide data and is limited to macrolevel analyses. The European Homicide Monitor (EHM) is an initiative promoting standardized international data collection, with the aim of collecting disaggregated and detailed data on homicide. Originally developed by researchers…
Homicide in Global Extremes
Homicide remains a major cause of death globally. The global risk differentials are a persistent public health challenge. Africa’s homicide rate of 13 victims per 100,000 people is markedly higher than the European average (2.2 per 100,000 people). To understand the causes of such large differences, homicide research needs to move from country-level rates to disaggregated analyses in which homicide is broken down by victim, offender, and incident…
Homicide Patterns and Trends in Europe and Beyond
Security and Global Affairs
Preventing Religion-Based Hate Crime Victimization Among Youth
Hate crime victimization targeting the victim’s religious identity poses a serious problem for individuals, communities, and societies. This systematic review describes countermeasures to such victimization, aiming for broad descriptive inclusion by canvassing personal adaptations, collective programs, and institutional-governmental policies. Targeting peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2022, we found 44 articles describing measure…
Towards a Religion–Victimization Module for the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD) Context
The concept of postsecular society highlights the increasing relevance of religion in social, cultural, and political affairs. Given this trend, criminology should pay increasing attention to how religion is linked to victimization and offending. Since the religion–crime studies have traditionally focused on offending, the research lacunae are biggest in the study of victimization. The inclusion of religion is particularly relevant in internation…
Firearm Homicides in Europe
Detailed, comparative research on firearm violence in Europe is rare. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, this paper presents the prevalence and characteristics of firearm homicides in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland between 2001 and 2016. Furthermore, we compare firearm to non-firearm homicides to assess the degree of uniqueness of firearms as modus operandi. We find that the firearm homicide rate varies acro…
Post-release outcomes of lethal and non-lethal offenders
This study examines post-release outcomes of former prisoners convicted of severe violence. We use random intercept models to compare recidivism and participation in employment or education among Finnish offenders convicted of homicide (n = 509), attempted homicide (n = 800), or aggravated assault (n = 1714). A matching algorithm is used to adjust for observed preexisting differences among the three offender groups. Within 3 years post-release, 5…
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time draws a unique and detailed picture of developments in human interpersonal violence and presents new findings on rates, patterns, and long-term changes in lethal violence in the Nordics. Conducted by an interdisciplinary team of criminologists and historians, the book analyses homicide and lethal violence in northern Europe in two eras - the 17th century and early 21st century. Similar and continuous societal structur…
Crime News Consumption and Fear of Violence
In this article, we examine the correlates of fear of violence in the cross-media landscape. The study draws on the Finnish National Crime Victim Survey ( n = 6,141, respondents aged 15–74 years). First, we examine from what information and media sources respondents receive information on violent crime. We then examine how consumption of different types of media and information sources on violent crime associates with the contemporary experience …
A Global Perspective on Young People as Offenders and Victims
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Does the Gender Gap in Delinquency Vary by Level of Patriarchy? A Cross‐national Comparative Analysis
We examined cross‐national variation in the gender differential in offending, which is often referred to as the gender gap in crime. Analyses were directed toward two empirical questions: 1) Is the gender gap narrower in less patriarchal sociocultural settings, and if so, 2) is this outcome a result of higher levels of offending on the part of girls, lower levels of offending on the part of boys, or some combination thereof? To address these ques…
Veli Verkko as an Early Criminologist
Today, the Finnish criminologist and sociologist Veli Verkko (1893–1955) is remembered and cited because of ‘Verkko’s laws’, which predict cross-sectional and temporal regularities between homicide rates and patterns. This article describes Verkko’s criminological thought more broadly and situates him in the historical divide between bio-criminology and the rise of sociological environmentalism. In this paradigmatic conflict, Verkko took an unlik…
Debt Problems and Crime
The few existing studies on the association between debt problems and crime have suggested that the two are correlated, but the causal nature and direction of this association has been unclear. By using longitudinal register data ( N = 20,696) from Finland on young adults’ debt default and crime, we examine the potentially reciprocal association between debt problems and crime with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal models. Debt problems and c…
The revenge motive in delinquency
Revenge is a well-recognised motive for crime and violence. In sociological research, this topic has been pursued primarily in ethnographic studies of street offenders or gang conflicts. Psychologists have studied revenge behaviour experimentally in laboratory settings and revenge ideation with community samples. Despite these contributions, we know very little about the prevalence and correlates of revenge-motivated offending in representative m…
Criminology, History of
Encounters between security guards and young people
There is a distinct lack of knowledge about how the rise of private security relates to young people in adversarial encounters. Prior studies suggest that the policing of young people by police is a common occurrence and social biases exist. However, policing of young people by private security guards has gained much less attention. Drawing on a large-scale youth survey (N = 5826), this article examines the extent and social biases of adversarial…
Understanding Trends in Personal Violence
Sociological theorists have suggested, at least in Western affluent societies, a societal change toward increasing sensitivity to violence. Possible causes include increasing affluence, security, medical victories over infectious diseases, increasing life expectancy, and feminization of society. A trend toward increasing sensitivity could have implications for understanding crime trends. If some conflicts are newly perceived as violence, this can…
Examining the Generality of the Unemployment–crime Association
This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior.…
Social determinants of crime in a welfare state
Despite decades of research on the association between socio-economic status (SES) and crime, its strength and nature remain contested. Using a unique dataset combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of 28,485 19 to 30-year-old Finnish citizens, we examine SES differences in violent offences, property offences and driving while intoxicated. We use multiple measures of SES in order to see what it…
Crime victimization, exposure to crime news and social trust among adolescents
Interpersonal trust has recently emerged at the centre of research in social science as an important component of social capital. Earlier, it has been theorized that exposure to media cultivates a suspicious and distrusting ‘mean–world’ outlook on life (cultivation theory). In this article, we aim to bind these separate but obviously interconnected theoretical discussions in a combined empirical analysis, by exploring several potential correlates…
Does the Gender Gap in Delinquency Vary by Level of Patriarchy? A Cross‐national Comparative Analysis
We examined cross‐national variation in the gender differential in offending, which is often referred to as the gender gap in crime. Analyses were directed toward two empirical questions: 1) Is the gender gap narrower in less patriarchal sociocultural settings, and if so, 2) is this outcome a result of higher levels of offending on the part of girls, lower levels of offending on the part of boys, or some combination thereof? To address these ques…
Debt Problems and Crime
The few existing studies on the association between debt problems and crime have suggested that the two are correlated, but the causal nature and direction of this association has been unclear. By using longitudinal register data ( N = 20,696) from Finland on young adults’ debt default and crime, we examine the potentially reciprocal association between debt problems and crime with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal models. Debt problems and c…
The revenge motive in delinquency
Revenge is a well-recognised motive for crime and violence. In sociological research, this topic has been pursued primarily in ethnographic studies of street offenders or gang conflicts. Psychologists have studied revenge behaviour experimentally in laboratory settings and revenge ideation with community samples. Despite these contributions, we know very little about the prevalence and correlates of revenge-motivated offending in representative m…
Antisocial Propensity, Adolescent School Outcomes, and the Risk of Criminal Conviction
Data from the 1986 N orthern F inland B irth C ohort S tudy ( n = 4,645) were used to examine the influence of mid‐adolescent (age 15) school outcomes on late‐adolescent (ages 17–19) risk of criminal conviction. Consistent with social‐developmental theories of offending, we found that poor academic performance and reduced school attachment increase the risk of criminal conviction independently of pre‐existing differences in antisocial propensity …
The Social Composition of Homicide in Finland, 1960-2000
This article examines the social composition of homicide offenders and victims in Finland between 1960 and 2000. While many prior analyses have been based on victim-based cause-of-death statistics or aggregated rates of geographical units, the present data allowed the analysis of offender and victim populations at individual level. Both the rates and patterns of homicidal behaviour were analysed from the point of view of participants' social char…
Encounters between security guards and young people
There is a distinct lack of knowledge about how the rise of private security relates to young people in adversarial encounters. Prior studies suggest that the policing of young people by police is a common occurrence and social biases exist. However, policing of young people by private security guards has gained much less attention. Drawing on a large-scale youth survey (N = 5826), this article examines the extent and social biases of adversarial…
Understanding Trends in Personal Violence
Sociological theorists have suggested, at least in Western affluent societies, a societal change toward increasing sensitivity to violence. Possible causes include increasing affluence, security, medical victories over infectious diseases, increasing life expectancy, and feminization of society. A trend toward increasing sensitivity could have implications for understanding crime trends. If some conflicts are newly perceived as violence, this can…
Homicide in Finland and Sweden
Five important changes can be detected in the homicidal crime of Finland and Sweden. From the mid-seventeenth century to the mid-eighteenth, concurring with the establishing of the modern centralized state, homicide rates dropped significantly. In the long term, the local variation in Swedish homicide rates decreased, probably because of the rise of the centralized state; however, the case was different in Finland, partly because of a less effici…
Firearm Homicides in Europe
Detailed, comparative research on firearm violence in Europe is rare. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, this paper presents the prevalence and characteristics of firearm homicides in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland between 2001 and 2016. Furthermore, we compare firearm to non-firearm homicides to assess the degree of uniqueness of firearms as modus operandi. We find that the firearm homicide rate varies acro…
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Socio-Economic Status and Criminality as Predictors of Male Violence
While low socio-economic status (SES) is generally accepted as a risk factor for violence, some have argued that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a ‘classless’ crime. We examine the effects of SES and prior criminal record on different types of police-reported violence committed in 2005–07 by Finnish men using a register-based general population sample that offers exceptionally good population coverage. While IPV against women appears somewhat …
Delinquency Research in the Nordic Countries
Research on delinquent behavior has traditionally been a core emphasis of Nordic criminological research. Historically, Nordic cooperation in criminology began with the world’s first ever internationally comparative survey of self-reported delinquency, the Nordic Draftee Research program, 1961–64. Youths of the five Nordic nations tend to manifest relatively similar prevalence levels of delinquent behavior, with a partial exception that Danish ad…
Crime by Proxy
Historical criminology has described the underworld role of Fagin — an adult who forces, seduces or teaches minors to commit crimes for him. In contemporary debates, it is sometimes feared that ado-lescents cunningly evade criminal law by recruiting younger children to commit offences for them. The present article reports fi ndings from three studies charting the prevalence and correlates of proxy crime among Finnish juvenile offenders. First, a …
Delinquent Phases
This article examines the prevalence and correlates of shoplifting phases among Finnish adolescents. The data are based on the Finnish Self-Report Delinquency Study (FSRD-96) whose target population consisted of 9th grade (15–16-year-old) students. The identification of phases was based both on behavioural sequences and subjective interpretations. Consequently a shoplifting phase was defined in a relative fashion as a period during which the resp…
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time draws a unique and detailed picture of developments in human interpersonal violence and presents new findings on rates, patterns, and long-term changes in lethal violence in the Nordics. Conducted by an interdisciplinary team of criminologists and historians, the book analyses homicide and lethal violence in northern Europe in two eras - the 17th century and early 21st century. Similar and continuous societal structur…
Veli Verkko as an Early Criminologist
Today, the Finnish criminologist and sociologist Veli Verkko (1893–1955) is remembered and cited because of ‘Verkko’s laws’, which predict cross-sectional and temporal regularities between homicide rates and patterns. This article describes Verkko’s criminological thought more broadly and situates him in the historical divide between bio-criminology and the rise of sociological environmentalism. In this paradigmatic conflict, Verkko took an unlik…
Delinquent Phases
This article examines the prevalence and correlates of shoplifting phases among Finnish adolescents. The data are based on the Finnish Self-Report Delinquency Study (FSRD-96) whose target population consisted of 9th grade (15–16-year-old) students. The identification of phases was based both on behavioural sequences and subjective interpretations. Consequently a shoplifting phase was defined in a relative fashion as a period during which the resp…
The Social Composition of Homicide in Finland, 1960-2000
This article examines the social composition of homicide offenders and victims in Finland between 1960 and 2000. While many prior analyses have been based on victim-based cause-of-death statistics or aggregated rates of geographical units, the present data allowed the analysis of offender and victim populations at individual level. Both the rates and patterns of homicidal behaviour were analysed from the point of view of participants' social char…
Crime victimization, exposure to crime news and social trust among adolescents
Interpersonal trust has recently emerged at the centre of research in social science as an important component of social capital. Earlier, it has been theorized that exposure to media cultivates a suspicious and distrusting ‘mean–world’ outlook on life (cultivation theory). In this article, we aim to bind these separate but obviously interconnected theoretical discussions in a combined empirical analysis, by exploring several potential correlates…
Crime by Proxy
Historical criminology has described the underworld role of Fagin — an adult who forces, seduces or teaches minors to commit crimes for him. In contemporary debates, it is sometimes feared that ado-lescents cunningly evade criminal law by recruiting younger children to commit offences for them. The present article reports fi ndings from three studies charting the prevalence and correlates of proxy crime among Finnish juvenile offenders. First, a …
Discovery of Hidden Crime
1. Introduction 2. Key Concepts 3. Contours of the Battlefield 4. Discovery of Hidden Crime 5. Deployment of Hidden Crime Studies in the Nordic Area 6. Concluding Discussion
Antisocial Propensity, Adolescent School Outcomes, and the Risk of Criminal Conviction
Data from the 1986 N orthern F inland B irth C ohort S tudy ( n = 4,645) were used to examine the influence of mid‐adolescent (age 15) school outcomes on late‐adolescent (ages 17–19) risk of criminal conviction. Consistent with social‐developmental theories of offending, we found that poor academic performance and reduced school attachment increase the risk of criminal conviction independently of pre‐existing differences in antisocial propensity …
Homicide in Finland and Sweden
Five important changes can be detected in the homicidal crime of Finland and Sweden. From the mid-seventeenth century to the mid-eighteenth, concurring with the establishing of the modern centralized state, homicide rates dropped significantly. In the long term, the local variation in Swedish homicide rates decreased, probably because of the rise of the centralized state; however, the case was different in Finland, partly because of a less effici…
Delinquency Research in the Nordic Countries
Research on delinquent behavior has traditionally been a core emphasis of Nordic criminological research. Historically, Nordic cooperation in criminology began with the world’s first ever internationally comparative survey of self-reported delinquency, the Nordic Draftee Research program, 1961–64. Youths of the five Nordic nations tend to manifest relatively similar prevalence levels of delinquent behavior, with a partial exception that Danish ad…
Social determinants of crime in a welfare state
Despite decades of research on the association between socio-economic status (SES) and crime, its strength and nature remain contested. Using a unique dataset combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of 28,485 19 to 30-year-old Finnish citizens, we examine SES differences in violent offences, property offences and driving while intoxicated. We use multiple measures of SES in order to see what it…
Socio-Economic Status and Criminality as Predictors of Male Violence
While low socio-economic status (SES) is generally accepted as a risk factor for violence, some have argued that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a ‘classless’ crime. We examine the effects of SES and prior criminal record on different types of police-reported violence committed in 2005–07 by Finnish men using a register-based general population sample that offers exceptionally good population coverage. While IPV against women appears somewhat …
Examining the Generality of the Unemployment–crime Association
This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior.…
Encounters between security guards and young people
There is a distinct lack of knowledge about how the rise of private security relates to young people in adversarial encounters. Prior studies suggest that the policing of young people by police is a common occurrence and social biases exist. However, policing of young people by private security guards has gained much less attention. Drawing on a large-scale youth survey (N = 5826), this article examines the extent and social biases of adversarial…
Understanding Trends in Personal Violence
Sociological theorists have suggested, at least in Western affluent societies, a societal change toward increasing sensitivity to violence. Possible causes include increasing affluence, security, medical victories over infectious diseases, increasing life expectancy, and feminization of society. A trend toward increasing sensitivity could have implications for understanding crime trends. If some conflicts are newly perceived as violence, this can…
Criminology, History of
Veli Verkko as an Early Criminologist
Today, the Finnish criminologist and sociologist Veli Verkko (1893–1955) is remembered and cited because of ‘Verkko’s laws’, which predict cross-sectional and temporal regularities between homicide rates and patterns. This article describes Verkko’s criminological thought more broadly and situates him in the historical divide between bio-criminology and the rise of sociological environmentalism. In this paradigmatic conflict, Verkko took an unlik…
Debt Problems and Crime
The few existing studies on the association between debt problems and crime have suggested that the two are correlated, but the causal nature and direction of this association has been unclear. By using longitudinal register data ( N = 20,696) from Finland on young adults’ debt default and crime, we examine the potentially reciprocal association between debt problems and crime with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal models. Debt problems and c…
The revenge motive in delinquency
Revenge is a well-recognised motive for crime and violence. In sociological research, this topic has been pursued primarily in ethnographic studies of street offenders or gang conflicts. Psychologists have studied revenge behaviour experimentally in laboratory settings and revenge ideation with community samples. Despite these contributions, we know very little about the prevalence and correlates of revenge-motivated offending in representative m…
Does the Gender Gap in Delinquency Vary by Level of Patriarchy? A Cross‐national Comparative Analysis
We examined cross‐national variation in the gender differential in offending, which is often referred to as the gender gap in crime. Analyses were directed toward two empirical questions: 1) Is the gender gap narrower in less patriarchal sociocultural settings, and if so, 2) is this outcome a result of higher levels of offending on the part of girls, lower levels of offending on the part of boys, or some combination thereof? To address these ques…
A Global Perspective on Young People as Offenders and Victims
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Crime News Consumption and Fear of Violence
In this article, we examine the correlates of fear of violence in the cross-media landscape. The study draws on the Finnish National Crime Victim Survey ( n = 6,141, respondents aged 15–74 years). First, we examine from what information and media sources respondents receive information on violent crime. We then examine how consumption of different types of media and information sources on violent crime associates with the contemporary experience …
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time
Nordic Homicide in Deep Time draws a unique and detailed picture of developments in human interpersonal violence and presents new findings on rates, patterns, and long-term changes in lethal violence in the Nordics. Conducted by an interdisciplinary team of criminologists and historians, the book analyses homicide and lethal violence in northern Europe in two eras - the 17th century and early 21st century. Similar and continuous societal structur…
Towards a Religion–Victimization Module for the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD) Context
The concept of postsecular society highlights the increasing relevance of religion in social, cultural, and political affairs. Given this trend, criminology should pay increasing attention to how religion is linked to victimization and offending. Since the religion–crime studies have traditionally focused on offending, the research lacunae are biggest in the study of victimization. The inclusion of religion is particularly relevant in internation…
Firearm Homicides in Europe
Detailed, comparative research on firearm violence in Europe is rare. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, this paper presents the prevalence and characteristics of firearm homicides in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland between 2001 and 2016. Furthermore, we compare firearm to non-firearm homicides to assess the degree of uniqueness of firearms as modus operandi. We find that the firearm homicide rate varies acro…
Post-release outcomes of lethal and non-lethal offenders
This study examines post-release outcomes of former prisoners convicted of severe violence. We use random intercept models to compare recidivism and participation in employment or education among Finnish offenders convicted of homicide (n = 509), attempted homicide (n = 800), or aggravated assault (n = 1714). A matching algorithm is used to adjust for observed preexisting differences among the three offender groups. Within 3 years post-release, 5…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (31 obras) · Criminology (27 obras) · Psychology (24 obras) · Political science (21 obras) · Sociology (19 obras) · Poison control (15 obras) · Medicine (13 obras) · Homicide (11 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (10 obras) · Geography (9 obras)