Alexander Kouzmin
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 286316 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Alexander Kouzmin |
| PRENOMES | Alexander |
| SOBRENOME | Kouzmin |
| ASSINATURA | KOUZMIN A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Western Sydney University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 44 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 301 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 44 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1991 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2012 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Reform, Revolution, or Mission Impossible
This article rejects the continuing reliance upon discredited economic and social compacts. It questions the possibility for an ethical, nonexploitative capitalism and directs attention to the political and political economy foundations of contemporary neoliberal global capitalism. There has been a pervasive focus on the power arrangements involved in the distinctive unequal, crisis-ridden accumulation of capital in the late twentieth and early t…
Paradigmatic and Ontological Tensions in U.S. Public Administration
Postscript
Economic SCADs
Economic state crimes against democracy (E-SCADs)—are aimed primarily at financial gain. Representative government, based on New Public Management's "lean and mean" assumptions, is increasingly vulnerable to E-SCADs because of deregulation and the growing use of outsourcing, privatization, no-bid contracts, and public-private partnerships (PPPs). Examples are presented of E-SCAD vulnerabilities in Australian PPPs for constructing large capital fa…
The Limits of Permissible Change in U.S. Politics and Policy
Barack Obama's election to the presidency offers scholars a rare opportunity to test their theories of modern representative democracy and US government. Different theories imply different trajectories for US politics and policy under Obama's leadership. In this article, the authors present one such theory, draw out its prognosis for the new administration, and contrast their predictions with those that follow from other, competing perspectives. …
Symposium The Dismal (Delusional and Dangerous) “Science” of Economics and the “Capture” of Public Administration
The breathtaking extent of the systemic collapse of the financial and banking system (2007-2009) must be considered as an inevitable consequence of the deliberate destruction of government and regulatory oversight by the interlocked economic/ideological and political/propaganda components of neoliberalism. Whether public choice theory (PCT) ideological agendas -- the subjugation of analysis of governance to market linked fantasies -- are an exten…
The USA Patriot Acts (et al.)
The irrelevance of habeas corpus and the abolition of “double jeopardy,” secret and protracted outsourcing of detention and torture, and increasing geographic prevalence of surveillance technologies across Anglo-American “democracies” have many citizens concerned about the rapidly convergent, authoritarian behavior of political oligarchs and the actual destruction of sovereignty and democratic values under the onslaught of antiterrorism hubris, p…
Integrity in Public Affairs
Calling on Jefferson
Aimed at reinforcing the democratic values of freedom of speech and increased diversity in civic access to the means of communication, this paper examines the concept of democracy within an information and communication technology-mediated context. Discussion proceeds with an analysis of orthodox views adopted by Jefferson and the architects of the American Constitution. Building on the Jeffersonian tradition, a critique is presented of present-d…
Sense Making Under "Holographic" Conditions
The ellipses of due diligence riddling the official account of the 9/11 incidents continue being ignored by scholars of policy and public administration. This article introduces intellectual context for examining the policy heuristic "State Crimes Against Democracy" (SCAD) (deHaven-Smith, 2006) and its usefulness for better understanding patterns of state criminality of which no extant policy analytic model gives adequate account.This article the…
Economic Delusions and Denial
Midnight in the Garden of PA
(2009). Midnight in the Garden of PA. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 106-111
Cyberpunk-Web 1.0 "Egoism" Greets Group-Web 2.0 "Narcissism
The question of paradigm "shift" or paradigm "continuity" in the virtual worlds of controllable and exploitative existence needs to be canvassed. Web 1.0 hubris seems to be augmented by a newer Web 2.0-based propaganda and related, commercial discourses involving the putative "liberating" politico-economic contours of cyberspace. The "democratizing" and "developmental" gradients of the "digital divide," externally and internally, have now been su…
Crisis Management in Crisis
Crisis management, it seems, is unable to abate escalating crises in increasingly risk-dominated economies. Is the endeavor of reconciling economics, politics, and public duty itself in crisis or still in a strategic learning mode? This paper outlines four research-oriented problematics that suggest the latter state of play, assuming that crises represent "wicked" problems for oligarchs. It draws on examples of what may have been learnt recently …
The Imperative of Reason and Rationality
This paper deals with the celebrity-like status accorded to U.S. public administration theorists, in context and out of context. The Friedrich-Finer debate of 1940/1941 is re-visited not only in a comparativist re-casting of the democratic project and the vacuum of Weberian discourses but also in the context of the emerging, Neoliberal agenda of the role of the agentic Sovereign Individual within the globalizing grand narrative of cyberspace
Paradigmatic, Iconoclastic or Merely Seminal
How should one approach important in Public Administra tion? Two of many options focus on such texts being extolled as exem plars of eternal, even fractured, verities or judgment is made according to what the text may contribute to current epistemological and ontological pre-occupations (Kouzmin & Dixon, 2006, p. 703; Thorne and Kouzmin, 2007b, pp. 41-44). De-centred denial of the exis tence of narratives, skepticism about subjugating totalities …
Communicating throughout Katrina
Hurricane Katrina was as much a communication disaster as it was a natural and bureaucratic disaster. Communication gaps, missed signals, information technology failures, administrative buffering, turf battles, and deliberate and unintentional misinterpretations delayed and handicapped both the recognition of the crisis that Katrina posed and the response to its devastation. This essay views crisis communication through four conceptual lenses: (1…
Learning to Play the "Pea and Thimble" Charade-the Invisible and Very Visible Hands in the Neo-Liberal Project
This paper explores the mutual interest of the Post-modern and the Neo-liberal in sustaining a globalized, virtual and individual-sovereign consciousness. This paper explains how the ubiquity of the invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of management charade is fundamental to sustaining an Epochal discourse which masks Western, especially U. S., imperialism and the expansion of forms of Corporate Imperialism. This paper provides a man…
Policy Advice as Crisis
The ability of governments to discern and solve different types of crisis situations is a topic of long-standing academic interest (see, for example, Pal 1985; Pollit et al. 1990; Dimock 1991; Micklethwait and Wooldridge 1996; Roe 2001). In particular, we have the protracted debates surrounding Graham Allison's (1971) analysis of the Cuban Missile crisis (see also Allison and Zelikow 1999). In conceptual terms, Allison's (1971) original monograph…
Borders in an (In) Visible World
Duplicity and propaganda constitute much of the emerging discourse on a “borderless” “new world order.” Deconstructing neoliberal propaganda is one issue. Understanding other colluding discourses is another. Postmodern rhetoric has yet to understand its complicity in refusing to acknowledge and critique the totalizing discourse of neoliberalism and there are dangerous currents to be negotiated in the fatuous collapsing of globalized “end of histo…
Introduction to the symposium
Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate
Postindustrial societies have arrived at a moment of immense democratic and entrepreneurial opportunities that has been made possible by information technology. At the same time, however, these opportunities pose potential threats if they are not debated and planned for in consensually–legitimate ways. This article examines the current problems of representative democracy and the impact of information technology on the current and future quality …
Ethics, values and behaviours
Three societies with similar initiatives for public service re‐configuration and reform – the UK, Canada and Australia – are examined to highlight the many‐faceted issues of public service ethics and the different approaches these governments have taken to re‐building public trust and enhancing public service ethics in times of rapid change. These efforts for re‐building an ethical public service are scrutinized according to four criteria for eff…
The Market Provision of Mandatory Social Security
Pressures to introduce market reforms to public social security system emerged as a reaction to state welfare paternalism, drawing strength from the spirit of liberalism and emphasizing the virtues of the marketplace. Market reform advocates seek to shift the prevailing social security paradigm away from community solidarity to individual responsibility, with a view to divesting government of some of its statutory social security responsibilities…
Economics in the New Age of Economic Regulation
This paper reports on the outcome of research that examines the discourse of selected economic comment in the print media during the 1990s, and traces ways the discourse of economic commentators adapts to emerging socio-political challenges as they seek to explain contemporary events and predict the future. The space given these economic commentators in the print media sample suggests they have significant influence on readers from the private an…
Crises and Crisis Management
Industrial Society is susceptibile to catastrophic events, including technological disasters and social and political crises. Risk, uncertainty, crisis, collective stress, and "normal accidents" now need to be incorporated into a broader understanding of how governments and decision makers respond to the un-ness of crisis situations: unpleasantness in unexpected circumstances, representing unscheduled events, unprecedented in their implications a…
The Bureau‐politics of Crisis Management
Bureau‐political tensions and competition are an often neglected, yet crucial element in crisis management. Bureau‐politics in crisis management runs counter to pervasive notions that portray centralization and concentration of power as the dominant mode of administrative response to crisis. This article presents empirical evidence suggesting the importance of bureau‐politics in the planning, response and post‐crisis stages of crisis management a…
Crisis Decision Making
This essay reconsiders the well-known thesis that, under conditions of crisis, administrative decision making becomes centralized. It discusses the theoretical and administrative underpinnings of this thesis and focuses on the role of small groups in crisis decision making, central government intervention in crisis situations, and crisis government doctrines. Using findings from recent comparative case research in crisis management, alternative p…
Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate
Postindustrial societies have arrived at a moment of immense democratic and entrepreneurial opportunities that has been made possible by information technology. At the same time, however, these opportunities pose potential threats if they are not debated and planned for in consensually–legitimate ways. This article examines the current problems of representative democracy and the impact of information technology on the current and future quality …
Learning to Play the "Pea and Thimble" Charade-the Invisible and Very Visible Hands in the Neo-Liberal Project
This paper explores the mutual interest of the Post-modern and the Neo-liberal in sustaining a globalized, virtual and individual-sovereign consciousness. This paper explains how the ubiquity of the invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of management charade is fundamental to sustaining an Epochal discourse which masks Western, especially U. S., imperialism and the expansion of forms of Corporate Imperialism. This paper provides a man…
Public sector think tanks in interagency policy‐making
Since World War Two, the role of non profit think tanks in the United States has grown and diversified. Today, the United States' government and Congress is advised on many matters of policy‐making and implementation by such think tanks. The Westminster system of parliament, as practised in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, has rarely provided a fertile ground for the creation and sustained existence of such privately operat…
Ethics, values and behaviours
Three societies with similar initiatives for public service re‐configuration and reform – the UK, Canada and Australia – are examined to highlight the many‐faceted issues of public service ethics and the different approaches these governments have taken to re‐building public trust and enhancing public service ethics in times of rapid change. These efforts for re‐building an ethical public service are scrutinized according to four criteria for eff…
Crisis Management in Crisis
Crisis management, it seems, is unable to abate escalating crises in increasingly risk-dominated economies. Is the endeavor of reconciling economics, politics, and public duty itself in crisis or still in a strategic learning mode? This paper outlines four research-oriented problematics that suggest the latter state of play, assuming that crises represent "wicked" problems for oligarchs. It draws on examples of what may have been learnt recently …
Borders in an (In) Visible World
Duplicity and propaganda constitute much of the emerging discourse on a “borderless” “new world order.” Deconstructing neoliberal propaganda is one issue. Understanding other colluding discourses is another. Postmodern rhetoric has yet to understand its complicity in refusing to acknowledge and critique the totalizing discourse of neoliberalism and there are dangerous currents to be negotiated in the fatuous collapsing of globalized “end of histo…
From Chaos To Patterns Of Understanding
Like other liberal-democratic governments, Australia has been going through a process of dramatic change in political and administrative structures and processes. There has been the well-documented shift from controlling inputs to managing for results which has resulted in the desired enhancement of executive government's responsibility and accountability for outcomes. A clear understanding of the evolving process of cabinet decision making point…
O discurso da nova administração pública
O artigo faz uma análise crítica da estratégia de reforma do Estado defendida, no artigo publicado nesta edição de Lua Nova, por Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira
From Phobias and Ideological Prescription
The article offers a comparative exploration of the variety and complexity of economic transition strategies. There is also a compelling need to focus on the weaknesses of putative market forces when "designing" appropriate strategies for transition and economic development. Attention is drawn to financial market failures and their impact on economic reconstruction and political liberalization experiences. Particular attention is drawn to the nee…
Cyberpunk-Web 1.0 "Egoism" Greets Group-Web 2.0 "Narcissism
The question of paradigm "shift" or paradigm "continuity" in the virtual worlds of controllable and exploitative existence needs to be canvassed. Web 1.0 hubris seems to be augmented by a newer Web 2.0-based propaganda and related, commercial discourses involving the putative "liberating" politico-economic contours of cyberspace. The "democratizing" and "developmental" gradients of the "digital divide," externally and internally, have now been su…
The Imperative of Reason and Rationality
This paper deals with the celebrity-like status accorded to U.S. public administration theorists, in context and out of context. The Friedrich-Finer debate of 1940/1941 is re-visited not only in a comparativist re-casting of the democratic project and the vacuum of Weberian discourses but also in the context of the emerging, Neoliberal agenda of the role of the agentic Sovereign Individual within the globalizing grand narrative of cyberspace
Reform, Revolution, or Mission Impossible
This article rejects the continuing reliance upon discredited economic and social compacts. It questions the possibility for an ethical, nonexploitative capitalism and directs attention to the political and political economy foundations of contemporary neoliberal global capitalism. There has been a pervasive focus on the power arrangements involved in the distinctive unequal, crisis-ridden accumulation of capital in the late twentieth and early t…
Economic SCADs
Economic state crimes against democracy (E-SCADs)—are aimed primarily at financial gain. Representative government, based on New Public Management's "lean and mean" assumptions, is increasingly vulnerable to E-SCADs because of deregulation and the growing use of outsourcing, privatization, no-bid contracts, and public-private partnerships (PPPs). Examples are presented of E-SCAD vulnerabilities in Australian PPPs for constructing large capital fa…
The USA Patriot Acts (et al.)
The irrelevance of habeas corpus and the abolition of “double jeopardy,” secret and protracted outsourcing of detention and torture, and increasing geographic prevalence of surveillance technologies across Anglo-American “democracies” have many citizens concerned about the rapidly convergent, authoritarian behavior of political oligarchs and the actual destruction of sovereignty and democratic values under the onslaught of antiterrorism hubris, p…
Midnight in the Garden of PA
(2009). Midnight in the Garden of PA. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 106-111
Leadership Renewal
Mapping Institutional Impacts of Lean Communication in Lean Agencies
Information technology’s (IT) influence on formative contexts and on requisite leadership roles is conceptualized both as an enabling force for organizational networking and a reducing force for diversity in leadership functions and cultural contexts. The contemporary “New Age” leadership literature calls for personal and ideological leadership unencumbered by issues of cultural context, communicative complexities and the need for more comprehens…
IT Development
The overwhelming evidence of contemporary information technology (IT) design failures, or “soft-core disasters,” and the dynamic synergy within the IT industry promote an urgency for the adoption of new methodologies that will facilitate design-in-action and promote an organizational ability for “learning to learn.” An examination of the various methodologies and management techniques that underlie the IT industry reveals a common strategy of div…
The Limits of Permissible Change in U.S. Politics and Policy
Barack Obama's election to the presidency offers scholars a rare opportunity to test their theories of modern representative democracy and US government. Different theories imply different trajectories for US politics and policy under Obama's leadership. In this article, the authors present one such theory, draw out its prognosis for the new administration, and contrast their predictions with those that follow from other, competing perspectives. …
Calling on Jefferson
Aimed at reinforcing the democratic values of freedom of speech and increased diversity in civic access to the means of communication, this paper examines the concept of democracy within an information and communication technology-mediated context. Discussion proceeds with an analysis of orthodox views adopted by Jefferson and the architects of the American Constitution. Building on the Jeffersonian tradition, a critique is presented of present-d…
Sense Making Under "Holographic" Conditions
The ellipses of due diligence riddling the official account of the 9/11 incidents continue being ignored by scholars of policy and public administration. This article introduces intellectual context for examining the policy heuristic "State Crimes Against Democracy" (SCAD) (deHaven-Smith, 2006) and its usefulness for better understanding patterns of state criminality of which no extant policy analytic model gives adequate account.This article the…
Paradigmatic, Iconoclastic or Merely Seminal
How should one approach important in Public Administra tion? Two of many options focus on such texts being extolled as exem plars of eternal, even fractured, verities or judgment is made according to what the text may contribute to current epistemological and ontological pre-occupations (Kouzmin & Dixon, 2006, p. 703; Thorne and Kouzmin, 2007b, pp. 41-44). De-centred denial of the exis tence of narratives, skepticism about subjugating totalities …
The Bureau‐politics of Crisis Management
Bureau‐political tensions and competition are an often neglected, yet crucial element in crisis management. Bureau‐politics in crisis management runs counter to pervasive notions that portray centralization and concentration of power as the dominant mode of administrative response to crisis. This article presents empirical evidence suggesting the importance of bureau‐politics in the planning, response and post‐crisis stages of crisis management a…
Crisis Decision Making
This essay reconsiders the well-known thesis that, under conditions of crisis, administrative decision making becomes centralized. It discusses the theoretical and administrative underpinnings of this thesis and focuses on the role of small groups in crisis decision making, central government intervention in crisis situations, and crisis government doctrines. Using findings from recent comparative case research in crisis management, alternative p…
Public sector think tanks in interagency policy‐making
Since World War Two, the role of non profit think tanks in the United States has grown and diversified. Today, the United States' government and Congress is advised on many matters of policy‐making and implementation by such think tanks. The Westminster system of parliament, as practised in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, has rarely provided a fertile ground for the creation and sustained existence of such privately operat…
Creeping Crises, Environmental Agendas and Expert Systems
Inter‐organizational policy processes in disaster management
Discusses the efficiency of disaster management policies and programmes in Australia. Argues that there are long‐standing deficiencies in strategic and operational planning and forecasting approaches. Urges more co‐operation and co‐ordination between the various emergency services. Discusses the development of terrestrial and space technologies which could be used in disaster management
IT Development
The overwhelming evidence of contemporary information technology (IT) design failures, or “soft-core disasters,” and the dynamic synergy within the IT industry promote an urgency for the adoption of new methodologies that will facilitate design-in-action and promote an organizational ability for “learning to learn.” An examination of the various methodologies and management techniques that underlie the IT industry reveals a common strategy of div…
Maintaining the rage
From a cultural perspective, examines the “glass ceiling”, a putative invisible barrier but one that women experience as a very real impediment when vying for mobility. In the case of ethnic, coloured and aboriginal women, the barrier is more often than not more visible with “concrete‐like” qualities of opaqueness. Argues that traditional images, meanings, expectations, values, assumptions and beliefs embedded in organizations with predominantly …
Maintaining the rage
Examines the “glass ceiling”, a putative invisible barrier but one that women experience as a very real impediment when vying for mobility, from a cultural perspective. In the case of “ethnic”, “coloured” and aboriginal women, the barrier is more often than not more visible with “concrete‐like” qualities of opaqueness. Argues that traditional images, meanings, expectations, values, assumptions and beliefs embedded in organizations with predominan…
From Phobias and Ideological Prescription
The article offers a comparative exploration of the variety and complexity of economic transition strategies. There is also a compelling need to focus on the weaknesses of putative market forces when "designing" appropriate strategies for transition and economic development. Attention is drawn to financial market failures and their impact on economic reconstruction and political liberalization experiences. Particular attention is drawn to the nee…
Crises and Crisis Management
Industrial Society is susceptibile to catastrophic events, including technological disasters and social and political crises. Risk, uncertainty, crisis, collective stress, and "normal accidents" now need to be incorporated into a broader understanding of how governments and decision makers respond to the un-ness of crisis situations: unpleasantness in unexpected circumstances, representing unscheduled events, unprecedented in their implications a…
O discurso da nova administração pública
O artigo faz uma análise crítica da estratégia de reforma do Estado defendida, no artigo publicado nesta edição de Lua Nova, por Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira
Globalization and information technology
This paper critically examines the influence of information technology (IT) on women’s career structures. Globalization is forcing an increasing inter‐dependence of radically re‐engineered labour forces and the further “internal” exploitation of the internationalization of the dual labour market many women have endured. The global trend is towards further fragmenting a shrinking, gender‐based set of career opportunities and creating an increasing…
De-Institutionalizing “Group Think”
President Clinton has been labeled the “last of the new dealers” and Prime Minister Blair has declared the “end of the welfare state as we know it”. However, two factors should be noted. First, President Clinton’s most likely Democratic Party successor is a Vice-President wholly familiar with the concepts and language of “The Information Superhighway.” Second, and less personal, the US Administration is forecasting continuing federal budget surpl…
Re-Legitimating ‘Voice’ and ‘Loyalty’ within Economic Theories of Democracy and Accountability
From Chaos To Patterns Of Understanding
Like other liberal-democratic governments, Australia has been going through a process of dramatic change in political and administrative structures and processes. There has been the well-documented shift from controlling inputs to managing for results which has resulted in the desired enhancement of executive government's responsibility and accountability for outcomes. A clear understanding of the evolving process of cabinet decision making point…
Mapping Institutional Impacts of Lean Communication in Lean Agencies
Information technology’s (IT) influence on formative contexts and on requisite leadership roles is conceptualized both as an enabling force for organizational networking and a reducing force for diversity in leadership functions and cultural contexts. The contemporary “New Age” leadership literature calls for personal and ideological leadership unencumbered by issues of cultural context, communicative complexities and the need for more comprehens…
Low‐ and high‐context communication patterns
States that the major reasons for difficulties in cross‐cultural communication stem from the fact that actors from different cultures have different understandings regarding the interaction process and different styles of dialogue. Suggests that better understanding of communication within other cultures is the key to success. Uses past literature to suggest a number of cultural variability constructs concerning preferred interaction behaviours a…
Inequality of discourse
Examines access to justice, within the Australian context of an adversarial system, from a consumer’s perspective. It is argued that the current system of justice represents the most conservative element of Australian society and that the courtroom discourse structure and the legal professional code of practice do little to ensure access to justice or quality of service. Inequality in communication and in the distribution of wealth, affecting all…
Leadership Renewal
The Market Provision of Mandatory Social Security
Pressures to introduce market reforms to public social security system emerged as a reaction to state welfare paternalism, drawing strength from the spirit of liberalism and emphasizing the virtues of the marketplace. Market reform advocates seek to shift the prevailing social security paradigm away from community solidarity to individual responsibility, with a view to divesting government of some of its statutory social security responsibilities…
Economics in the New Age of Economic Regulation
This paper reports on the outcome of research that examines the discourse of selected economic comment in the print media during the 1990s, and traces ways the discourse of economic commentators adapts to emerging socio-political challenges as they seek to explain contemporary events and predict the future. The space given these economic commentators in the print media sample suggests they have significant influence on readers from the private an…
Introduction to the symposium
Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate
Postindustrial societies have arrived at a moment of immense democratic and entrepreneurial opportunities that has been made possible by information technology. At the same time, however, these opportunities pose potential threats if they are not debated and planned for in consensually–legitimate ways. This article examines the current problems of representative democracy and the impact of information technology on the current and future quality …
Ethics, values and behaviours
Three societies with similar initiatives for public service re‐configuration and reform – the UK, Canada and Australia – are examined to highlight the many‐faceted issues of public service ethics and the different approaches these governments have taken to re‐building public trust and enhancing public service ethics in times of rapid change. These efforts for re‐building an ethical public service are scrutinized according to four criteria for eff…
Policy Advice as Crisis
The ability of governments to discern and solve different types of crisis situations is a topic of long-standing academic interest (see, for example, Pal 1985; Pollit et al. 1990; Dimock 1991; Micklethwait and Wooldridge 1996; Roe 2001). In particular, we have the protracted debates surrounding Graham Allison's (1971) analysis of the Cuban Missile crisis (see also Allison and Zelikow 1999). In conceptual terms, Allison's (1971) original monograph…
Political science (40 obras) · Sociology (30 obras) · Law (29 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Politics (23 obras) · Economics (17 obras) · Education, Philosophy, and Society (15 obras) · Public Administration (14 obras) · Public Administration (14 obras) · Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy (13 obras)