Gissur Ó Erlingsson
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 290094 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Gissur Ó Erlingsson |
| PRENOMES | Gissur Ó |
| SOBRENOME | Erlingsson |
| ASSINATURA | ERLINGSSON G Ó |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Linköping University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2323-9092 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 207 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2005 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
The Democratic Legitimacy of Intermunicipal Cooperation
Intermunicipal cooperation (IMC) has emerged globally as a way of addressing the many challenges faced by local governments. Although it offers potential benefits in terms of capacity, efficiency, and cost reduction, IMC raises fundamental questions about democratic legitimacy. This paper systematically examines the democratic implications of IMC using an analytical framework centered on three dimensions of legitimacy: input (representation and p…
A Registered Report on Place-Based Resentment
This Registered Report examines urban-rural tensions in Sweden – a historically egalitarian, multi-party welfare state with strong geographical equalization schemes, making it a least-likely case for place-based resentment theories. Using an online survey experiment ( n = 2,051), we measured resentment through perceptions of in-group and out-group, and by experimentally varying whether political statements came from rural or urban politicians. Ru…
Crowding in local lists
Retrenchment Without Liberalisation
Fifteen years ago, Bergh and Erlingsson (2009) argued that Sweden's period from 1980 to 2000 was characterised by ‘liberalisation without retrenchment’. This resulted from pragmatic policymaking, a consensus‐building governmental inquiry system and close links between policymakers and academics. We use new data to confirm that total tax revenue and economic freedom increased in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s. After 2000, however, the trends re…
From single-issue to sustained Influence
This study aims to advance the understanding of new political party longevity by examining an overlooked phenomenon: challengers formed exclusively to run for local elections ('local parties', 'local lists', or 'independents'.) Drawing on original data and official election statistics, we analyse how formation patterns, issue scope, and governance participation affect their longevity. Our analyses reveal partly counterintuitive findings that some…
Does size matter? Evidence from municipal splits
We contribute to the limited knowledge of the consequences of municipal splits by estimating how break‐ups of seven Swedish municipalities affected per capita expenditures. To predict what would have happened had the break‐ups not taken place, we apply the matrix completion method with nuclear norm minimization. We find that smaller municipalities not necessarily imply higher per capita expenditures. Instead, expenditures increase in some cases, …
Does local government corruption inhibit entrepreneurship
The dominant ‘sand in the wheels’ view holds that entrepreneurship is strongly inhibited by corruption. Challenging this, the ‘grease the wheels’ view maintains that corruption might increase entrepreneurship in highly regulated economies. We extend the basic predictions of these theories by examining entrepreneurs’ start-up decisions, as well as their location choices, in a seemingly low-corruption environment: Swedish municipalities. Combining …
Close actions speak louder than distant words? The effect of local parties on voter turnout in Swedish local elections 1994–2018
Does the presence of local political parties increase turnout in municipal elections? A handful of previous studies have found that local parties indeed have this effect. Against that backdrop, we examine the impact of the rapid growth in the number of local parties on voter turnout in Swedish local elections. We test the so-called "best of both worlds" hypothesis, which predicts that the presence of local parties – alongside lists of local branc…
Perceived fairness of intra-municipal cohesion politics
This paper examines whether beliefs that local decision-makers are perceived to favour certain groups or districts over others, are linked to anti-establishment party preferences, and whether living in an urban or rural area affects this relationship. By taking stock of an original survey of Swedish respondents stratified into densely (urban) and sparsely (rural) populated districts, our results reveal geographical polarisation even within munici…
The local party voter
Geographical Tensions Within Municipalities? Evidence from Swedish Local Governments☆
When Sweden transformed its geography of local government in 1952 and 1962-1974, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,498 to 278. The reforms were infused by the 'central place theory,' which aimed to identify a larger town as the 'local capital' (centralort) for each municipality. The centralort became the municipalities' political and administrative center, responsible for providing public services to surrounding settlements. Taking …
Does Legitimacy Mitigate Corruption? The Relevance of Social Traps in Low-corruption Contexts
People tend to accept decisions if the process leading up to them is perceived as legitimate. However, the literature seldom asks if perceived legitimacy translates to compliant, non-corrupt behavior. Thus, the association between legitimacy and corruption is curiously understudied. This paper argues that, while legitimation may contribute to acceptance of authority, it does not necessarily lead to compliance with anti-corruption norms. Analysing…
What happens when municipalities run corporations? Empirical evidence from 290 Swedish municipalities
Across the globe, local governments have increasingly begun to rely on municipally owned corporations (MOCs) to provide public services, mounting to what scholars describe as a burgeoning corporatization in local government. Some studies have described this development as a rational response to financial stress and contemporary austerity challenges, and emphasize the cost-efficiency of MOCs (the optimistic view). However, several scholars have id…
A stranger thing? Sweden as the upside down of multilevel trust
As a rule, citizens appreciate local more than central government. This paper proposes a new research agenda for multilevel trust studies by arguing that it is premature to believe that citizen’s proximity to officials by definition trumps distance. As in country-comparative studies, close attention needs to be paid to institutional quality in analyses of multilevel trust. To put this argument to work, a closer investigation of Sweden is conducte…
Teach more, but do not expect any applause”
Studies repeatedly find that women and men experience life in academia differently. Importantly, the typical female academic portfolio contains less research but more teaching and administrative duties. The typical male portfolio, on the other hand, contains more research but less teaching and administration. Since previous research has suggested that research is a more valued assignment than teaching in academia, we hypothesise that men will be …
When state‐level institutions cannot tell the whole story
The lion's share of comparative research on corruption, good governance, and quality of government (QoG) has been cross‐country. However, a growing body of literature has begun to explore within‐country variations observed at the subnational level regarding corruption and social trust. The existence of such variations implies that state‐level institutions are not capable of telling the entire story and that quality of subnational‐level institutio…
How Coerced Municipal Amalgamations Thwart the Values of Local Self-Government
Arguments invoking increased functional efficiency have had a profound impact on local government reforms in advanced democracies during the past 60 years. Consequently, most mature democracies have implemented municipal amalgamation reforms, often through top-down coercion. In this article, we demonstrate how far central governments have been willing to go, in terms of coercion, by providing an in-depth historical account of Swedish municipal am…
Does Becoming a Politician Increase Internal Political Efficacy and Satisfaction with Democracy? Evidence from a Longitudinal Panel of Councillors in Sweden
Being elected to a governing body for the first time has been described as both a unique and transforming experience. Accordingly, theorists of elite political socialisation assume that deepened political participation fosters internal political efficacy and satisfaction with democracy. Does this assumption hold for individuals who step up from being grass-root members to become local councillors? In a novel, explorative approach to the question,…
Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption? How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountability
The market-inspired reforms of New Public Management have been particularly pronounced in Swedish local government. Notably, municipally owned enterprises (MOEs) have rapidly grown in numbers. Principal-agent theory gives rise to the hypothesis that the massive introduction of MOEs has impacted negatively on the conditions for accountability in Swedish local government. To study this, social network analysis was employed in mapping networks for 2…
A Normative Theory of Local Government
The issue of local government reform is high on the agenda in many developed democracies. The discussion is often framed in narrow terms, focusing on functional efficiency. In this article, we construct a normative argument for local government that values local government because it fulfills morally desirable purposes in itself, regardless of its functional efficiency. The argument is that the same foundational value – individual autonomy – cons…
Distrust in Utopia? Public Perceptions of Corruption and Political Support in Iceland before and after the Financial Crisis of 2008
In the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century Iceland was ranked as the least corrupt country in the world by Transparency International and enjoyed top positions in most comparative indices of governance and development. In 2008 the banking system collapsed and the country found itself in a serious financial crisis, a crisis which some observers believe was caused by clientelism and other forms of behaviour related to corruption.…
Understanding large-scale institutional change
A remarkable reform in modern Swedish political history was the transformation of the local government structure between 1952 and 1974. In a mere 22 years, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,498 to 277. This study aims to answer how such large-scale reforms could come about politically, particularly since much of the literature on institutions and political reform asserts that carrying out large-scale political change should be a dif…
More E-Government, Less Street-Level Bureaucracy? On Legitimacy and the Human Side of Public Administration
To explain how legitimacy is maintained, scholars argue that more attention must be paid to how citizens experience their encounters with public officials. In this article we ask whether greater elements of e-government may affect street-level bureaucrats and their ability to build legitimacy of the political system. Our answers are based on a case study of a Swedish municipality that was a pioneer in developing a strong position of street-level …
The single-issue party thesis and the Sweden Democrats
How Should Local Government Be Organised? Reflections from a Swedish Perspective
Two main arguments are presented in this article. First, when alternatives for the future design of local government are debated, a government needs to address two basic issues simultaneously: (a) 'how big (and hence how many) municipalities ought the political system have?', and (b) 'how strong and well secured ought the principle of local self-government be in the constitution?' Second, by using these two questions as guides for our analysis, w…
The Eroding Effect of Corruption on System Support in Sweden
Sweden is consistently found at the top in international indices of corruption. In recent years, however, several instances of corruption have been exposed, and surveys show that large shares of Swedish citizens harbor perceptions that public corruption is widespread. Drawing on recent surveys, two questions are asked. First, to what extent do Swedish citizens believe that corruption constitutes a serious problem? Second, how do citizens' evaluat…
Liberalization without Retrenchment
In 1980, Sweden was a highly regulated economy with several state monopolies and low levels of economic freedom. Less than twenty years later, liberal reforms turned Sweden into one of the world's most open economies with a remarkable increase in economic freedom. While there is resilience when it comes to high levels of taxes and expenditure shares of GDP, there has been a profound restructuring of Sweden's economy in the 1980s and 1990s that pr…
The Swedish Pirate Party and the 2009 European Parliament Election
In the 2009 Swedish European Parliament election, the Pirate Party gained 7.1 per cent of the votes. We evaluate the sudden and unexpected success of the Pirate Party by testing two competing explanations: did voters cast their votes for the party as a protest against the established parties, or can the result be explained by voters' opinions regarding the party's main political issues? Contrary to popular beliefs, empirical evidence indicates th…
Public Corruption in Swedish Municipalities – Trouble Looming on the Horizon
In the 1990s, several public corruption scandals were uncovered in Sweden. This article focuses specifically on local corruption, and our purpose is to examine whether a case can be made that problems of public corruption in Swedish municipalities have increased. By applying instruments from the institutional rational choice framework, we reach the conclusion that there are indeed reasons to suspect that retrenchment initiatives and organisationa…
More E-Government, Less Street-Level Bureaucracy? On Legitimacy and the Human Side of Public Administration
To explain how legitimacy is maintained, scholars argue that more attention must be paid to how citizens experience their encounters with public officials. In this article we ask whether greater elements of e-government may affect street-level bureaucrats and their ability to build legitimacy of the political system. Our answers are based on a case study of a Swedish municipality that was a pioneer in developing a strong position of street-level …
The single-issue party thesis and the Sweden Democrats
How Coerced Municipal Amalgamations Thwart the Values of Local Self-Government
Arguments invoking increased functional efficiency have had a profound impact on local government reforms in advanced democracies during the past 60 years. Consequently, most mature democracies have implemented municipal amalgamation reforms, often through top-down coercion. In this article, we demonstrate how far central governments have been willing to go, in terms of coercion, by providing an in-depth historical account of Swedish municipal am…
The local party voter
Geographical Tensions Within Municipalities? Evidence from Swedish Local Governments☆
When Sweden transformed its geography of local government in 1952 and 1962-1974, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,498 to 278. The reforms were infused by the 'central place theory,' which aimed to identify a larger town as the 'local capital' (centralort) for each municipality. The centralort became the municipalities' political and administrative center, responsible for providing public services to surrounding settlements. Taking …
Anti-Immigrant Parties, Local Presence and Electoral Success
Does the local organisational presence of anti-immigrant parties affect their chances for electoral success? In order to answer this question, the article explores the potential of a supply-oriented explanation to anti-immigrant party success by examining the electoral advancements the Sweden Democrats (SD) made in the 2006 and 2010 elections. Our results indicate that traditional demand-side explanations to anti-immigrant party success can be su…
The spatial diffusion of party entrepreneurs in Swedish local politics
When state‐level institutions cannot tell the whole story
The lion's share of comparative research on corruption, good governance, and quality of government (QoG) has been cross‐country. However, a growing body of literature has begun to explore within‐country variations observed at the subnational level regarding corruption and social trust. The existence of such variations implies that state‐level institutions are not capable of telling the entire story and that quality of subnational‐level institutio…
How Should Local Government Be Organised? Reflections from a Swedish Perspective
Two main arguments are presented in this article. First, when alternatives for the future design of local government are debated, a government needs to address two basic issues simultaneously: (a) 'how big (and hence how many) municipalities ought the political system have?', and (b) 'how strong and well secured ought the principle of local self-government be in the constitution?' Second, by using these two questions as guides for our analysis, w…
Modelling Secessions from Municipalities
Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption? How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountability
The market-inspired reforms of New Public Management have been particularly pronounced in Swedish local government. Notably, municipally owned enterprises (MOEs) have rapidly grown in numbers. Principal-agent theory gives rise to the hypothesis that the massive introduction of MOEs has impacted negatively on the conditions for accountability in Swedish local government. To study this, social network analysis was employed in mapping networks for 2…
Distrust in Utopia? Public Perceptions of Corruption and Political Support in Iceland before and after the Financial Crisis of 2008
In the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century Iceland was ranked as the least corrupt country in the world by Transparency International and enjoyed top positions in most comparative indices of governance and development. In 2008 the banking system collapsed and the country found itself in a serious financial crisis, a crisis which some observers believe was caused by clientelism and other forms of behaviour related to corruption.…
Understanding large-scale institutional change
A remarkable reform in modern Swedish political history was the transformation of the local government structure between 1952 and 1974. In a mere 22 years, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,498 to 277. This study aims to answer how such large-scale reforms could come about politically, particularly since much of the literature on institutions and political reform asserts that carrying out large-scale political change should be a dif…
Perceived fairness of intra-municipal cohesion politics
This paper examines whether beliefs that local decision-makers are perceived to favour certain groups or districts over others, are linked to anti-establishment party preferences, and whether living in an urban or rural area affects this relationship. By taking stock of an original survey of Swedish respondents stratified into densely (urban) and sparsely (rural) populated districts, our results reveal geographical polarisation even within munici…
A stranger thing? Sweden as the upside down of multilevel trust
As a rule, citizens appreciate local more than central government. This paper proposes a new research agenda for multilevel trust studies by arguing that it is premature to believe that citizen’s proximity to officials by definition trumps distance. As in country-comparative studies, close attention needs to be paid to institutional quality in analyses of multilevel trust. To put this argument to work, a closer investigation of Sweden is conducte…
Retrenchment Without Liberalisation
Fifteen years ago, Bergh and Erlingsson (2009) argued that Sweden's period from 1980 to 2000 was characterised by ‘liberalisation without retrenchment’. This resulted from pragmatic policymaking, a consensus‐building governmental inquiry system and close links between policymakers and academics. We use new data to confirm that total tax revenue and economic freedom increased in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s. After 2000, however, the trends re…
Teach more, but do not expect any applause”
Studies repeatedly find that women and men experience life in academia differently. Importantly, the typical female academic portfolio contains less research but more teaching and administrative duties. The typical male portfolio, on the other hand, contains more research but less teaching and administration. Since previous research has suggested that research is a more valued assignment than teaching in academia, we hypothesise that men will be …
Varför bildas nya partier
Why do people engage in high-cost political activities such as forming new political parties? Start-up costs are high. Moreover, rewards are unclear and uncertain. Since political parties are collective goods, people demanding new political parties face a collective action problem. It is therefore somewhat puzzling that new parties emerge. Drawing on theories from economics, sociology and political science, I argue that we, in order to understand…
Modelling Secessions from Municipalities
Varför bildas nya partier
Why do people engage in high-cost political activities such as forming new political parties? Start-up costs are high. Moreover, rewards are unclear and uncertain. Since political parties are collective goods, people demanding new political parties face a collective action problem. It is therefore somewhat puzzling that new parties emerge. Drawing on theories from economics, sociology and political science, I argue that we, in order to understand…
Public Corruption in Swedish Municipalities – Trouble Looming on the Horizon
In the 1990s, several public corruption scandals were uncovered in Sweden. This article focuses specifically on local corruption, and our purpose is to examine whether a case can be made that problems of public corruption in Swedish municipalities have increased. By applying instruments from the institutional rational choice framework, we reach the conclusion that there are indeed reasons to suspect that retrenchment initiatives and organisationa…
The spatial diffusion of party entrepreneurs in Swedish local politics
Liberalization without Retrenchment
In 1980, Sweden was a highly regulated economy with several state monopolies and low levels of economic freedom. Less than twenty years later, liberal reforms turned Sweden into one of the world's most open economies with a remarkable increase in economic freedom. While there is resilience when it comes to high levels of taxes and expenditure shares of GDP, there has been a profound restructuring of Sweden's economy in the 1980s and 1990s that pr…
The Swedish Pirate Party and the 2009 European Parliament Election
In the 2009 Swedish European Parliament election, the Pirate Party gained 7.1 per cent of the votes. We evaluate the sudden and unexpected success of the Pirate Party by testing two competing explanations: did voters cast their votes for the party as a protest against the established parties, or can the result be explained by voters' opinions regarding the party's main political issues? Contrary to popular beliefs, empirical evidence indicates th…
Parties in Local Government
‘Party decline’ and ‘crisis’ have been a long-standing observation of the state of party politics explaining: how parties have lost touch with their electorates, the concentration of power in a small elite disconnected from rank-and-file members and poor internal party democracy. In a local setting we can expect those indicators of decline to be magnified and in this article, we suggest some lessons which may be learned, for the concept of ‘party…
Anti-Immigrant Parties, Local Presence and Electoral Success
Does the local organisational presence of anti-immigrant parties affect their chances for electoral success? In order to answer this question, the article explores the potential of a supply-oriented explanation to anti-immigrant party success by examining the electoral advancements the Sweden Democrats (SD) made in the 2006 and 2010 elections. Our results indicate that traditional demand-side explanations to anti-immigrant party success can be su…
How Should Local Government Be Organised? Reflections from a Swedish Perspective
Two main arguments are presented in this article. First, when alternatives for the future design of local government are debated, a government needs to address two basic issues simultaneously: (a) 'how big (and hence how many) municipalities ought the political system have?', and (b) 'how strong and well secured ought the principle of local self-government be in the constitution?' Second, by using these two questions as guides for our analysis, w…
The Eroding Effect of Corruption on System Support in Sweden
Sweden is consistently found at the top in international indices of corruption. In recent years, however, several instances of corruption have been exposed, and surveys show that large shares of Swedish citizens harbor perceptions that public corruption is widespread. Drawing on recent surveys, two questions are asked. First, to what extent do Swedish citizens believe that corruption constitutes a serious problem? Second, how do citizens' evaluat…
More E-Government, Less Street-Level Bureaucracy? On Legitimacy and the Human Side of Public Administration
To explain how legitimacy is maintained, scholars argue that more attention must be paid to how citizens experience their encounters with public officials. In this article we ask whether greater elements of e-government may affect street-level bureaucrats and their ability to build legitimacy of the political system. Our answers are based on a case study of a Swedish municipality that was a pioneer in developing a strong position of street-level …
The single-issue party thesis and the Sweden Democrats
Understanding large-scale institutional change
A remarkable reform in modern Swedish political history was the transformation of the local government structure between 1952 and 1974. In a mere 22 years, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,498 to 277. This study aims to answer how such large-scale reforms could come about politically, particularly since much of the literature on institutions and political reform asserts that carrying out large-scale political change should be a dif…
Distrust in Utopia? Public Perceptions of Corruption and Political Support in Iceland before and after the Financial Crisis of 2008
In the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century Iceland was ranked as the least corrupt country in the world by Transparency International and enjoyed top positions in most comparative indices of governance and development. In 2008 the banking system collapsed and the country found itself in a serious financial crisis, a crisis which some observers believe was caused by clientelism and other forms of behaviour related to corruption.…
A Normative Theory of Local Government
The issue of local government reform is high on the agenda in many developed democracies. The discussion is often framed in narrow terms, focusing on functional efficiency. In this article, we construct a normative argument for local government that values local government because it fulfills morally desirable purposes in itself, regardless of its functional efficiency. The argument is that the same foundational value – individual autonomy – cons…
Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption? How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountability
The market-inspired reforms of New Public Management have been particularly pronounced in Swedish local government. Notably, municipally owned enterprises (MOEs) have rapidly grown in numbers. Principal-agent theory gives rise to the hypothesis that the massive introduction of MOEs has impacted negatively on the conditions for accountability in Swedish local government. To study this, social network analysis was employed in mapping networks for 2…
A stranger thing? Sweden as the upside down of multilevel trust
As a rule, citizens appreciate local more than central government. This paper proposes a new research agenda for multilevel trust studies by arguing that it is premature to believe that citizen’s proximity to officials by definition trumps distance. As in country-comparative studies, close attention needs to be paid to institutional quality in analyses of multilevel trust. To put this argument to work, a closer investigation of Sweden is conducte…
Teach more, but do not expect any applause”
Studies repeatedly find that women and men experience life in academia differently. Importantly, the typical female academic portfolio contains less research but more teaching and administrative duties. The typical male portfolio, on the other hand, contains more research but less teaching and administration. Since previous research has suggested that research is a more valued assignment than teaching in academia, we hypothesise that men will be …
When state‐level institutions cannot tell the whole story
The lion's share of comparative research on corruption, good governance, and quality of government (QoG) has been cross‐country. However, a growing body of literature has begun to explore within‐country variations observed at the subnational level regarding corruption and social trust. The existence of such variations implies that state‐level institutions are not capable of telling the entire story and that quality of subnational‐level institutio…
How Coerced Municipal Amalgamations Thwart the Values of Local Self-Government
Arguments invoking increased functional efficiency have had a profound impact on local government reforms in advanced democracies during the past 60 years. Consequently, most mature democracies have implemented municipal amalgamation reforms, often through top-down coercion. In this article, we demonstrate how far central governments have been willing to go, in terms of coercion, by providing an in-depth historical account of Swedish municipal am…
Does Becoming a Politician Increase Internal Political Efficacy and Satisfaction with Democracy? Evidence from a Longitudinal Panel of Councillors in Sweden
Being elected to a governing body for the first time has been described as both a unique and transforming experience. Accordingly, theorists of elite political socialisation assume that deepened political participation fosters internal political efficacy and satisfaction with democracy. Does this assumption hold for individuals who step up from being grass-root members to become local councillors? In a novel, explorative approach to the question,…
Does Legitimacy Mitigate Corruption? The Relevance of Social Traps in Low-corruption Contexts
People tend to accept decisions if the process leading up to them is perceived as legitimate. However, the literature seldom asks if perceived legitimacy translates to compliant, non-corrupt behavior. Thus, the association between legitimacy and corruption is curiously understudied. This paper argues that, while legitimation may contribute to acceptance of authority, it does not necessarily lead to compliance with anti-corruption norms. Analysing…
What happens when municipalities run corporations? Empirical evidence from 290 Swedish municipalities
Across the globe, local governments have increasingly begun to rely on municipally owned corporations (MOCs) to provide public services, mounting to what scholars describe as a burgeoning corporatization in local government. Some studies have described this development as a rational response to financial stress and contemporary austerity challenges, and emphasize the cost-efficiency of MOCs (the optimistic view). However, several scholars have id…
Perceived fairness of intra-municipal cohesion politics
This paper examines whether beliefs that local decision-makers are perceived to favour certain groups or districts over others, are linked to anti-establishment party preferences, and whether living in an urban or rural area affects this relationship. By taking stock of an original survey of Swedish respondents stratified into densely (urban) and sparsely (rural) populated districts, our results reveal geographical polarisation even within munici…
The local party voter
Law (29 obras) · Political science (29 obras) · Politics (27 obras) · Law (22 obras) · Sociology (22 obras) · Public Administration (21 obras) · Political economy (20 obras) · Economics (19 obras) · Public Administration (17 obras) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (14 obras)