Christian Enemark
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3047133 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Christian Enemark |
| PRENOMES | Christian |
| SOBRENOME | Enemark |
| ASSINATURA | ENEMARK C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Southampton |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1833-0927 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 69 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 25 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2005 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Returning the War to Russia
This essay assesses the morality of Ukraine's use of drones to attack targets inside Russia. Following its invasion by Russian forces, Ukraine has had a just cause to wage a war of self-defense. However, its efforts to achieve that cause remain subject to moral limits. Even a state that has been unjustly attacked may not, for example, respond by deliberately targeting the attacking state's civilian population. To do so would violate the jus in be…
The enduring problem of ‘grey’ drone violence
This article addresses the problem of drone violence that is ‘grey’ in the sense of being hard to categorise. It focuses on circumstances, such as arose in Pakistan, in which a foreign government's armed drones are a constant presence. A lesson from US experience there is that the persistent threat of drone strikes is intended to suppress activities that endanger the drone-using state's security. However, this threat inevitably affects innocent p…
On the responsible use of armed drones
In 2016 the United States and 44 other countries issued a Joint Declaration for the Export and Subsequent Use of Armed or Strike-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This arms control agreement, the first to focus specifically on drones, includes a commitment to discuss how these are ‘used responsibly’ by states. However, the exact meaning of responsible use in this context remains uncertain. This article addresses the uncertainty by raising …
Drones, risk, and moral injury
This article assesses the ethical significance of drone violence by focusing on the experience of drone operators as moral agents. In recent debates over the use of armed drones, ethical judgments have tended to be informed by the Just War principles that traditionally govern the conduct of war. However, Just War thinking is not the only way to think morally about the killing that drone operators do. Drone violence could also be assessed by refer…
Global Bioheroes
In the pursuit of ‘global health security’, some governments advocate deployment of pharmaceuticals to combat deadly infectious diseases wherever they emerge. Following the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, attention has turned to other emerging diseases and future pharmaceutical solutions. There is growing support for enabling faster clinical research to make new vaccines available sooner. Research on experimental vaccines must ordinarily be consis…
Biosecurity Dilemmas
Ethics and Security Aspects of Infectious Disease Control
Ebola, Disease-Control, and the Security Council
In 2014, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) described the Ebola outbreak then ongoing in West Africa as “a threat to international peace and security.” Resolution 2177 was the first time a disease outbreak of natural origin had been described using language ordinarily applied to political violence. This article assesses the significance of Resolution 2177 as an instrument of health governance, with particular regard to the Council’s prima…
Discontent with Winter-safe Deterrence
This article anticipates problems with Seth Baum’s idea of adopting ‘winter-safe deterrence’ as a security practice. A world safe from nuclear winter is highly desirable, and reducing the number of nuclear weapons would lessen the likelihood and consequences of nuclear war. However, today’s nuclear weapon states are unlikely to be confident in the deterrent capacity of non-nuclear weapons
Drones, Risk, and Perpetual Force
This article contributes to the debate among just war theorists about the ethics of using armed drones in the war on terror. If violence of this kind is to be effectively restrained, it is necessary first to establish an understanding of its nature. Because it is difficult to conceptualize drone-based violence as war, there is concern that such violence is thus not captured by the traditional jus ad bellum (just resort to war) framework. Drone st…
Armed Drones and the Ethics of War
This book assesses the ethical implications of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (‘hunter-killer drones’) in contemporary conflicts. The American way of war is trending away from the heroic and towards the post-heroic, driven by a political preference for air-powered management of strategic risks and the reduction of physical risk to US personnel. The recent use of drones in the War on Terror has demonstrated the power of this technology to tr…
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
This article is part of a project on infectious diseases, security and ethics sponsored by the Australian Research Council. For their valuable feedback on earlier versions, the author thanks Simon Rushton, Stefan Elbe and the Global Society reviewers. The worldwide spread of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB) bacteria is out of control and incidents of harder-to-cure TB illness are rising. This article explores the present and potential …
Armed Drones and the Ethics of War
The Unfinished Business of Abandoning WMD
Nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons are commonly lumped together as WMD. Such conflation is dangerous and misleading, rendering the term vulnerable to political manipulation. WMD language obscures the paramount threat of nuclear weapons, exaggerates the destructive power of chemical weapons, and is unhelpful or counterproductive when used in the context of biological weapons. In her response - the article entitled The Long Goodbye: Beyond a…
Drones over Pakistan
The US government appears to be using drones to launch air strikes inside Pakistan. This article details uncertainties regarding the ethical soundness of these strikes and highlights the consequent need for greater official transparency. Available evidence is assessed in the light of traditional ethical requirements that the use of force is beneficial to a legitimate military objective, that it discriminates between combatants and noncombatants, …
Farewell to WMD
This article critically assesses the ongoing use of the term ‘weapons of mass destruction’ (WMD) in policy and academic discourse. Nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are commonly lumped together as WMD, but such conflation is misleading from a technological viewpoint and renders the term vulnerable to political manipulation. There are important scientific and strategic differences between weapon types, and glossing over these leads to confu…
The role of the Biological Weapons Convention in disease surveillance and response
This article assesses the role and significance of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) with respect to infectious disease surveillance and response to outbreaks. Increasingly, the BWC is being used as a platform for addressing infectious disease threats arising naturally as well as traditional concerns about malicious dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. The latter have long had a place on the security agenda, but natural disease outbr…
Security Politics in the Asia-Pacific
Asia is experiencing major changes in its security relations. This book brings together respected experts to assess both the theoretical and empirical dimensions of the Asian security debate. Building on the latest research on Asia's regional security politics, it focuses on the 'regional-global nexus' as a way to understand the dynamics of Asian security politics and its intersection with global security. Contributors to the volume offer diverse…
Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat
Gene Technology, Biological Weapons, and the Security of Science
This article addresses the security challenge posed by laboratory research involving genetic modification of microorganisms that could be applied for both benign and malevolent purposes. The authors propose that, for biological arms control purposes, a global governance culture is required to manage the security risks inherent in such research while minimizing scientific opportunity costs
Non-lethal’ weapons and the occupation of Iraq
The occupation of Iraq is a challenging task for the United States (US) military, which is considering resort to options other than lethal force as a possible just response. From the outset, the notion that a weapon can be deemed ‘non-lethal’ is problematic. Some weapons intended to leave their target alive often have lethal consequences and other weapons intended to have lethal effects often do not kill their target. This article explores ethica…
Disease and Security
Focusing on East Asia, this book sets out a framework for analyzing infectious disease threats in security terms. It covers the security significance of naturally occurring disease outbreak events such as SARS and avian influenza, the development and use of biological weapons by state and non-state actors, and the security risks associated with laboratory research on pathogenic micro-organisms. Christian Enemark devises a conceptual framework for…
Pandemic pending
Just War Doctrine and the Invasion of Iraq
In this article we adopt the framework of Just War doctrine to assess whether the 2003 invasion of Iraq was just. The six criteria against which we assess the justice of going to war are Just Cause, Right Authority, Right Intention, Reasonable Prospect of Success, Proportionate Cause and War as Last Resort. We focus upon what was known and said by the US, British and Australian governments around the time they decided to invade and consider wheth…
United States biodefense, international law, and the problem of intent
Since the anthrax attacks of 2001 in the United States, annual U.S. government spending on biodefense programs has increased enormously. U.S. biodefense was once exclusively the domain of military agencies and was aimed principally at protecting battlefield troops against the products of state-run biological warfare programs. Today, it is engaged in and promoted by a variety of government agencies contemplating “bioterrorism,” and it is aimed pri…
Drones, risk, and moral injury
This article assesses the ethical significance of drone violence by focusing on the experience of drone operators as moral agents. In recent debates over the use of armed drones, ethical judgments have tended to be informed by the Just War principles that traditionally govern the conduct of war. However, Just War thinking is not the only way to think morally about the killing that drone operators do. Drone violence could also be assessed by refer…
Ebola, Disease-Control, and the Security Council
In 2014, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) described the Ebola outbreak then ongoing in West Africa as “a threat to international peace and security.” Resolution 2177 was the first time a disease outbreak of natural origin had been described using language ordinarily applied to political violence. This article assesses the significance of Resolution 2177 as an instrument of health governance, with particular regard to the Council’s prima…
Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat
Drones over Pakistan
The US government appears to be using drones to launch air strikes inside Pakistan. This article details uncertainties regarding the ethical soundness of these strikes and highlights the consequent need for greater official transparency. Available evidence is assessed in the light of traditional ethical requirements that the use of force is beneficial to a legitimate military objective, that it discriminates between combatants and noncombatants, …
Non-lethal’ weapons and the occupation of Iraq
The occupation of Iraq is a challenging task for the United States (US) military, which is considering resort to options other than lethal force as a possible just response. From the outset, the notion that a weapon can be deemed ‘non-lethal’ is problematic. Some weapons intended to leave their target alive often have lethal consequences and other weapons intended to have lethal effects often do not kill their target. This article explores ethica…
Drones, Risk, and Perpetual Force
This article contributes to the debate among just war theorists about the ethics of using armed drones in the war on terror. If violence of this kind is to be effectively restrained, it is necessary first to establish an understanding of its nature. Because it is difficult to conceptualize drone-based violence as war, there is concern that such violence is thus not captured by the traditional jus ad bellum (just resort to war) framework. Drone st…
Farewell to WMD
This article critically assesses the ongoing use of the term ‘weapons of mass destruction’ (WMD) in policy and academic discourse. Nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are commonly lumped together as WMD, but such conflation is misleading from a technological viewpoint and renders the term vulnerable to political manipulation. There are important scientific and strategic differences between weapon types, and glossing over these leads to confu…
On the responsible use of armed drones
In 2016 the United States and 44 other countries issued a Joint Declaration for the Export and Subsequent Use of Armed or Strike-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This arms control agreement, the first to focus specifically on drones, includes a commitment to discuss how these are ‘used responsibly’ by states. However, the exact meaning of responsible use in this context remains uncertain. This article addresses the uncertainty by raising …
Global Bioheroes
In the pursuit of ‘global health security’, some governments advocate deployment of pharmaceuticals to combat deadly infectious diseases wherever they emerge. Following the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, attention has turned to other emerging diseases and future pharmaceutical solutions. There is growing support for enabling faster clinical research to make new vaccines available sooner. Research on experimental vaccines must ordinarily be consis…
Gene Technology, Biological Weapons, and the Security of Science
This article addresses the security challenge posed by laboratory research involving genetic modification of microorganisms that could be applied for both benign and malevolent purposes. The authors propose that, for biological arms control purposes, a global governance culture is required to manage the security risks inherent in such research while minimizing scientific opportunity costs
Pandemic pending
United States biodefense, international law, and the problem of intent
Since the anthrax attacks of 2001 in the United States, annual U.S. government spending on biodefense programs has increased enormously. U.S. biodefense was once exclusively the domain of military agencies and was aimed principally at protecting battlefield troops against the products of state-run biological warfare programs. Today, it is engaged in and promoted by a variety of government agencies contemplating "bioterrorism," and it is aimed pri…
Just War Doctrine and the Invasion of Iraq
In this article we adopt the framework of Just War doctrine to assess whether the 2003 invasion of Iraq was just. The six criteria against which we assess the justice of going to war are Just Cause, Right Authority, Right Intention, Reasonable Prospect of Success, Proportionate Cause and War as Last Resort. We focus upon what was known and said by the US, British and Australian governments around the time they decided to invade and consider wheth…
United States biodefense, international law, and the problem of intent
Since the anthrax attacks of 2001 in the United States, annual U.S. government spending on biodefense programs has increased enormously. U.S. biodefense was once exclusively the domain of military agencies and was aimed principally at protecting battlefield troops against the products of state-run biological warfare programs. Today, it is engaged in and promoted by a variety of government agencies contemplating “bioterrorism,” and it is aimed pri…
United States biodefense, international law, and the problem of intent
Since the anthrax attacks of 2001 in the United States, annual U.S. government spending on biodefense programs has increased enormously. U.S. biodefense was once exclusively the domain of military agencies and was aimed principally at protecting battlefield troops against the products of state-run biological warfare programs. Today, it is engaged in and promoted by a variety of government agencies contemplating "bioterrorism," and it is aimed pri…
Pandemic pending
Disease and Security
Focusing on East Asia, this book sets out a framework for analyzing infectious disease threats in security terms. It covers the security significance of naturally occurring disease outbreak events such as SARS and avian influenza, the development and use of biological weapons by state and non-state actors, and the security risks associated with laboratory research on pathogenic micro-organisms. Christian Enemark devises a conceptual framework for…
Non-lethal’ weapons and the occupation of Iraq
The occupation of Iraq is a challenging task for the United States (US) military, which is considering resort to options other than lethal force as a possible just response. From the outset, the notion that a weapon can be deemed ‘non-lethal’ is problematic. Some weapons intended to leave their target alive often have lethal consequences and other weapons intended to have lethal effects often do not kill their target. This article explores ethica…
Security Politics in the Asia-Pacific
Asia is experiencing major changes in its security relations. This book brings together respected experts to assess both the theoretical and empirical dimensions of the Asian security debate. Building on the latest research on Asia's regional security politics, it focuses on the 'regional-global nexus' as a way to understand the dynamics of Asian security politics and its intersection with global security. Contributors to the volume offer diverse…
Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat
Gene Technology, Biological Weapons, and the Security of Science
This article addresses the security challenge posed by laboratory research involving genetic modification of microorganisms that could be applied for both benign and malevolent purposes. The authors propose that, for biological arms control purposes, a global governance culture is required to manage the security risks inherent in such research while minimizing scientific opportunity costs
The role of the Biological Weapons Convention in disease surveillance and response
This article assesses the role and significance of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) with respect to infectious disease surveillance and response to outbreaks. Increasingly, the BWC is being used as a platform for addressing infectious disease threats arising naturally as well as traditional concerns about malicious dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. The latter have long had a place on the security agenda, but natural disease outbr…
Drones over Pakistan
The US government appears to be using drones to launch air strikes inside Pakistan. This article details uncertainties regarding the ethical soundness of these strikes and highlights the consequent need for greater official transparency. Available evidence is assessed in the light of traditional ethical requirements that the use of force is beneficial to a legitimate military objective, that it discriminates between combatants and noncombatants, …
Farewell to WMD
This article critically assesses the ongoing use of the term ‘weapons of mass destruction’ (WMD) in policy and academic discourse. Nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are commonly lumped together as WMD, but such conflation is misleading from a technological viewpoint and renders the term vulnerable to political manipulation. There are important scientific and strategic differences between weapon types, and glossing over these leads to confu…
The Unfinished Business of Abandoning WMD
Nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons are commonly lumped together as WMD. Such conflation is dangerous and misleading, rendering the term vulnerable to political manipulation. WMD language obscures the paramount threat of nuclear weapons, exaggerates the destructive power of chemical weapons, and is unhelpful or counterproductive when used in the context of biological weapons. In her response - the article entitled The Long Goodbye: Beyond a…
Armed Drones and the Ethics of War
This book assesses the ethical implications of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (‘hunter-killer drones’) in contemporary conflicts. The American way of war is trending away from the heroic and towards the post-heroic, driven by a political preference for air-powered management of strategic risks and the reduction of physical risk to US personnel. The recent use of drones in the War on Terror has demonstrated the power of this technology to tr…
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
This article is part of a project on infectious diseases, security and ethics sponsored by the Australian Research Council. For their valuable feedback on earlier versions, the author thanks Simon Rushton, Stefan Elbe and the Global Society reviewers. The worldwide spread of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB) bacteria is out of control and incidents of harder-to-cure TB illness are rising. This article explores the present and potential …
Armed Drones and the Ethics of War
Drones, Risk, and Perpetual Force
This article contributes to the debate among just war theorists about the ethics of using armed drones in the war on terror. If violence of this kind is to be effectively restrained, it is necessary first to establish an understanding of its nature. Because it is difficult to conceptualize drone-based violence as war, there is concern that such violence is thus not captured by the traditional jus ad bellum (just resort to war) framework. Drone st…
Discontent with Winter-safe Deterrence
This article anticipates problems with Seth Baum’s idea of adopting ‘winter-safe deterrence’ as a security practice. A world safe from nuclear winter is highly desirable, and reducing the number of nuclear weapons would lessen the likelihood and consequences of nuclear war. However, today’s nuclear weapon states are unlikely to be confident in the deterrent capacity of non-nuclear weapons
Ethics and Security Aspects of Infectious Disease Control
Ebola, Disease-Control, and the Security Council
In 2014, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) described the Ebola outbreak then ongoing in West Africa as “a threat to international peace and security.” Resolution 2177 was the first time a disease outbreak of natural origin had been described using language ordinarily applied to political violence. This article assesses the significance of Resolution 2177 as an instrument of health governance, with particular regard to the Council’s prima…
Biosecurity Dilemmas
Global Bioheroes
In the pursuit of ‘global health security’, some governments advocate deployment of pharmaceuticals to combat deadly infectious diseases wherever they emerge. Following the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, attention has turned to other emerging diseases and future pharmaceutical solutions. There is growing support for enabling faster clinical research to make new vaccines available sooner. Research on experimental vaccines must ordinarily be consis…
On the responsible use of armed drones
In 2016 the United States and 44 other countries issued a Joint Declaration for the Export and Subsequent Use of Armed or Strike-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This arms control agreement, the first to focus specifically on drones, includes a commitment to discuss how these are ‘used responsibly’ by states. However, the exact meaning of responsible use in this context remains uncertain. This article addresses the uncertainty by raising …
Drones, risk, and moral injury
This article assesses the ethical significance of drone violence by focusing on the experience of drone operators as moral agents. In recent debates over the use of armed drones, ethical judgments have tended to be informed by the Just War principles that traditionally govern the conduct of war. However, Just War thinking is not the only way to think morally about the killing that drone operators do. Drone violence could also be assessed by refer…
The enduring problem of ‘grey’ drone violence
This article addresses the problem of drone violence that is ‘grey’ in the sense of being hard to categorise. It focuses on circumstances, such as arose in Pakistan, in which a foreign government's armed drones are a constant presence. A lesson from US experience there is that the persistent threat of drone strikes is intended to suppress activities that endanger the drone-using state's security. However, this threat inevitably affects innocent p…
Political science (24 obras) · Law (19 obras) · Law (16 obras) · Sociology (13 obras) · Medicine (9 obras) · Computer Science (8 obras) · Computer security (8 obras) · Global Security and Public Health (8 obras) · Biological warfare (7 obras) · Drone (7 obras)