Karl Pajusalu
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 306109 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Karl Pajusalu |
| PRENOMES | Karl |
| SOBRENOME | Pajusalu |
| ASSINATURA | PAJUSALU K |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Tartu |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5554-5049 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 11 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1995 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
In memoriam professor Jaan Ross (5 April 1957 — 18 January 2026)
Raamatu" ja "kirja" tähendused eesti vanas kirjakeeles
The meaning of raamat ‘book’ and kiri ‘letter’ in old written Estonian This article explores the historical development of the meanings of two key words in 16th–19th century literary Estonian – raamat ‘book’ and kiri ‘letter, message, etc.’ Literary Estonian emerged in the first half of the 16th century, following the Reformation, with the translation of religious literature from German. Even at that time, the Estonian words raamat and kiri were …
In memoriam Tiit-Rein Viitso (4 March 1938 — 2 December 2022)
Viitso -an esteemed researcher of Finnic languages, an inspiring teacher for many young linguists at the University of Tartu, and the longstanding editor-in-chief of Linguistica Uralica -passed away.Tiit-Rein Viitso's roots were in Virumaa in northern Estonia and he graduated from the University of Tartu in 1961 completing a thesis on Votic.In 1966, he defended his candidate's thesis on Onega Veps.In 1983, he defended his doctoral dissertation in…
Phonic Convergence in Estonian Yiddish
Multilingualism is a characteristic feature of Yiddish speakers in the Baltic region, and contact-induced language change is natural in this case. To date, some Baltic German impact on the local varieties of Yiddish has been discussed in the literature. This article focuses on the phonic impact of Estonian on Estonian Yiddish. The study is based on acoustic analysis of Estonian Yiddish sound recordings. The North Baltic area forms a separate regi…
Foreword / Eessõna / Eḑḑisõnā
The special issues devoted to Livonian research have now become a unique series published by the "Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics", which regularly bring together research on Livonian language and culture by specialists from a variety of countries.Likewise, this series has become the main source of this content in English, providing the international research community with information about the Livonian language and, more broadly…
A century of Livonian studies at the University of Tartu
The significance of the Livonian language and culture to Estonians is greater than mere historical closeness. The discipline of Livonian studies has been a part of Estonian national self-definition. The current article provides an overview of Livonian research and instruction since 1919 when the University of Tartu became the national university of Estonia. A consistent focus on Livonian language and culture during the last hundred years has been…
Livonian polar questions in their areal context
This paper analyses strategies for forming polar questions and their historical sources in the two main varieties of Livonian – Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian. The results reveal that the main means for marking polar questions in both varieties are sentence-initial particles. Their usage is compared to the means found in other varieties spoken in the Central Baltic area. This micro-areal comparison offers an in-depth analysis of the main p…
The South Estonian language islands in the context of the Central Baltic area
This article offers a comparative analysis of several morphosyntactic and phonological features in the South Estonian language islands: Leivu, Lutsi, and Kraasna. The objective is to give an overview of the distribution of selected features, their (in)stability over time, and discuss their form and use in a broader areal context. To achieve this goal, comparative information was also included from the closest cognate varieties (Estonian and the S…
Introductory survey of the South Estonian language islands
The South Estonian language islands – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – are three historically South Estonian-speaking exclaves located not only beyond the borders of Estonia, but also geographically separated from the main body of South Estonian speakers for at least several centuries. Two of these communities – Leivu and Lutsi – were located in present-day Latvia. The third community – Kraasna – was located near the northernmost Lutsi communities – only …
The acoustic correlates of quantity in Inari Saami
Emakeele Seltsi üliõpilasliikmed eestlust sõnastamas 1920-ndate alguses
Emakeele Seltsi sünd iseseisva Eesti keelefoorumina Kui 1920. aasta kevadel alustas Emakeele Selts (ES) oma tegevust Tartu Ülikooli juures, siis sõna eestlus ning mitmed teisedki eesti rahvuslust määratlevad kesksed mõisted ei olnud veel keelde kinnistunud või polnud neid loodudki. Noores Eesti Vabariigis muutus aga üha ilmsemaks vajadus peale eesti keele kiire kohandamise riigikeele funktsioonidele vastavaks [...]
A journey of discovery through the Livonian world
This article presents a survey of Tiit-Rein Viitso’s studies on Livonian. Viitso has studied a variety of aspects of this southernmost Finnic language. In the current article, Viitso’s studies on Livonian are grouped into six parts: studies on (1) Livonian pronunciation and word prosody; (2) grammar; (3) vocabulary; overviews of the (4) Livonian language; the (5) Livonian language in the Finnic context; and (6) Livonian folklore, culture, and peo…
Requests, questions and space
This study is trying to answer the question of how does requesting differ in Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Finnish and Russian. The data is elicited by written discourse completion tasks (DCT) in which native speakers of Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian and Russian were asked to complete the situations described by filling in appropriate requests or questions. Head acts of the sequences have been coded for relevant grammatical categories: …
Eesti kohamurrete olukord viimase rahvaloenduse peeglis
Livonian features in Estonian dialects
This article presents linguistic innovations which are typical of both Courland and Salaca Livonian and are also known in the neighbouring Estonian dialect areas. These innovative features are phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic. The features are present mainly in western and southwestern Estonia, but also more specifically in areas close to the current western border between Estonia and Latvia. This article discusses the nature and …
Estonian Jumal 'God
The article focuses on semantics and the use of the word jumal 'god' in Estonian. At first, we give an overview of the etymology of jumal 'god' and its meanings in Standard Estonian and Estonian dialects. Then we examine jumal 'god' as a linguistic unit associated with different constructions and collocational patterns, bleaching of the meaning, and usage in fulfilling different communication goals. In our study we show how jumal 'god' can refer …
Eesti vältesüsteemi olemusest
Mati Hint on oma artikli „Kolme häälikuvälte eksituse mehaanika” (2015) ehitanud üles kriitikana minu artikli „Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal” (Pajusalu 2014) kohta. Nimetatud artiklis lähtun eesti välteid liivi ja vadja keelega võrreldes kõnetakti- ehk sõnavälte kontseptsioonist. Mati Hint peab seda kontseptsiooni häälikuvälte teooria edasiarenduseks. Püüan järgnevaga näidata, et sõnavälte teooria on olemuslikult veel kau…
Negation in Livonian
The paper gives an overview of negation in Livonian. The study is based on fieldwork data and previous research. Livonian has negation markers of three types: (1) auxiliaries, äb in the indicative and conditional present, iz in the indicative past, and alā in the imperative and the jussive; (2) particle mittõ is used to reinforce negation and to mark the scope of the constituent negation; (3) particle äp functions as a prosentence. All categories…
Estonian as a heritage language in Sweden
This paper studies the Estonian three-way phonological quantity distinction by second-generation Swedish Estonians. Production of the three phonological quantities has been measured in informal interviews with four speakers, all active members of the Estonian exile community. Comparisons with native Estonians show that three of the four Swedish Estonians had retained the length difference between quantity 2 and 3 in all disyllabic word types. All…
Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal
Palatalisatsioonist ja prepalatalisatsioonist spontaanses eesti keeles
esoleva uurimuse eesmrgiks on iseloomustada eesti keele palatalisatsiooni eripra, nagu see ilmneb eesti keele spontaanse kne lindistustes
The relationship between Salaca Livonian and Courland Livonian dialects
The article examines the relationship between the two prominent forms of Livonian: Salaca Livonian, spoken on the territory of historical Livonia, and Courland Livonian. Salaca Livonian is compared to the two main dialects of Courland Livonian – the eastern and western dialects. Based on the Salaca Livonian data, the article focuses on the comparison of phonological and grammatical features, also presenting a brief comparison of core vocabulary. …
Eesti keeleala piirid
Aastal 1919, kui pandi alus eestikeelsele Tartu ülikoolile, loodi ka esimene eesti keele professori ametikoht maailmas. 2012. aastal ehk 93 aastat hiljem asutati Tartu Ülikoolis kümme rahvus-professuuri, millest kolm on eesti keele professuurid: need on tänapäeva eesti keele, eesti keele võõrkeelena ning eesti keele ajaloo ja murrete professuur. Eesti keele õpetamine Tartu ülikoolis lektori tasemel [...]
Edela-Eesti kohad ja keel Salomo Heinrich Vestringi sõnaraamatus
Artikkel käsitleb Salomo Heinrich Vestringi eesti-saksa sõnaraamatut „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum”, mis on koostatud 18. sajandi alguses ja ilmus trükituna esmakordselt alles 1998. aastal. Vestring sündis Pärnus ja töötas enamiku oma elust seal pastorina. Sellepärast on ootuspärane, et sõnaraamat kajastab suuresti tollast Pärnu ümbruse ja laiemalt Edela-Eesti keelepruuki. Artiklis käsitletaksegi sõnaraamatus esivaid Edela-Eesti kohanimesid, muud…
Ilse Lehiste 1922–2010
Nekrolog Ilse Lehiste 1922–2010
The tonal component of Estonian quantity in native and non-native perception
On recent changes in South Estonian
Article On recent changes in South Estonian: dynamics in the formation of the inessive was published on January 1, 1999 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 1999, issue 139)
The South Estonian language islands in the context of the Central Baltic area
This article offers a comparative analysis of several morphosyntactic and phonological features in the South Estonian language islands: Leivu, Lutsi, and Kraasna. The objective is to give an overview of the distribution of selected features, their (in)stability over time, and discuss their form and use in a broader areal context. To achieve this goal, comparative information was also included from the closest cognate varieties (Estonian and the S…
The acoustic correlates of quantity in Inari Saami
The relationship between Salaca Livonian and Courland Livonian dialects
The article examines the relationship between the two prominent forms of Livonian: Salaca Livonian, spoken on the territory of historical Livonia, and Courland Livonian. Salaca Livonian is compared to the two main dialects of Courland Livonian – the eastern and western dialects. Based on the Salaca Livonian data, the article focuses on the comparison of phonological and grammatical features, also presenting a brief comparison of core vocabulary. …
Linguistic Diversity and Standardization in Estonian
Article Linguistic Diversity and Standardization in Estonian: The History of the Active Past Participle was published on January 1, 1995 in the journal Dialectologia et Geolinguistica (volume 1995, issue 3)
On recent changes in South Estonian
Article On recent changes in South Estonian: dynamics in the formation of the inessive was published on January 1, 1999 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 1999, issue 139)
Evidentiality in South Estonian
The article begins by characterizing the possibilities of expressing evidentiality in Estonian.It will then provide an account of the various types of the quotative in South Estonian with a focus on the na-marked forms in the Tartu dialect.We will discuss the functions of the na-forms and their relation to the nu-marked past participle, which is also used in the same dialect to express the quotative.The final part of the article makes an attempt …
Towards a typology of disharmony
We propose an OT-theoretic typology of vowel harmony systems based on a comparative study of front/back harmony. Harmony processes are governed by a general constraint that imposes feature agreement on neighboring segments. Disharmonic (“neutral”) segments arise when this constraint is dominated by markedness constraints and/or by faithfulness constraints that govern segment inventories. These constraint interactions determine whether disharmonic…
Quantity in Livonian
The paper describes work done up to now with Livonian, the southernmost Finnic language. The study proceeds within the framework of the Finno-Ugric Prosody Project: a set of test sentences is recorded by a number of native speakers, an acoustic-phonetic analysis is carried through of the recordings, the measurements are subjected to statistical treatment, and the results are analyzed from the point of view of their role in the manifestation of Li…
The tonal component of Estonian quantity in native and non-native perception
Forms of address across languages
This paper examines linguistic politeness in a bilingual society, focusing on forms of address among Estonian speakers and Russian speakers in Estonia. We ask in what ways groups living in different conditions of societal bilingualism acknowledge different norms of politeness and hence exhibit different politeness behavior. Our study focuses especially on the choice of the formal or informal form of the second person pronoun, but we also investig…
Developmental paths of interrogative particles
The primary means for expressing polar questions in Estonian are particles positioned at the beginning or the end of a sentence. We trace the development of these question particles from the seventeenth century until to the present day. In the course of time new particles emerged and older ones changed their function. Such functional shifts included, among others, the loss of negative or affirmative polarity, the loss of interrogativity, or the a…
From Conversation to Proverbs
The article provides an overview of the use of the Estonian particle ikka 'sure, still' in spoken Estonian and makes an attempt to explain why this particle is so common in proverbs and South Estonian folk songs. Etymologically, ikka is associated with a temporal meaning and stems from the word iga 'time, lifetime, full time'. In contemporary Estonian ikka refers to the typicality and recurrence of an action, but it also points to an interruption…
Ilse Lehiste 1922–2010
Nekrolog Ilse Lehiste 1922–2010
Eesti keeleala piirid
Aastal 1919, kui pandi alus eestikeelsele Tartu ülikoolile, loodi ka esimene eesti keele professori ametikoht maailmas. 2012. aastal ehk 93 aastat hiljem asutati Tartu Ülikoolis kümme rahvus-professuuri, millest kolm on eesti keele professuurid: need on tänapäeva eesti keele, eesti keele võõrkeelena ning eesti keele ajaloo ja murrete professuur. Eesti keele õpetamine Tartu ülikoolis lektori tasemel [...]
Edela-Eesti kohad ja keel Salomo Heinrich Vestringi sõnaraamatus
Artikkel käsitleb Salomo Heinrich Vestringi eesti-saksa sõnaraamatut „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum”, mis on koostatud 18. sajandi alguses ja ilmus trükituna esmakordselt alles 1998. aastal. Vestring sündis Pärnus ja töötas enamiku oma elust seal pastorina. Sellepärast on ootuspärane, et sõnaraamat kajastab suuresti tollast Pärnu ümbruse ja laiemalt Edela-Eesti keelepruuki. Artiklis käsitletaksegi sõnaraamatus esivaid Edela-Eesti kohanimesid, muud…
Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal
Palatalisatsioonist ja prepalatalisatsioonist spontaanses eesti keeles
esoleva uurimuse eesmrgiks on iseloomustada eesti keele palatalisatsiooni eripra, nagu see ilmneb eesti keele spontaanse kne lindistustes
The relationship between Salaca Livonian and Courland Livonian dialects
The article examines the relationship between the two prominent forms of Livonian: Salaca Livonian, spoken on the territory of historical Livonia, and Courland Livonian. Salaca Livonian is compared to the two main dialects of Courland Livonian – the eastern and western dialects. Based on the Salaca Livonian data, the article focuses on the comparison of phonological and grammatical features, also presenting a brief comparison of core vocabulary. …
Eesti vältesüsteemi olemusest
Mati Hint on oma artikli „Kolme häälikuvälte eksituse mehaanika” (2015) ehitanud üles kriitikana minu artikli „Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal” (Pajusalu 2014) kohta. Nimetatud artiklis lähtun eesti välteid liivi ja vadja keelega võrreldes kõnetakti- ehk sõnavälte kontseptsioonist. Mati Hint peab seda kontseptsiooni häälikuvälte teooria edasiarenduseks. Püüan järgnevaga näidata, et sõnavälte teooria on olemuslikult veel kau…
Negation in Livonian
The paper gives an overview of negation in Livonian. The study is based on fieldwork data and previous research. Livonian has negation markers of three types: (1) auxiliaries, äb in the indicative and conditional present, iz in the indicative past, and alā in the imperative and the jussive; (2) particle mittõ is used to reinforce negation and to mark the scope of the constituent negation; (3) particle äp functions as a prosentence. All categories…
Estonian as a heritage language in Sweden
This paper studies the Estonian three-way phonological quantity distinction by second-generation Swedish Estonians. Production of the three phonological quantities has been measured in informal interviews with four speakers, all active members of the Estonian exile community. Comparisons with native Estonians show that three of the four Swedish Estonians had retained the length difference between quantity 2 and 3 in all disyllabic word types. All…
Eesti kohamurrete olukord viimase rahvaloenduse peeglis
Livonian features in Estonian dialects
This article presents linguistic innovations which are typical of both Courland and Salaca Livonian and are also known in the neighbouring Estonian dialect areas. These innovative features are phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic. The features are present mainly in western and southwestern Estonia, but also more specifically in areas close to the current western border between Estonia and Latvia. This article discusses the nature and …
Estonian Jumal 'God
The article focuses on semantics and the use of the word jumal 'god' in Estonian. At first, we give an overview of the etymology of jumal 'god' and its meanings in Standard Estonian and Estonian dialects. Then we examine jumal 'god' as a linguistic unit associated with different constructions and collocational patterns, bleaching of the meaning, and usage in fulfilling different communication goals. In our study we show how jumal 'god' can refer …
Requests, questions and space
This study is trying to answer the question of how does requesting differ in Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Finnish and Russian. The data is elicited by written discourse completion tasks (DCT) in which native speakers of Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian and Russian were asked to complete the situations described by filling in appropriate requests or questions. Head acts of the sequences have been coded for relevant grammatical categories: …
Emakeele Seltsi üliõpilasliikmed eestlust sõnastamas 1920-ndate alguses
Emakeele Seltsi sünd iseseisva Eesti keelefoorumina Kui 1920. aasta kevadel alustas Emakeele Selts (ES) oma tegevust Tartu Ülikooli juures, siis sõna eestlus ning mitmed teisedki eesti rahvuslust määratlevad kesksed mõisted ei olnud veel keelde kinnistunud või polnud neid loodudki. Noores Eesti Vabariigis muutus aga üha ilmsemaks vajadus peale eesti keele kiire kohandamise riigikeele funktsioonidele vastavaks [...]
A journey of discovery through the Livonian world
This article presents a survey of Tiit-Rein Viitso’s studies on Livonian. Viitso has studied a variety of aspects of this southernmost Finnic language. In the current article, Viitso’s studies on Livonian are grouped into six parts: studies on (1) Livonian pronunciation and word prosody; (2) grammar; (3) vocabulary; overviews of the (4) Livonian language; the (5) Livonian language in the Finnic context; and (6) Livonian folklore, culture, and peo…
The acoustic correlates of quantity in Inari Saami
Philosophy (24 obras) · Linguistics (23 obras) · Estonian (17 obras) · History (13 obras) · European Linguistics and Anthropology (10 obras) · Latvian (8 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras) · Art (7 obras) · Geography (7 obras) · Linguistics and language evolution (7 obras)