Patricia Valenzuela
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 319101 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Patricia Valenzuela |
| PRENOMES | Patricia |
| SOBRENOME | Valenzuela |
| ASSINATURA | VALENZUELA P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Chapman University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6035-962X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 23 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 33 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 23 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1995 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
The forgotten mid vowels
This study re-examines the phonological inventory of Proto-Pano, challenging the prevailing view that it had only four oral vowels. Through a comparative analysis of 23 contemporary Pano languages/varieties, we reconstruct a Proto-Pano system with two additional mid vowels, proposing a six-vowel inventory. This finding diverges from all previous reconstructions, which overlooked historically significant distributional differences between mid vowe…
Ya vuelta en el español peruano amazónico
Este estudio analiza la expresión ya vuelta en el español peruano amazónico (EPA), proponiendo que ha trascendido su función como marcador discursivo mirativo para convertirse en un emblema de identidad regional y un recurso discursivo de resistencia. A partir de un corpus recopilado exclusivamente de interacciones en redes sociales —incluyendo X (antes Twitter), Facebook, Instagram y YouTube— se examinan los usos prototípicos de ya vuelta como m…
Temporal ‘since’ constructions in cross-linguistic perspective
The paper offers an analysis of the cross-linguistic variation in the expression of clausal temporal ‘since’ relations (e.g., I have been working since you arrived ) in a sample of 59 languages. First, the investigation explores whether clausal temporal ‘since’ constructions bear formal resemblance to nominal temporal ‘since’ constructions (e.g., It has been raining since yesterday ), nominal beginning-to-end constructions (e.g., They will sleep …
Tono léxico y estructura métrica de la palabra amahuaca
En la prosodia de la lengua amahuaca (pano, Perú), identificamos un tono léxico que contrasta con la ausencia de tono (H vs. Ø) y una estructura métrica basada en la formación de pies trocaicos de izquierda a derecha. Estos rasgos interactúan de tal manera que la estructura tonal de las raíces cambia en palabras morfológicamente complejas, lo que evita que los tonos altos recaigan en sílabas pares, es decir, no prominentes. Aunque el tono léxico …
Realización del alineamiento tripartito en amahuaca
El idioma originario amahuaca (familia lingüística pano, Perú) exhibe un inusual sistema de marcación de caso tripartito según el cual los sujetos de verbos intransitivos y transitivos son señalados mediante los enclíticos =x y =n, respectivamente, mientras que los objetos no registran marca morfológica alguna (Sparing-Chávez, 2007/2012; Clem 2019a; entre otros). Otra propiedad sobresaliente de este sistema es la diversidad de realizaciones que p…
Language classification in Western Amazonia
The languages of the Pano and Takana families exhibit a considerable number of lexical and structural affinities that cannot be ascribed to mere chance and are not readily detectable instances of borrowing. After the comparative studies by Key (1968) and Girard (1971) the proposal of a genetic relationship between these two families was generally accepted (e.g. Loos 1973, 2005; Suárez 1973; Kaufman 1990; Campbell 1997). Without solid argumentatio…
Graus de afastamento temporal em Pano
Além de simplesmente indicar o futuro ou o passado, as línguas da família Pano distinguem gramaticalmente vários graus de distância temporal em relação a um ponto de referência, tipicamente o momento do enunciado; isto é, eles possuem o que tem sido chamado de 'tempo métrico' (Chung & Timberlake 1985; Frawley 1992), 'graus de distanciamento temporal' (Comrie 1985; Dahl 1985; Bybee et al. 1994; Botne 2012), ou 'gradação temporal' (Cabo 2013). Este…
Healthcare of Indigenous Amazonian Peoples in response to Covid-19
"Systematic and persistent discrimination against Indigenous Peoples translates into differential health outcomes when analysed through ethnicity and/or mother tongue.1 In Peru, morbidity and mortality rates among Indigenous Peoples for COVID-19 appear to confirm this.2 The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the historical structural violence against Indigenous Peoples that currently takes a disproportionate toll in the Peruvian Amazon. This equal…
Shiwilu
Shiwilu, also known as Jebero (ISO jeb), is a critically endangered Kawapanan language spoken in the District of Jeberos, in northeastern Peru. Kawapanan languages exhibit a “mixed” areal profile, in that they combine structural properties typical of Western Amazonian languages with features specifically associated to the Central Andean families Quechuan and Aymaran (Valenzuela 2015). On June 23, 2016, Shiwilu became the first Peruvian language t…
Integración laboral de los inmigrantes haitianos, dominicanos y colombianos en Santiago de Chile
En el actual contexto de la globalización, caracterizado por la reestructuración del sistema de producción capitalista y de las relaciones de trabajo, la migración presenta nuevas y particulares características. A nivel mundial, estamos en presencia de una polarización del mercado laboral, donde conviven empleos estables y bien remunerados con otros informales y ocasionales. Sumado a ello, nos encontramos con trabajadores informales en medios for…
“Simple” and “double” applicatives in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Shiwilu (Kawapanan, Peru) exhibits a prolific applicative system that comprises seven constructions involving distinct affixes. The present article offers the first account of this feature. In so doing, it seeks to expand our typological knowledge of linguistic systems with multiple applicative constructions and shed light onto the ways applicative constructions relate to word derivation. The suffix -tu is particularly intriguing. It modifies the…
Classifiers in Shiwilu (Kawapanan) in Northwestern Amazonian Perspective
Kawapanan is a little-known linguistic family from northwestern Amazonia composed of two languages, Shiwilu and Shawi. This article offers the first detailed account of a Kawapanan classifier system. Shiwilu classifying morphemes are analyzed in terms of their semantics, morphosyntax, and functions. In addition to describing a central property of a vanishing language, this work seeks to contribute to the discussion on the nominal categorization m…
Qué tan “amazónicas” son las lenguas kawapana? Contacto con las lenguas centro-andinas y elementos para un área lingüística intermedia
La familia lingüística kawapana del nororiente peruano está conformada por los idiomas shiwilu y shawi, también conocidos como jebero y chayahuita respectivamente. Por lo común, se suele categorizar a las lenguas kawapana como entidades lingüísticas “amazónicas”. No obstante, el presente estudio demuestra que estas comparten semejanzas gramaticales apreciables con las familias centro-andinas quechua y aimara, así como con otros idiomas de las tie…
El uso del perfecto en secuencias narrativas en el español peruano amazónico
Este artículo se centra en los usos del pretérito perfecto compuesto (PP) en el español peruano amazónico. Con este propósito, se analizan los valores semánticos del PP en narrativas de experiencias personales por hablantes de español del pueblo de Jeberos (región Loreto). Este estudio ofrece evidencia del proceso de incursión del PP en contextos del pretérito perfecto simple en narraciones orales. Dentro de este marco, discute la relación del PP…
El sistema de concordancia del participante en las lenguas Pano y sus implicancias para el conocimiento de la Proto-Lengua
En las lenguas de la familia Pano una serie de construcciones adjuntas (que expresan lugar, etapa de vida, cuantificación distributiva, manera, entre otros) están semánticamente orientadas hacia uno de los participantes obligatorios de la cláusula. Dicha relación es marcada explícitamente mediante una morfología flexiva al final de los adjuntos, en concordancia con la función sintáctica del participante acerca del cual predican. Este rasgo tipoló…
Shiwilu (Jebero)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a critically endangered language from Peruvian Amazonia and one of the two members of the Kawapanan linguistic family. Most of its nearly 30 remaining fluent speakers live in and around the village of Jeberos (District of Jeberos, Province of Alto Amazonas, Loreto Region), at approximately 5° S, 75° W.The documentation of Shiwilu is scarce and no survey grammar is available. Until very recently, the only trained linguis…
Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana
El presente artículo busca llenar este vacío. Mediante la aplicación del método comparativo nos proponemos demostrar la relación genética entre estos dos idiomas y contribuir a la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana. El cumplimiento de este objetivo podría ayudar a esclarecer si la familia cahuapana forma parte de una unidad lingüística mayor, dilucidando de esta manera un episodio importante en la prehistoria de la Alta Amazonía. En lo que resta …
Argument Encoding and Pragmatic Marking of the Transitive Subject in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a nearly extinct Kawapanan language from Peruvian Amazonia. The goal of this article is twofold. First, it investigates the obligatory crossreferencing of arguments in the complex Shiwilu verb. This system is predominantly nominative–accusative, with the caveat that main clause object markers coincide with those conveying subject in one type of clause involving nominal predicates, as well as subject and object of depend…
Applicative Constructions in Shipibo-Konibo (Panoan)
This article provides a detailed, typologically informed treatment of applicative constructions in Shipibo-Konibo, a Panoan language from Peruvian Amazonia. Shipibo-Konibo has three applicative suffixes: affective (i.e., benefactive or malefactive), dedicated malefactive, and associative. These applicative types are rather common cross-linguistically and hence the language cannot be said to be particularly rich either in terms of number or kinds …
Ethnic-racial reclassification and language revitalization among the Shiwilu from Peruvian Amazonia
The Shiwilu, a.k.a. Jebero, are an Amazonian people from northeastern Peru. Although their population is as high as 2,000, intergenerational transmission of the Shiwilu language ceased decades ago; presently there are only a few elderly speakers. Due to significant loss of traditional culture, language displacement in favor of Spanish, and a high degree of intermarriage with the Mestizo (non-Indian) population, the Shiwilu were undergoing in the …
Shipibo
The Shipibo language is spoken by about 30,000 people in the Ucayali River valley, in the Upper Amazon watershed in the central eastern part of Peru. The language is sometimes also called Shipibo-Conibo after the two main previously distinct ethnic groups which form its speakers. It is a member of the Panoan family and thus is related to such languages as Capanahua, Amahuaca and Chacobo. Panoan languages are principally found in Peru but the fami…
Cuando los Otros no son los Mismos Ideologia y Análisis Gramatical
No contiene resúmen
Realización de la consonante oclusiva postvelar /q/ en el quechua del sur andino
El artículo no presenta resumen
Argument Encoding and Pragmatic Marking of the Transitive Subject in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a nearly extinct Kawapanan language from Peruvian Amazonia. The goal of this article is twofold. First, it investigates the obligatory crossreferencing of arguments in the complex Shiwilu verb. This system is predominantly nominative–accusative, with the caveat that main clause object markers coincide with those conveying subject in one type of clause involving nominal predicates, as well as subject and object of depend…
Qué tan “amazónicas” son las lenguas kawapana? Contacto con las lenguas centro-andinas y elementos para un área lingüística intermedia
La familia lingüística kawapana del nororiente peruano está conformada por los idiomas shiwilu y shawi, también conocidos como jebero y chayahuita respectivamente. Por lo común, se suele categorizar a las lenguas kawapana como entidades lingüísticas “amazónicas”. No obstante, el presente estudio demuestra que estas comparten semejanzas gramaticales apreciables con las familias centro-andinas quechua y aimara, así como con otros idiomas de las tie…
Applicative Constructions in Shipibo-Konibo (Panoan)
This article provides a detailed, typologically informed treatment of applicative constructions in Shipibo-Konibo, a Panoan language from Peruvian Amazonia. Shipibo-Konibo has three applicative suffixes: affective (i.e., benefactive or malefactive), dedicated malefactive, and associative. These applicative types are rather common cross-linguistically and hence the language cannot be said to be particularly rich either in terms of number or kinds …
Shipibo
The Shipibo language is spoken by about 30,000 people in the Ucayali River valley, in the Upper Amazon watershed in the central eastern part of Peru. The language is sometimes also called Shipibo-Conibo after the two main previously distinct ethnic groups which form its speakers. It is a member of the Panoan family and thus is related to such languages as Capanahua, Amahuaca and Chacobo. Panoan languages are principally found in Peru but the fami…
Shiwilu (Jebero)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a critically endangered language from Peruvian Amazonia and one of the two members of the Kawapanan linguistic family. Most of its nearly 30 remaining fluent speakers live in and around the village of Jeberos (District of Jeberos, Province of Alto Amazonas, Loreto Region), at approximately 5° S, 75° W.The documentation of Shiwilu is scarce and no survey grammar is available. Until very recently, the only trained linguis…
El sistema de concordancia del participante en las lenguas Pano y sus implicancias para el conocimiento de la Proto-Lengua
En las lenguas de la familia Pano una serie de construcciones adjuntas (que expresan lugar, etapa de vida, cuantificación distributiva, manera, entre otros) están semánticamente orientadas hacia uno de los participantes obligatorios de la cláusula. Dicha relación es marcada explícitamente mediante una morfología flexiva al final de los adjuntos, en concordancia con la función sintáctica del participante acerca del cual predican. Este rasgo tipoló…
Language classification in Western Amazonia
The languages of the Pano and Takana families exhibit a considerable number of lexical and structural affinities that cannot be ascribed to mere chance and are not readily detectable instances of borrowing. After the comparative studies by Key (1968) and Girard (1971) the proposal of a genetic relationship between these two families was generally accepted (e.g. Loos 1973, 2005; Suárez 1973; Kaufman 1990; Campbell 1997). Without solid argumentatio…
Integración laboral de los inmigrantes haitianos, dominicanos y colombianos en Santiago de Chile
En el actual contexto de la globalización, caracterizado por la reestructuración del sistema de producción capitalista y de las relaciones de trabajo, la migración presenta nuevas y particulares características. A nivel mundial, estamos en presencia de una polarización del mercado laboral, donde conviven empleos estables y bien remunerados con otros informales y ocasionales. Sumado a ello, nos encontramos con trabajadores informales en medios for…
Classifiers in Shiwilu (Kawapanan) in Northwestern Amazonian Perspective
Kawapanan is a little-known linguistic family from northwestern Amazonia composed of two languages, Shiwilu and Shawi. This article offers the first detailed account of a Kawapanan classifier system. Shiwilu classifying morphemes are analyzed in terms of their semantics, morphosyntax, and functions. In addition to describing a central property of a vanishing language, this work seeks to contribute to the discussion on the nominal categorization m…
Realización de la consonante oclusiva postvelar /q/ en el quechua del sur andino
El artículo no presenta resumen
Cuando los Otros no son los Mismos Ideologia y Análisis Gramatical
No contiene resúmen
Shipibo
The Shipibo language is spoken by about 30,000 people in the Ucayali River valley, in the Upper Amazon watershed in the central eastern part of Peru. The language is sometimes also called Shipibo-Conibo after the two main previously distinct ethnic groups which form its speakers. It is a member of the Panoan family and thus is related to such languages as Capanahua, Amahuaca and Chacobo. Panoan languages are principally found in Peru but the fami…
Applicative Constructions in Shipibo-Konibo (Panoan)
This article provides a detailed, typologically informed treatment of applicative constructions in Shipibo-Konibo, a Panoan language from Peruvian Amazonia. Shipibo-Konibo has three applicative suffixes: affective (i.e., benefactive or malefactive), dedicated malefactive, and associative. These applicative types are rather common cross-linguistically and hence the language cannot be said to be particularly rich either in terms of number or kinds …
Ethnic-racial reclassification and language revitalization among the Shiwilu from Peruvian Amazonia
The Shiwilu, a.k.a. Jebero, are an Amazonian people from northeastern Peru. Although their population is as high as 2,000, intergenerational transmission of the Shiwilu language ceased decades ago; presently there are only a few elderly speakers. Due to significant loss of traditional culture, language displacement in favor of Spanish, and a high degree of intermarriage with the Mestizo (non-Indian) population, the Shiwilu were undergoing in the …
Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana
El presente artículo busca llenar este vacío. Mediante la aplicación del método comparativo nos proponemos demostrar la relación genética entre estos dos idiomas y contribuir a la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana. El cumplimiento de este objetivo podría ayudar a esclarecer si la familia cahuapana forma parte de una unidad lingüística mayor, dilucidando de esta manera un episodio importante en la prehistoria de la Alta Amazonía. En lo que resta …
Argument Encoding and Pragmatic Marking of the Transitive Subject in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a nearly extinct Kawapanan language from Peruvian Amazonia. The goal of this article is twofold. First, it investigates the obligatory crossreferencing of arguments in the complex Shiwilu verb. This system is predominantly nominative–accusative, with the caveat that main clause object markers coincide with those conveying subject in one type of clause involving nominal predicates, as well as subject and object of depend…
El uso del perfecto en secuencias narrativas en el español peruano amazónico
Este artículo se centra en los usos del pretérito perfecto compuesto (PP) en el español peruano amazónico. Con este propósito, se analizan los valores semánticos del PP en narrativas de experiencias personales por hablantes de español del pueblo de Jeberos (región Loreto). Este estudio ofrece evidencia del proceso de incursión del PP en contextos del pretérito perfecto simple en narraciones orales. Dentro de este marco, discute la relación del PP…
El sistema de concordancia del participante en las lenguas Pano y sus implicancias para el conocimiento de la Proto-Lengua
En las lenguas de la familia Pano una serie de construcciones adjuntas (que expresan lugar, etapa de vida, cuantificación distributiva, manera, entre otros) están semánticamente orientadas hacia uno de los participantes obligatorios de la cláusula. Dicha relación es marcada explícitamente mediante una morfología flexiva al final de los adjuntos, en concordancia con la función sintáctica del participante acerca del cual predican. Este rasgo tipoló…
Shiwilu (Jebero)
Shiwilu (a.k.a. Jebero) is a critically endangered language from Peruvian Amazonia and one of the two members of the Kawapanan linguistic family. Most of its nearly 30 remaining fluent speakers live in and around the village of Jeberos (District of Jeberos, Province of Alto Amazonas, Loreto Region), at approximately 5° S, 75° W.The documentation of Shiwilu is scarce and no survey grammar is available. Until very recently, the only trained linguis…
Qué tan “amazónicas” son las lenguas kawapana? Contacto con las lenguas centro-andinas y elementos para un área lingüística intermedia
La familia lingüística kawapana del nororiente peruano está conformada por los idiomas shiwilu y shawi, también conocidos como jebero y chayahuita respectivamente. Por lo común, se suele categorizar a las lenguas kawapana como entidades lingüísticas “amazónicas”. No obstante, el presente estudio demuestra que estas comparten semejanzas gramaticales apreciables con las familias centro-andinas quechua y aimara, así como con otros idiomas de las tie…
“Simple” and “double” applicatives in Shiwilu (Kawapanan)
Shiwilu (Kawapanan, Peru) exhibits a prolific applicative system that comprises seven constructions involving distinct affixes. The present article offers the first account of this feature. In so doing, it seeks to expand our typological knowledge of linguistic systems with multiple applicative constructions and shed light onto the ways applicative constructions relate to word derivation. The suffix -tu is particularly intriguing. It modifies the…
Classifiers in Shiwilu (Kawapanan) in Northwestern Amazonian Perspective
Kawapanan is a little-known linguistic family from northwestern Amazonia composed of two languages, Shiwilu and Shawi. This article offers the first detailed account of a Kawapanan classifier system. Shiwilu classifying morphemes are analyzed in terms of their semantics, morphosyntax, and functions. In addition to describing a central property of a vanishing language, this work seeks to contribute to the discussion on the nominal categorization m…
Shiwilu
Shiwilu, also known as Jebero (ISO jeb), is a critically endangered Kawapanan language spoken in the District of Jeberos, in northeastern Peru. Kawapanan languages exhibit a “mixed” areal profile, in that they combine structural properties typical of Western Amazonian languages with features specifically associated to the Central Andean families Quechuan and Aymaran (Valenzuela 2015). On June 23, 2016, Shiwilu became the first Peruvian language t…
Integración laboral de los inmigrantes haitianos, dominicanos y colombianos en Santiago de Chile
En el actual contexto de la globalización, caracterizado por la reestructuración del sistema de producción capitalista y de las relaciones de trabajo, la migración presenta nuevas y particulares características. A nivel mundial, estamos en presencia de una polarización del mercado laboral, donde conviven empleos estables y bien remunerados con otros informales y ocasionales. Sumado a ello, nos encontramos con trabajadores informales en medios for…
Healthcare of Indigenous Amazonian Peoples in response to Covid-19
"Systematic and persistent discrimination against Indigenous Peoples translates into differential health outcomes when analysed through ethnicity and/or mother tongue.1 In Peru, morbidity and mortality rates among Indigenous Peoples for COVID-19 appear to confirm this.2 The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the historical structural violence against Indigenous Peoples that currently takes a disproportionate toll in the Peruvian Amazon. This equal…
Graus de afastamento temporal em Pano
Além de simplesmente indicar o futuro ou o passado, as línguas da família Pano distinguem gramaticalmente vários graus de distância temporal em relação a um ponto de referência, tipicamente o momento do enunciado; isto é, eles possuem o que tem sido chamado de 'tempo métrico' (Chung & Timberlake 1985; Frawley 1992), 'graus de distanciamento temporal' (Comrie 1985; Dahl 1985; Bybee et al. 1994; Botne 2012), ou 'gradação temporal' (Cabo 2013). Este…
Realización del alineamiento tripartito en amahuaca
El idioma originario amahuaca (familia lingüística pano, Perú) exhibe un inusual sistema de marcación de caso tripartito según el cual los sujetos de verbos intransitivos y transitivos son señalados mediante los enclíticos =x y =n, respectivamente, mientras que los objetos no registran marca morfológica alguna (Sparing-Chávez, 2007/2012; Clem 2019a; entre otros). Otra propiedad sobresaliente de este sistema es la diversidad de realizaciones que p…
Language classification in Western Amazonia
The languages of the Pano and Takana families exhibit a considerable number of lexical and structural affinities that cannot be ascribed to mere chance and are not readily detectable instances of borrowing. After the comparative studies by Key (1968) and Girard (1971) the proposal of a genetic relationship between these two families was generally accepted (e.g. Loos 1973, 2005; Suárez 1973; Kaufman 1990; Campbell 1997). Without solid argumentatio…
Temporal ‘since’ constructions in cross-linguistic perspective
The paper offers an analysis of the cross-linguistic variation in the expression of clausal temporal ‘since’ relations (e.g., I have been working since you arrived ) in a sample of 59 languages. First, the investigation explores whether clausal temporal ‘since’ constructions bear formal resemblance to nominal temporal ‘since’ constructions (e.g., It has been raining since yesterday ), nominal beginning-to-end constructions (e.g., They will sleep …
Tono léxico y estructura métrica de la palabra amahuaca
En la prosodia de la lengua amahuaca (pano, Perú), identificamos un tono léxico que contrasta con la ausencia de tono (H vs. Ø) y una estructura métrica basada en la formación de pies trocaicos de izquierda a derecha. Estos rasgos interactúan de tal manera que la estructura tonal de las raíces cambia en palabras morfológicamente complejas, lo que evita que los tonos altos recaigan en sílabas pares, es decir, no prominentes. Aunque el tono léxico …
Ya vuelta en el español peruano amazónico
Este estudio analiza la expresión ya vuelta en el español peruano amazónico (EPA), proponiendo que ha trascendido su función como marcador discursivo mirativo para convertirse en un emblema de identidad regional y un recurso discursivo de resistencia. A partir de un corpus recopilado exclusivamente de interacciones en redes sociales —incluyendo X (antes Twitter), Facebook, Instagram y YouTube— se examinan los usos prototípicos de ya vuelta como m…
The forgotten mid vowels
This study re-examines the phonological inventory of Proto-Pano, challenging the prevailing view that it had only four oral vowels. Through a comparative analysis of 23 contemporary Pano languages/varieties, we reconstruct a Proto-Pano system with two additional mid vowels, proposing a six-vowel inventory. This finding diverges from all previous reconstructions, which overlooked historically significant distributional differences between mid vowe…
Philosophy (13 obras) · Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies (13 obras) · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (12 obras) · Humanities (11 obras) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (8 obras) · Linguistics (8 obras) · Art (7 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Philosophy (7 obras) · Sociology (6 obras)